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2. Water-proofing
Building water-proofing is a process which is designed
to prevent water from penetrating a building.
Usually extensive waterproofing measures are added to a
building at the time of construction, to provide moisture
control from the start
Waterproofing may also be done after a building is built,
to address problems as they emerge or as part of a
building retrofit.
Water proofing is done in various parts of the building
which include-
1.WC
2.Bathrooms
3.Terrace
4.Roofs and Chejjas
5.Basement, swimming pools, underground ducts.
6. Under ground and overhead water tanks.
Water-proofing maintains the appearance of the building
and increases the life of the structure.
WATER PROOFING

3. Why water proof structures?
REASON FOR WATER
WATER PROOFING
PROOFING
Construction waterproofing
In building construction, a structure needs waterproofing since concrete itself will not be watertight on its own
(but note concrete is easily waterproofed with additives).
The conventional system of waterproofing involves 'membranes'. This relies on the application of one or more
layers of membrane (available in various materials: e.g., bitumen, silicate, PVC, EPDM etc.) that act as a barrier
between the water and the building structure, preventing the passage ofwater.
A saferfoundation
Exposure to weather conditions like heavy rain and sunlight could cause structural problems. If wooded decks
etc is not properly waterproofed, we can notice discoloration, water stain, rotting and fungigrowth.
Walls not properly waterproofed will give in hydrostatic pressure creating cracks and leaks on walls and floors.
Healthier environment
•Humidity and moisture is what moulds and mildew want. Mould and mildew could
cause respiratory problems like asthma and also trigger allergic reactions. There is no way
to remove these fungi’s spores inside the house, the only thing that could remove such
growth would be to controlmoisture.
•Moulds do not only grow on walls or areas where there are moisture issues. It could
grow on anything like wood, carpet and even food. By reducing humidity, preventing
condensation and water seepage, mould and mildew growth could be decreased.
Eliminate insect growth
•There are various kinds of insects, water bugs, cockroaches, beetles, and crittersthat
find heaven in damp areas.
Wet basements are ideal for wood boring insects like termites to reproduce.
•These insects could cause damage not only to the foundation but also toimportant
things stored in the room.

4. Cement : Ordinary Portland cement is used for all water-
proofing works…type?//pproperties
Sand : Clean river sand should be used forwater-
proofing work. If muddy, the sand shouldbe
washed before use.
Metal : Hard angular metal of sizes varying from 12mm to
20mm is used for water-proofing works.
Brick bat: Brick bats should be well burnt pieces ofbricks
having proper thickness. Underburnt or overburnt brick
bats should not be used for water-proofing work.
Water-proofing chemical/powder :
A number chemicals and water-proofing
compounds in powder form are available inthe
market. Some chemicals include
-tar/bitumen based compounds
-inorganic compounds with little percentage of chlorides and sulphates.
-acrylic based compounds.
-epoxy resins.
Materials used for Water Proofing
WATER PR-
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MATERIALS-polysulphides and polyurethanes.

5. Bitumen - Mixed with a filler component such as limestone or sand.
Polymers are added to the bitumen such as APP (atactic polypropylene)a
plastic additive that gives rigidity and tear resistance, or SBS (styrene
butadiene styrene) a rubber additive that gives more elasticbenefits.
Base Products - Polyester, fiber glass, rag fiber (hessian), and paper.These
products are bought in roll format and are pulled through the bitumen
mixes on huge rollers. The base product becomes saturated in huge tanks
by the tar like bitumen substance, creating rolls of waterproofmaterial.
Water Proofing Chemicals
WATER PROOFING
WATER PROOFING
CHEMICALS

6. Techniques of Water proofing
Roof Waterproofing Cavity WallWaterproofing
Sheet Membrane Waterproofing
Surface Applied Coating
WATER PROOFING
TECHNIQUES
WATER PROOFING
Hot Rubber Waterproofing Blind Side Waterproofing

7. Concrete Repair
Deck Coating/Traffic Topping
Epoxeal GS & Carbon
Fibre Fillmore
Expansion Joint Systems Epoxy healer sealer
WATER PROOFING
TECHNIQUES
WATER PROOFING

8. Waterproofing membrane systems include both negative and positive side waterproofing.
Positive side waterproofing systems are applied to the face of the element that is directly
exposed to moisture, the exterior face.
Negative side waterproofing systems are applied to the surface of the element opposite
the surface exposed to moisture.
Positive systems are available in numerous materials and forms. Negative systems are
limited to
cementitious systems.
Water proofing Membranes
WATER PROOFING
TECHNIQUES
WATER PROOFING

