This document summarizes different types of anemias, including iron deficiency anemia, anemia of chronic disease, and megaloblastic anemia. It discusses the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of iron deficiency anemia, noting that it is one of the most common forms globally and is more prevalent in developing countries. Diagnosis involves laboratory tests including complete blood count, iron studies, and bone marrow examination. Treatment focuses on treating the underlying cause and oral or intravenous iron supplementation.
Hemochromatosis is a genetic disorder characterized by excessive absorption of dietary iron, leading to its deposition in vital organs. It is mostly caused by mutations in the HFE gene. Symptoms include fatigue, joint pain, skin discoloration and diabetes. Complications involve liver fibrosis and cirrhosis, heart disease, and pituitary dysfunction. Diagnosis is based on elevated serum ferritin and transferrin saturation. Treatment involves regular phlebotomy to remove excess stored iron.
This document discusses anemia in pregnancy. It defines anemia and provides prevalence rates. It describes physiological changes in blood during pregnancy. It discusses severity of anemia and classifications. Iron deficiency anemia is the most common type and the document outlines iron absorption, requirements, and prevention. Signs, effects, diagnosis and treatment of anemia in pregnancy are also summarized.
1. The document discusses hematologic disorders including hematopoiesis, anemia, polycythemia, and hematologic malignancy.
2. It provides details on the pathophysiology of hematopoiesis, the definition and classification of anemia, the general approach to evaluating anemic patients, and discussions of common anemia types and their treatments.
3. Key anemia types covered include iron deficiency anemia, megaloblastic anemia due to vitamin B12 and folate deficiencies, and the morphological features seen in peripheral blood and bone marrow in these conditions.
Physiologic anemia of infancy is a normal condition in newborns and infants up to 8-12 weeks old as their bodies transition from fetal to adult hemoglobin. It is treated by ensuring adequate nutrients like iron and folic acid in the diet. Iron deficiency anemia becomes more common after 6-9 months of age if breastfed infants do not receive iron supplements. It causes pallor initially and can impact neurodevelopment if severe and untreated.
This document provides an overview of iron deficiency anemia, including its definition, pathophysiology, detection, and management. It begins by defining anemia and describing the various causes, including blood loss, inadequate red blood cell production, and excessive red blood cell destruction. Common signs and symptoms of iron deficiency anemia are then outlined. The document concludes by discussing the evaluation, diagnosis, and management of iron deficiency anemia through a case study, focusing on identifying risk factors, signs and symptoms, laboratory findings, and treating with iron supplementation.
Irion defitient and megaloblastic anemiasJasmine John
This document summarizes iron deficiency anemia and megaloblastic anemia. It discusses the causes, symptoms, laboratory findings, treatment, and prognosis of these conditions. Iron deficiency is the most common cause of anemia worldwide and results from inadequate iron intake or absorption. Megaloblastic anemia is caused by vitamin B12 or folate deficiencies and results in abnormal DNA synthesis and large, immature red blood cells. Treatment involves oral or intravenous iron supplementation for iron deficiency and vitamin B12/folate supplementation for megaloblastic anemia.
Hemochromatosis is a genetic disorder characterized by excessive absorption of dietary iron, leading to its deposition in vital organs. It is mostly caused by mutations in the HFE gene. Symptoms include fatigue, joint pain, skin discoloration and diabetes. Complications involve liver fibrosis and cirrhosis, heart disease, and pituitary dysfunction. Diagnosis is based on elevated serum ferritin and transferrin saturation. Treatment involves regular phlebotomy to remove excess stored iron.
This document discusses anemia in pregnancy. It defines anemia and provides prevalence rates. It describes physiological changes in blood during pregnancy. It discusses severity of anemia and classifications. Iron deficiency anemia is the most common type and the document outlines iron absorption, requirements, and prevention. Signs, effects, diagnosis and treatment of anemia in pregnancy are also summarized.
1. The document discusses hematologic disorders including hematopoiesis, anemia, polycythemia, and hematologic malignancy.
2. It provides details on the pathophysiology of hematopoiesis, the definition and classification of anemia, the general approach to evaluating anemic patients, and discussions of common anemia types and their treatments.
3. Key anemia types covered include iron deficiency anemia, megaloblastic anemia due to vitamin B12 and folate deficiencies, and the morphological features seen in peripheral blood and bone marrow in these conditions.
Physiologic anemia of infancy is a normal condition in newborns and infants up to 8-12 weeks old as their bodies transition from fetal to adult hemoglobin. It is treated by ensuring adequate nutrients like iron and folic acid in the diet. Iron deficiency anemia becomes more common after 6-9 months of age if breastfed infants do not receive iron supplements. It causes pallor initially and can impact neurodevelopment if severe and untreated.
This document provides an overview of iron deficiency anemia, including its definition, pathophysiology, detection, and management. It begins by defining anemia and describing the various causes, including blood loss, inadequate red blood cell production, and excessive red blood cell destruction. Common signs and symptoms of iron deficiency anemia are then outlined. The document concludes by discussing the evaluation, diagnosis, and management of iron deficiency anemia through a case study, focusing on identifying risk factors, signs and symptoms, laboratory findings, and treating with iron supplementation.
Irion defitient and megaloblastic anemiasJasmine John
This document summarizes iron deficiency anemia and megaloblastic anemia. It discusses the causes, symptoms, laboratory findings, treatment, and prognosis of these conditions. Iron deficiency is the most common cause of anemia worldwide and results from inadequate iron intake or absorption. Megaloblastic anemia is caused by vitamin B12 or folate deficiencies and results in abnormal DNA synthesis and large, immature red blood cells. Treatment involves oral or intravenous iron supplementation for iron deficiency and vitamin B12/folate supplementation for megaloblastic anemia.
Iron deficiency anemia is the most common nutritional disorder globally, affecting 30% of the population. It is caused by inadequate iron intake or absorption, blood loss, or increased physiological demands. Common symptoms include pallor, fatigue, and impaired cognitive function. Laboratory findings show microcytic hypochromic anemia, low serum ferritin and iron, and elevated TIBC. Treatment involves oral iron supplementation, while ensuring compliance and watching for malabsorption or ongoing blood loss. Prevention through breastfeeding, iron-fortified formula, and supplements can reduce iron deficiency in at-risk groups like infants and women.
Approach to a case of iron defciency anaemiaSachin Adukia
- Anaemia is defined as a reduction in haemoglobin, red blood cell count or haematocrit below normal levels. Iron-deficiency anaemia affects around 2 billion people worldwide including 20-40% of people in India.
- Iron-deficiency anaemia is classified based on the underlying cause such as reduced red blood cell production, increased red blood cell destruction, or loss of red blood cells.
- Diagnosis involves examination of symptoms, signs, and laboratory tests including a blood smear, iron studies, and bone marrow examination. Treatment involves oral or intravenous iron supplementation depending on the severity of the deficiency.
This document discusses anemia in pregnancy. It defines the different types of anemia that can occur during pregnancy and their causes. Iron deficiency anemia is the most common type, accounting for 85% of cases, usually due to insufficient iron intake and blood loss. Screening for anemia is recommended at the first prenatal visit and 24-28 weeks. Treatment involves oral or intravenous iron supplementation. Untreated anemia can harm both mother and baby.
1. The document discusses various types of anemia including iron-deficiency anemia, vitamin B12 deficiency, and folate deficiency. It describes the stages of erythropoiesis, types of hemoglobin, definitions, classifications, etiologies, clinical features, laboratory findings, and treatment approaches for different anemias.
2. Iron-deficiency anemia is one of the most common and results from inadequate dietary iron intake or absorption. It presents with pallor and can cause developmental delays if untreated. Treatment involves oral iron supplementation.
3. Vitamin B12 and folate deficiencies can cause macrocytic anemia and neurological symptoms. Causes include dietary inadequacy or malab
Anaemia is defined as a reduction in haemoglobin, red blood cells or haematocrit below normal levels. Iron-deficiency anaemia (IDA) affects around 2 billion people worldwide. IDA is prevalent in India, affecting 20% of adult males, 40% of non-pregnant females and children, and 80% of pregnant females. IDA is classified based on its underlying cause such as reduced red blood cell production or increased destruction. Oral iron therapy is usually the first line treatment, while blood transfusions or intravenous iron may be used for more severe cases or those who cannot tolerate oral iron. The diagnosis of IDA relies on a low MCV, MCH and iron studies showing low ferritin and transferrin saturation
This document discusses β-thalassemia, a genetic blood disorder caused by mutations in the β-globin gene resulting in reduced or absent β-chain production and hemoglobin synthesis. It is characterized by microcytic hypochromic anemia and is most common around the Mediterranean sea. The degree of β-chain deficiency determines the severity from β° (no β-chains) to β++ (more β-chains). Clinical manifestations include anemia, jaundice, hepatosplenomegaly, skeletal abnormalities, and heart failure. Management involves blood transfusions, chelation therapy, and folic acid supplementation.
Physiological changes during pregnancy cause a dilution of blood which results in mild anemia. Iron deficiency is the most common type of anemia seen in pregnancy. It is important to supplement with iron and folic acid during pregnancy to meet increased demands and prevent deficiencies. Mild to moderate anemia is treated with oral iron supplements while more severe cases may require intravenous iron. Untreated anemia can have negative effects on both mother and fetus.
Anemia is characterized by low levels of hemoglobin or red blood cells. It can be caused by inadequate red blood cell production, increased destruction, or blood loss. Anemia is classified based on red blood cell morphology, etiology, or pathophysiology. Common types include iron deficiency anemia, megaloblastic anemia caused by vitamin B12 or folate deficiencies, and hemolytic anemias where red blood cells are destroyed faster than they can be replaced. Symptoms vary depending on severity but can include fatigue, paleness, and shortness of breath.