9. Water Proofing membranes can be classified into fourtypes
Cementitious waterproofing Systems—These
systems contain Portland cement with and sand combined with an
active waterproofing agent. These systems include metallic,
crystalline, chemical additive and acrylic modified systems. These
systems can be applied as negative or positive side waterproofing.
Sheet-Membrane Systems—Sheet
membranes used in below grade applications are similar
to the materials used in roofing applications and include
thermoplastics, vulcanized rubbers and rubberized
asphalts. The thickness of these systems varies from 20
to 120 mils.
Fluid Applied Systems—These systemsinclude
urethanes, rubbers, plastics and modified asphalts. Fluid
membranes are applied as a liquid and cure to form one
monolithic seamless sheet. Fluid systems can be applied to
vertical and horizontal applications. For foundation wall
applications typical fluid applied systems are 60 mils in
thickness.
Bentonite Clays—Natural clay systems, knownas
bentonite act as waterproofing by swelling whenexposed
to moisture thus becoming impervious to water. This
swelling can be 10 to 15 percent of the thickness of the
base material. Clay panels and sheets are popular for use
in blind-side waterproofing applications such as on
retaining earth systems and elevator and sump pits

10. Preparation of WC water-proofing
The pre-work should be completed before starting the water-proofing :
Completion of internal plaster of walls leaving a margin of 18” from the final floor
level of WC unit.
Completion of grooving or chasing for concealed G.I. piping or electric conduit piping in WC.
Removing of all debries from WC and chiselling the extra mortar to expose the rare slab completely.
Completion of making holes in external walls for connecting nahini trap, p-trap, floor trap, etc to the
external drainage line.
Thorough cleaning of WC with sufficient quantity of water.
Level marking in red color on wall with respect to floor level to setup trap level.
WC Water-proofing
•Fill up the WC slab with 7cm of water(after plugging traphole)
•Keep the slab filled with water over-night for atleast 12 hours.
•Check for leakages in base slab or underneath.
•If a major leakage is observed, locate the spot with porous concrete and provide a socket for grouting. In
addition provide 4 sockets at each corner of theslab.
•Grout the socket with cement slurry with consumption rate of 1 bag of cement to 75 to 100lts of water. To
spread the slurry in the porous portion of the concrete, it is required to flow the slurry with velocity.
•It is further understood that the process of socketing and grouting is to be continued until the leakage in
base slab is totally stopped.
•After completion of cement grouting and testing for leakages, remove the sockets.
WATER PROOFING WC WATER
Socketing of WC water-proofing
PROOFING

11. Provide 25-40mm thick cement mortar base coat in proportion 1:4
with a slope of 1:100 from the entrance door towards the water escape
pipe (drain pipe).
Carry out this base coat on all walls upto a height of 45cm above
toilet finished floor level
Keep this base coat full with water upto the slab drop top, for
minimum 4 days for curing and testing purposes.
WATER PROOFING WC WATER
Coating for WC water-proofing
•Select well burnt brick bats. Before laying brick bats,
sock thoroughly in water for atleast half an hour.
•Lay the brick bat on the edge and not on the flat
surface.
•Any gaps between the bats should be filled with
mortar. Complete the brick bat coat with joints filled
with cement mortar in 1:6. Also use water-proofing
compound as per the specified dose per bag of cement
while filling the joint.
•Give a slope of 1:100 in brick bat coat from the
entrance door to the water escape pipe.
•Cure the coat by ponding water for four days and
check for any leakages.
PROOFING
Brick coat for WC water-proofing

12. Topping coat for WC water-proofing
After curing of the brick bat coat, complete
the topping coat with 1:4 cement mortar
mixed with waterproofing compound. Finish
this coat properly with neat cement slurry by
metal float.
Roughen the surface with a wire brush, for
bonding of the horizontal filler coat. Continue
this coat on the side walls, upto 45cms above
WC floor level. This coat should not project
out beyond the plastering coat of the WC
walls, so as to avoid unnecessary thickness of
the glazed tile dado.
Cure this final coat for a minimum of 7 days,
with water upto minimum 7.5cms depth.
WATER PROOFING
PROOFING
WC WATER

13. WC pan fixing and finishing of water-proofing
• Fix WC pan at the required level, considering 15mm sunk from the floor level.
• Block the p-trap outlet hole with gunny bags and fill the WC pan with sand to prevent any
damage by the water-proofing workmen.
• Check the WC pan for its centre.
• Fill the extra gap around WC pan over the topping coat with brick bat and mortar in layer upto a
minimum of 7.5cm below the top of WC.
• Allow curing for a minimum of 3 days.
• The final topping coat should be done upto 50mm below top of WC with a slight slope towards
the WC pan.
• Roughen the top coat surface with a wire brush to receive the mortar with the required bonding.
• Continuous curing should be done for a minimum of 7 days with wet gunny bags.
WATER PROOFING
PROOFING
WC WATER

14. Preparation of Bathroom water-proofing
After completion of the internal plastering of walls, keep a margin of 450mm from the final floor
level of the bathroom. Roughening of the plaster should be done with a wire brush for fixing the
glazed tiles cladding dado.
Complete grooving, chiseling for concealed G.I and electrical conduit piping inbathroom.
Remove all debris from the bathroom after chiseling the extra mortar, if any, to expose theslab
completely.
Make the holes in the external walls for connecting nahini trap to external drainage line andwater
leakage drain pipe.
Clean the bathroom thoroughly with water. Mark the level in red on the walls, with respect to the
floor level, to set up the trap level.
Bathroom Water-proofing
WATER PROOFING
PROOFING
WC WATER