Anaemia & other haematological disordersSneha Jadhav
This document discusses hematological disorders in pregnancy, focusing on anemia. It defines the types of anemia, describes the increased iron requirements in pregnancy and causes of iron deficiency anemia. It covers the clinical features, investigations and treatment of iron deficiency anemia, including oral and parenteral iron therapy as well as blood transfusions. It also briefly discusses megaloblastic anemia and its diagnosis and treatment.
This document provides an overview of diseases of the blood, including various types of anemias and disorders of hemostasis. It discusses topics like hematopoiesis, iron deficiency anemia, sickle cell disease, thalassemia, immune thrombocytopenic purpura, and hemophilia. For each condition, it outlines causes, clinical features, laboratory findings, diagnosis, and treatment approaches. The document thus serves as a comprehensive reference for pediatricians on blood disorders commonly encountered in clinical practice.
This document discusses anemia in pregnancy. It defines anemia as having insufficient red blood cells or hemoglobin. Anemia is common in pregnancy, affecting 18-75% of pregnant women globally. Anemia is classified as mild, moderate or severe based on hemoglobin levels. Common causes of anemia in pregnancy include iron deficiency, folic acid deficiency, vitamin B12 deficiency, and genetic disorders like sickle cell anemia. Left untreated, anemia can negatively impact both mother and baby by increasing risks of infection, hemorrhage, low birth weight, and other complications. Routine screening and treatment with iron, folic acid and other supplements can help prevent and manage anemia during pregnancy.
This document discusses anemia in pregnancy. It defines anemia as having insufficient red blood cells or hemoglobin. Anemia is common in pregnancy, affecting 18-75% of pregnant women globally. Anemia is classified as mild, moderate or severe based on hemoglobin levels. Common causes of anemia in pregnancy include iron deficiency, folic acid deficiency, vitamin B12 deficiency, and genetic disorders like sickle cell anemia. Left untreated, anemia can negatively impact both mother and baby by increasing risks of infection, hemorrhage, low birth weight, and other complications. Routine screening and treatment with iron, folic acid and other supplements can help prevent and manage anemia during pregnancy.
This document discusses different types of anemia. It begins by introducing the three main blood cell groups - red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It then focuses on red blood cells and hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying molecule. The document defines anemia and provides reference levels for hemoglobin. It describes different types of anemia classified by mean corpuscular volume (MCV), including microcytic (low MCV), normocytic (normal MCV), and macrocytic (high MCV) anemias. Microcytic anemias discussed in more detail include iron deficiency anemia, thalassemia, and sideroblastic anemia. Macrocytic anemias are
1. Microcytic anemia can be identified by a low MCV on a CBC, small RBCs on a blood smear, or an increased RDW. The most common causes are iron deficiency anemia and thalassemia.
2. Iron deficiency anemia is usually caused by inadequate dietary iron intake or increased needs. It often affects young children, women, and pregnant women. Ferritin levels below 15 ng/mL indicate iron deficiency.
3. Thalassemia involves a genetic defect in hemoglobin production and is more common in those of Mediterranean, Southeast Asian, and African descent. Beta-thalassemia trait causes mild anemia while alpha-thalassemia trait
This document discusses different types of anaemia. It covers the composition of blood and defines anaemia. It describes signs and symptoms of anaemia and discusses causes such as reduced red blood cell production, increased destruction, or blood loss. The document classifies anaemias based on mean corpuscular volume and discusses specific types in more detail including iron deficiency, anaemia of chronic disease, thalassaemia, sickle cell anaemia, and autoimmune haemolytic anaemia. Treatment options are mentioned for some types.
This document provides information on the evaluation of anemia in elderly patients, including definitions of anemia, classifications of anemia, pathophysiology, clinical features, laboratory investigations, common causes of anemia in the elderly, and approaches to specific types of anemia such as iron deficiency anemia, megaloblastic anemia, and anemia of chronic disease. It discusses hematologic parameters, peripheral smear findings, bone marrow findings, treatment approaches, and distinguishing features of different anemias.
Erythropoiesis,Anemia,Iron Deficiency Anemia by Dr. Sookun Rajeev KumarDr. Sookun Rajeev Kumar
1. Iron deficiency anemia is caused by inadequate iron intake or absorption leading to decreased hemoglobin and microcytic red blood cells. Symptoms include weakness, fatigue, and pallor.
2. Diagnosis involves blood tests showing low iron, ferritin and saturation and high TIBC. Peripheral smear shows microcytic hypochromic anemia.
3. Treatment is oral iron supplementation though intravenous may be needed in severe cases. Regular intake and monitoring is important to fully replenish iron stores.
The document discusses general hematology and various blood disorders. It covers red blood cell disorders like anemia, bone marrow failure syndromes, and red blood cell membrane defects. It also discusses bleeding disorders, platelet disorders, coagulation defects, and leukemia. Key points about various conditions like iron deficiency anemia, thalassemia, sickle cell disease, immune hemolytic anemia, and vitamin deficiencies are summarized. Screening tests for evaluation of hemostatic abnormalities are also mentioned.
Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by reversible airway obstruction. It affects 240-300 million people globally and is more prevalent in children. Genetic factors contribute to risk. Common triggers include allergens, irritants, and viruses. Clinically, it presents with symptoms like wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath. Diagnosis involves assessing symptoms and lung function testing. Treatment involves identification and avoidance of triggers, use of reliever medications during exacerbations, and long-term controller medications like inhaled corticosteroids. Severe exacerbations require close monitoring and may necessitate systemic corticosteroids and oxygen supplementation.
Acute leukemias are malignant disorders characterized by the clonal expansion of immature blood cells in the bone marrow and other organs. There are two main types - acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). AML results from mutations that block myeloid cell differentiation while ALL occurs when mutations interfere with lymphocyte development. Patients present with anemia, bleeding, infections, and organ infiltration. Diagnosis involves blood tests, bone marrow biopsy, and other exams. Treatment requires supportive care and specific chemotherapy, which may include stem cell transplantation in some cases.
Iron deficiency anemia is the most common nutritional disorder globally, affecting 30% of the population. It is caused by inadequate iron intake or absorption, blood loss, or increased physiological demands. Common symptoms include pallor, fatigue, and impaired cognitive function. Laboratory findings show microcytic hypochromic anemia, low serum ferritin and iron, and elevated TIBC. Treatment involves oral iron supplementation, while ensuring compliance and watching for malabsorption or ongoing blood loss. Prevention through breastfeeding, iron-fortified formula, and supplements can reduce iron deficiency in at-risk groups like infants and women.
Approach to a case of iron defciency anaemiaSachin Adukia
- Anaemia is defined as a reduction in haemoglobin, red blood cell count or haematocrit below normal levels. Iron-deficiency anaemia affects around 2 billion people worldwide including 20-40% of people in India.
- Iron-deficiency anaemia is classified based on the underlying cause such as reduced red blood cell production, increased red blood cell destruction, or loss of red blood cells.
- Diagnosis involves examination of symptoms, signs, and laboratory tests including a blood smear, iron studies, and bone marrow examination. Treatment involves oral or intravenous iron supplementation depending on the severity of the deficiency.
This document discusses anemia in pregnancy. It defines the different types of anemia that can occur during pregnancy and their causes. Iron deficiency anemia is the most common type, accounting for 85% of cases, usually due to insufficient iron intake and blood loss. Screening for anemia is recommended at the first prenatal visit and 24-28 weeks. Treatment involves oral or intravenous iron supplementation. Untreated anemia can harm both mother and baby.
1. The document discusses various types of anemia including iron-deficiency anemia, vitamin B12 deficiency, and folate deficiency. It describes the stages of erythropoiesis, types of hemoglobin, definitions, classifications, etiologies, clinical features, laboratory findings, and treatment approaches for different anemias.
2. Iron-deficiency anemia is one of the most common and results from inadequate dietary iron intake or absorption. It presents with pallor and can cause developmental delays if untreated. Treatment involves oral iron supplementation.
3. Vitamin B12 and folate deficiencies can cause macrocytic anemia and neurological symptoms. Causes include dietary inadequacy or malab
Anaemia is defined as a reduction in haemoglobin, red blood cells or haematocrit below normal levels. Iron-deficiency anaemia (IDA) affects around 2 billion people worldwide. IDA is prevalent in India, affecting 20% of adult males, 40% of non-pregnant females and children, and 80% of pregnant females. IDA is classified based on its underlying cause such as reduced red blood cell production or increased destruction. Oral iron therapy is usually the first line treatment, while blood transfusions or intravenous iron may be used for more severe cases or those who cannot tolerate oral iron. The diagnosis of IDA relies on a low MCV, MCH and iron studies showing low ferritin and transferrin saturation
This document discusses β-thalassemia, a genetic blood disorder caused by mutations in the β-globin gene resulting in reduced or absent β-chain production and hemoglobin synthesis. It is characterized by microcytic hypochromic anemia and is most common around the Mediterranean sea. The degree of β-chain deficiency determines the severity from β° (no β-chains) to β++ (more β-chains). Clinical manifestations include anemia, jaundice, hepatosplenomegaly, skeletal abnormalities, and heart failure. Management involves blood transfusions, chelation therapy, and folic acid supplementation.
Physiological changes during pregnancy cause a dilution of blood which results in mild anemia. Iron deficiency is the most common type of anemia seen in pregnancy. It is important to supplement with iron and folic acid during pregnancy to meet increased demands and prevent deficiencies. Mild to moderate anemia is treated with oral iron supplements while more severe cases may require intravenous iron. Untreated anemia can have negative effects on both mother and fetus.
Anemia is characterized by low levels of hemoglobin or red blood cells. It can be caused by inadequate red blood cell production, increased destruction, or blood loss. Anemia is classified based on red blood cell morphology, etiology, or pathophysiology. Common types include iron deficiency anemia, megaloblastic anemia caused by vitamin B12 or folate deficiencies, and hemolytic anemias where red blood cells are destroyed faster than they can be replaced. Symptoms vary depending on severity but can include fatigue, paleness, and shortness of breath.
Anaemia & other haematological disordersSneha Jadhav
This document discusses hematological disorders in pregnancy, focusing on anemia. It defines the types of anemia, describes the increased iron requirements in pregnancy and causes of iron deficiency anemia. It covers the clinical features, investigations and treatment of iron deficiency anemia, including oral and parenteral iron therapy as well as blood transfusions. It also briefly discusses megaloblastic anemia and its diagnosis and treatment.
This document provides an overview of diseases of the blood, including various types of anemias and disorders of hemostasis. It discusses topics like hematopoiesis, iron deficiency anemia, sickle cell disease, thalassemia, immune thrombocytopenic purpura, and hemophilia. For each condition, it outlines causes, clinical features, laboratory findings, diagnosis, and treatment approaches. The document thus serves as a comprehensive reference for pediatricians on blood disorders commonly encountered in clinical practice.
This document discusses anemia in pregnancy. It defines anemia as having insufficient red blood cells or hemoglobin. Anemia is common in pregnancy, affecting 18-75% of pregnant women globally. Anemia is classified as mild, moderate or severe based on hemoglobin levels. Common causes of anemia in pregnancy include iron deficiency, folic acid deficiency, vitamin B12 deficiency, and genetic disorders like sickle cell anemia. Left untreated, anemia can negatively impact both mother and baby by increasing risks of infection, hemorrhage, low birth weight, and other complications. Routine screening and treatment with iron, folic acid and other supplements can help prevent and manage anemia during pregnancy.
This document discusses anemia in pregnancy. It defines anemia as having insufficient red blood cells or hemoglobin. Anemia is common in pregnancy, affecting 18-75% of pregnant women globally. Anemia is classified as mild, moderate or severe based on hemoglobin levels. Common causes of anemia in pregnancy include iron deficiency, folic acid deficiency, vitamin B12 deficiency, and genetic disorders like sickle cell anemia. Left untreated, anemia can negatively impact both mother and baby by increasing risks of infection, hemorrhage, low birth weight, and other complications. Routine screening and treatment with iron, folic acid and other supplements can help prevent and manage anemia during pregnancy.
This document discusses different types of anemia. It begins by introducing the three main blood cell groups - red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It then focuses on red blood cells and hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying molecule. The document defines anemia and provides reference levels for hemoglobin. It describes different types of anemia classified by mean corpuscular volume (MCV), including microcytic (low MCV), normocytic (normal MCV), and macrocytic (high MCV) anemias. Microcytic anemias discussed in more detail include iron deficiency anemia, thalassemia, and sideroblastic anemia. Macrocytic anemias are
1. Microcytic anemia can be identified by a low MCV on a CBC, small RBCs on a blood smear, or an increased RDW. The most common causes are iron deficiency anemia and thalassemia.
2. Iron deficiency anemia is usually caused by inadequate dietary iron intake or increased needs. It often affects young children, women, and pregnant women. Ferritin levels below 15 ng/mL indicate iron deficiency.
3. Thalassemia involves a genetic defect in hemoglobin production and is more common in those of Mediterranean, Southeast Asian, and African descent. Beta-thalassemia trait causes mild anemia while alpha-thalassemia trait
This document discusses different types of anaemia. It covers the composition of blood and defines anaemia. It describes signs and symptoms of anaemia and discusses causes such as reduced red blood cell production, increased destruction, or blood loss. The document classifies anaemias based on mean corpuscular volume and discusses specific types in more detail including iron deficiency, anaemia of chronic disease, thalassaemia, sickle cell anaemia, and autoimmune haemolytic anaemia. Treatment options are mentioned for some types.
This document provides information on the evaluation of anemia in elderly patients, including definitions of anemia, classifications of anemia, pathophysiology, clinical features, laboratory investigations, common causes of anemia in the elderly, and approaches to specific types of anemia such as iron deficiency anemia, megaloblastic anemia, and anemia of chronic disease. It discusses hematologic parameters, peripheral smear findings, bone marrow findings, treatment approaches, and distinguishing features of different anemias.
Erythropoiesis,Anemia,Iron Deficiency Anemia by Dr. Sookun Rajeev KumarDr. Sookun Rajeev Kumar
1. Iron deficiency anemia is caused by inadequate iron intake or absorption leading to decreased hemoglobin and microcytic red blood cells. Symptoms include weakness, fatigue, and pallor.
2. Diagnosis involves blood tests showing low iron, ferritin and saturation and high TIBC. Peripheral smear shows microcytic hypochromic anemia.
3. Treatment is oral iron supplementation though intravenous may be needed in severe cases. Regular intake and monitoring is important to fully replenish iron stores.
The document discusses general hematology and various blood disorders. It covers red blood cell disorders like anemia, bone marrow failure syndromes, and red blood cell membrane defects. It also discusses bleeding disorders, platelet disorders, coagulation defects, and leukemia. Key points about various conditions like iron deficiency anemia, thalassemia, sickle cell disease, immune hemolytic anemia, and vitamin deficiencies are summarized. Screening tests for evaluation of hemostatic abnormalities are also mentioned.
Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by reversible airway obstruction. It affects 240-300 million people globally and is more prevalent in children. Genetic factors contribute to risk. Common triggers include allergens, irritants, and viruses. Clinically, it presents with symptoms like wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath. Diagnosis involves assessing symptoms and lung function testing. Treatment involves identification and avoidance of triggers, use of reliever medications during exacerbations, and long-term controller medications like inhaled corticosteroids. Severe exacerbations require close monitoring and may necessitate systemic corticosteroids and oxygen supplementation.
Acute leukemias are malignant disorders characterized by the clonal expansion of immature blood cells in the bone marrow and other organs. There are two main types - acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). AML results from mutations that block myeloid cell differentiation while ALL occurs when mutations interfere with lymphocyte development. Patients present with anemia, bleeding, infections, and organ infiltration. Diagnosis involves blood tests, bone marrow biopsy, and other exams. Treatment requires supportive care and specific chemotherapy, which may include stem cell transplantation in some cases.
Malaria is a protozoan disease transmitted by mosquitoes that causes fever and symptoms like chills, sweats and fatigue. It is endemic in 91 countries and causes approximately 1200 deaths per day. The document outlines the epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations and management of malaria. It discusses the life cycle and species of Plasmodium that cause malaria in humans. Malaria predominantly affects sub-Saharan Africa and young children/pregnant women are most vulnerable. Treatment involves monitoring parameters like parasitemia, hematocrit, blood glucose and renal function.
This document provides an overview of interstitial lung diseases (ILDs):
1. ILDs are a heterogeneous group of diffuse parenchymal lung diseases that are classified together due to similar clinical, radiographic, and pathological manifestations. They are associated with significant morbidity and mortality.
2. There are over 200 known diseases that can cause ILD, making classification difficult. Major classification schemes are based on underlying histopathology or cause. Correct diagnosis is important for determining treatment and prognosis.
3. ILDs have various causes including occupational/environmental exposures, connective tissue diseases, and idiopathic forms. Clinical evaluation involves detailed history, physical exam, pulmonary function tests, imaging, and
This document provides an overview of lung cancer, including:
1. It describes the main types of lung cancer as small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer, and lists some of the main risk factors such as smoking.
2. Diagnosis involves tissue sampling to confirm, and imaging such as CT scan is used to characterize the tumor and check for spread.
3. Signs and symptoms vary depending on whether the cancer is localized in the lungs or has spread elsewhere in the body, and may include cough, hemoptysis, chest pain, and symptoms from distant metastases or paraneoplastic syndromes.
Bronchiectasis is a condition characterized by irreversible dilation of the bronchi. It can be caused by infectious or non-infectious factors and may affect the lungs in a focal or diffuse pattern. Common symptoms include cough, sputum production, dyspnea, and wheezing. Diagnosis is based on persistent symptoms and radiographic findings on chest X-ray or CT scan. Treatment focuses on antibiotics, chest physiotherapy, and treating any underlying conditions. The goals are to improve symptoms, reduce complications and control exacerbations.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
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Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
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The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
2. Iron Deficiency Anemia(IDA)
Anemia of Chronic Disease(ACD)
Megaloblastic Anemia
Hemolytic Anemia
Other Types
Aplastic Anemia(AA)
Anemia of CRF
3. Introduction
Epidemiology
Iron Metabolism
Causes
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnoses
Treatment
4. The development & the rapidity of IDA is
dependent upon the body’s iron store.
Iron store in turn depends on
◦ Age
◦ Sex
◦ Rate of growth
◦ Balance b/n loss & absorption
Generally lower Iron values for women
because of menstrual loss, pregnancy,
lactation
5. IDA is supposed to be one of the commonest
forms in our country
1 - 2% even in the Western countries
Iron deficiency without anemia 11% in women (men 4%)
The WHO data on anemia 1997
2 billion people affected
Children & pregnant women most affected
Prevalence
Young children 48%
Pregnant women51%
Non-pregnant women 35%
Adult men 18%
6. On IDA
◦ Commonest among the nutritional anemias
◦ More prevalent in developing countries
36% vs 8%
Local data show similar pictures
◦ North Western Ethiopia
General population 40.5%
Children 47.2%
◦ Jimma
57% has been reported in pregnant women
7. Regulation of iron balance
◦ Interaction of various proteins
◦ Interplay b/n iron absorption & loss
8. Transferrin (Tf) & its receptors (TfR)
Ferritin
Iron responsive element-binding protein(
IRE-BP), IRP/IRF
HFE
Divalent Metal Transporter( DMT1)
Stimulator of iron transport(SFT)
Ferroportin & Hephaestin
Hepcidin
9. Transports Fe3+ through plasma
Synthesized in the liver
Increased production in deficiency states
Measured as Tf or TIBC
1/3rd saturated normally
Fe/Tf = 33%
10. States with decreased Tf saturation or
increased TIBC
IDA
ACD ( occasionally)
Ferroportin mutation
States with increased Tf saturation or
decreased TIBC
Aplastic anemia
Sideroblastic anemia
Ineffective erythropoiesis
hemochromatosis
11. Huge molecule for cellular storage of Fe
◦ 4500 atoms of iron
Acute phase reactant
Accessible for metabolic needs
Excess is changed to Hemosiderin
◦ Hemosiderin is not easy accessible for metabolism
Measured as apoferritin in the plasma
Plasma level reflects body iron store
◦ 1ng of ferritin= 10mg of total iron store
12. Normal body content = 3-4gm
HGB = 2.5gm
Other Fe containing proteins= 400mg
Tf bound in the plasma= 3-7mg
The rest as ferritin/hemosiderin= body Fe
store
◦ Adult men = 1gm
◦ Adult women = much less than men
Daily iron loss = 1mg
13. Diet contains heme & non-heme Fe
◦ 30% vs 10% absorbed
Released in the acidic environment and is
sent with mucin to the doudenum for
absorption
Enhancers vs Inhibitors
Ferric vs ferrous
14.
15.
16.
17. Blood loss( major cause)
◦ Obvious or occult
◦ GI loss the main, including Hook worm
Decreased absorption( uncommon)
◦ Part of generalized malabsorption like Celiac &
Tropical Sprue
19. IDA has 3stage
Stage 1
◦ Depleted iron store without anemia
◦ High risk of anemia with slightest bleeding
◦ Iron from daily RBC turn over
20. Stage 2
◦ Normocytic
◦ Normal reticulocyte count
◦ Common in developed countries
21. Stage 3
◦ Typical character
◦ In the face severe Fe deficiency
◦ Microcytic hypochromic
◦ Imbalance b/n heme & globulin synthesis
High EPO
LOW RETIC COUNT
22.
23. Features of anemia ( as discussed)
Typical of IDA
◦ KOILONYCHIA( SPOON NAILS)
◦ BLUE SCLERA
◦ PICA & PAGOPHAGIA
◦ BEETURIA
◦ PATERSON-KELLY/PLUMMER-VINSON SYNDROME
Dysphagia
Oesophageal web
Atrophic glossitis
24. Low HGB, HCT, RBC counts
Microcytic-hypochromic
◦ Low MCV, MCH &MCHC
◦ Increased central pallor
High Platelet count( Reactive thrombocytosis)
Normal WBC Count & Morphology
25. Low serum iron & ferritin
High Tf level
◦ Low saturation ( 2.5%)
◦ High TIBC
Absent iron stores
Brisk response to therapeutic trail
26.
27. The dx of IDA has 2 components
◦ Confirmation of iron deficiency
◦ Identify the cause
28. CBC &ESR
RBC INDICES
PERIPHERAL SMEAR
IRON STUDIES
◦ Serum iron
◦ Serum ferritin
◦ Serum Tf, TIBC
BM STUDY
THERAPEUTIC TRAIL & OTHERS
29. History is vital
◦ Gynecologic
◦ History of surgery
◦ Dietary habit
Stool exam
◦ Occult blood
◦ Ova of parasites
Endoscopy
colonoscopy
30. When anemia is mild with normal indices
(Stage 2 IDA)
◦ ACD
◦ Anemia due to CRF
◦ Anemia due to endocrine disorders
Classic(microcytic- hypochromic)
◦ Thalassemia
◦ Sideroblastic anemia
◦ ACD
◦ Lead poisoning
31. Two aspects
◦ Treatment of the underlying cause
◦ Administration of iron
32. General principles of iron treatment
Iron is absorbed in the duodenum & pro.jejunem
Shouldn’t be given with food
Best absorbed in a mildly acidic media
Give ascorbic acid
2hrs before or 4hrs after antacids
Cost and effectiveness
UGI discomfort is directly related to the amount of iron
Try the elixir
33. Oral preparation
◦ Ferrous sulfate 65mg of elemental iron
◦ Ferrous fumarate 106mg of elemental iron
◦ Ferrous gluconate 28-36mg of elemental iron
◦ Ferrous sulfate elixir 44mg/5ml
Side effect
◦ GI upset
34. 150-200mg of elemental iron
Response to treatment
◦ Reticulocytosis in 7days
◦ Rise in HGB 2g% over 3weeks
◦ Reasons for failure
Duration of treatment
◦ Continue after normalization of HGB to replenish
the iron stores
◦ 3-6months after normalization of HGB
35. Parenteral iron
◦ IV or IM
◦ Preparations
Iron dextran
Ferric gluconate
Iron sucrose
◦ Major side effects
Local & systemic
37. Also called anemia of chronic inflammation
ACD can be associated with conditions other
than inflammation, infection or malignancy:
Severe trauma
Heart disease
Diabetes
Acute or chronic immune reactivation
39. Primarily reflect a reduction in RBC
production but there may be a component
of RBC reduced survival
40. Three factors for hypoproliferative state
◦ Trapping of iron in macrophages
◦ Reduced sensitivity of BM to EPO
Normal marrow
Increase apoptosis of RBC precursors
◦ Relative reduction in EPO
42. Acute variant
◦ “Anemia of critical illness”
◦ Acute event related
Major surgery
MI
Sepsis
Major trauma
43. Anemia in ACD is of variable severity
◦ Many 10-11g% hgb
◦ Some(20%) will have HGB of 8g% or less
Low absolute reticulocyte count
High acute phase reactants & cytokines
Low serum iron & Tf level(TIBC)
44. 1/4th of patients are iron deficient
Serum ferritin normal or elevated
Bone marrow
◦ Macrophages increased or normal iron content
◦ Erythroid precursers – decreased or absent
45. ACD is usually NC & hypoproliferative
◦ CRF
◦ Severe endocrine disorders
46. Some patients with severe anemia &
microcytic hypochromic picture
◦ IDA
◦ THALASSEMIA
◦ SIDEROBLASTIC ANEMIA
47. Usually mild & may not interfere with quality
of life
Correction of underlying problem
Erythropoietin
◦ After measuring the level
◦ ?Survival
◦ Darbepoetin
Supplemental iron
◦ To maintain 20% or above saturation of Tf
49. Megaloblasts are nucleated RBC precursors
in the BM which maybe seen in rarely in
severe deficiency states
Macrocytic anemia is more appropriate
Anemia caused by vitamin B12(cobalamin)
deficiency and folate deficiency is similar
50. Vitamin B12 deficiency
◦ Take longer time to develop
◦ Neurological manifestations may come early
Folate deficiency
◦ Can develop in relatively short duration
Pregnancy
Acute & severe infection
Severe hemolysis
55. Masked by iron deficiency/ thalassemia
Neurologic manifestation
◦ Cyanobalamin
◦ Without anemia
Only hypersegemented neutrophils
56.
57. Evaluation has two stages
◦ Deficiency state
◦ Cause
History very important
CBC
Peripheral smear
Serum Cbl level
RBC folate level
58. Specific metabolites
◦ Elevated methylmalonic acid(MMA)
ONLY IN CBL def
◦ Elevated homocysteine
Both folate & Cbl deficiency
BM
Other tests
◦ Schilling test( 3 stages)
◦ Antibodies
Intrinsic factor
Parietal cell
Empiric treatment in the case of folate
deficiency
59.
60. Folate deficiency
◦ 1-5mg/day oral
◦ For 1-4months
◦ Complete hematologic recovery
Reduction in LDH in 2days
Reticulocytosis in 3-4days(peak in 1wk)
Rise in HBG & reduction in MCV in 8wks
Delay in cases of iron deficiency
61. Cobalamine deficiency
◦ IM CBL
1000microgram(1mg) daily for 1wk
1mg/wk for 1month
1mg/month then after
Cause not known or PA- give for life monthly
63. HA
◦ Vast group
◦ Important cause of anemia
◦ Shorted RBC survival
◦ Splenomegaly(hypersplenism)
Hemolysis
◦ Shorted RBC survival less than 100days
◦ Normal RBC survival- 120days
◦ Not necessarily HA
64. Random hemolysis
◦ Another way of RBC destruction besides the
death of aging (senescent) RBC
◦ Age independent
◦ Very low rate
Less than 0.05-0.5%
Increased in the case of splenomegaly & HA
◦ Well compensated normally by
Increased EPO production
Reticulocytosis
67. Absolute reticulocyte count
◦ Reticulocyte percent may not give all the
information about the BM response
◦ Normal value
25,000-75,000/microL
◦ Can be counted
◦ Corrected
Corrected ARC= ARC/retic maturation time
More informative
Reticulocyte production index(RPI)
◦ Two corrections
Survival shift
Degree of anemia
◦ Formula
RPI= retic% x (HCT/45) x ½
Normal 1
68. Different ways of classification of causes of
HA
◦ Intracorpuscular/ Extracorpuscular
◦ Inherited/ Acquired
◦ Intravascular/ extravascular
◦ Immune-mediated/ non-immune mediated
Immune mediated
Warm/ cold Antibody
69.
70. Starts with an accurate hx & P/E
Classic case
◦ New onset of pallor or anemia
◦ Jaundice ( high indirect bilirubin)
◦ Gallstones
◦ Splenomegaly
◦ Presence of circulating spherocytic RC
◦ Increased LDH
◦ Decreased serum haptoglobin
◦ + Coomb’s test
◦ High retic % or ARC