15. After curing the brick bat coats, complete the topping coat using 1:4 cement mortar mixed
with water-proofing compound, with a proper slope from the entrance door to the nahini trap.
Finish this coat with cement slurry using a metal float. Roughen the top coat using a wire
brush to receive tile mortar bonding.
Ensure that this coat on walls does not project beyond the bathroom wall plastering coat.
Cure this final coat for a minimum of 7 days with standing water (depth 7.5cm)
Topping coat for Bathroom water-proofing
Base Coat for bath water-proofing
• After stopping any leakages in the base slab, provide
15-25mm thick cement mortar base coat in proportion
1:4 with a slope of 25mm in 3m from entrance door
towards nahini trap.
• This base coat should cover all the walls around upto
the outer face wall line at the entrance door and the
bottom portion of the nahini trap connection hole
made in the wall.
• Flood this base coat with water, upto the slab drop, for
a minimum of 4 days, for curing and testing.
• Fix the nahini trap and drain pipe over this base coat.
• The brick bat coat is done similar to WC water-
proofing.
WATER PROOFING
PROOFING
BATH ROOM WATER

16. Basement/Swimming pool and
underground duct water proofing
For basements, swimming pools and underground ducts such as lift pits, the water-
proofing has to withstand the water pressure in addition to its basic stress.
Work procedure
• Carry out the work of PCC bed and provide a cement mix 1:4 base coat with water-
proofing compound and above this fix rough shahabad tiles.
• Maintain the break joint pattern while fixing the tile for base.
• After fixing the tiles, grout the joints with cement slurry completely.
• Apply a jointless layer of cement mortar 1:3 25mm thick and cure it for 7 days.
• For basement, provision of gutter and sump is made in PCC itself and shahabad
base is also prepared in the same fashion. Gutter is given proper slope towards the
sump. This is done as a preventive measure against occasional entry of rain water
into basement.
• After curing, provide the final jointless water-proof plaster coat in cement mortar
1:4 over the rough shahabad tiles.
WATER PROOFING
PROOFING
BASEMENT, DUCT AND SWIMMING POOLWATER

17. Fix in a slope of 1:150, starting from the lowest point of rainwater down
take and by keeping a minimum thickness of 65mm below the rainwater
outlet.
Fix brick bats in cement mortar layer of 1:6 proportion in a slope of 1:150
with the water proofing compound.
Brick Bat Coba For Terrace
WATER PROOFING
TERRACE
BRICK BATCOBAFOR

18. Fill the cement mortar 1:4 with the brick bat joints.
Fix small pieces of brick bats along with 20mm metal for coving of
watta(rounding) at the bottom of the parapet wall
Special care should be taken for achieving the round shape near the rain
water pipe.
Block the rain water outlet with gunny bags, to avoid cement slurryfrom
entering it.
Cure the brick bat coba coat for at least seven days.
WATER PROOFING
TERRACE
BRICK BATCOBAFOR

19. Final coat for terrace water-proofing
Spread cement mortar in 1:4 along with water-proofing compound over the
brick bat coba.
Press the cement mortar with a ruler of length of 2m.
Level the surface with a wooden float, keeping 25mm thickness.
Apply thick cement slurry over the levelled surface, along with the water-
proofing compound for a smooth finish.
Polish the surface with metal float
Make vertical and horizontal lines at an intervel of 300mmX300mm, using
a cotton line dori of minimum 3mm thick; so as to avoid cracking of the top
layer.
Clean and cure the final coat for 21days with atleast 150mm water standing
on the water proofing.
WATER PROOFING
TERRACE
BRICK BATCOBAFOR

20. Clean the surface of the sloping terrace.
Apply a thick cement slurry over the surface of the slab.
Apply 1:1.5:3 screen coat.
Cure this coat for 7 days by putting wet gunny bags on it.
Over this coat, apply a finishing coat with cement sand mortar 1:4and
water-proofing compound as per design.
Make an edge between the parapet and the sloping roof on the second day.
Cure this water-proofing for 15 days with gunny bags spread overit.
Constant watering is required on a sloping slab.
Sloping Terrace Water Proofing
WATER PROOFING SLOPING TERRACE WATER
PROOFING

21. Chisel the extra concrete in the tank, particularly in the corners aroundthe
chambers.
Clean the entire tank, along with the bottom slab and side walls and throwaway
the debris.
Allow the cement slurry to penetrate all holes, cracks of bottomslab.
Check the hacking of vertical walls from inside for better bonding with water-
proofing.
Over head tank water proofing
WATER PROOFING
PROOFING
OVER HEAD TANKWATER

22. Check the inlet, outlet and washout pipes for their rigidity. If the pipes are not rigid,
grout them to achieve the desired fixity. Before grouting, check the levels of these
pipes and if necessary correct them by shifting the pipes accordingly.
Apply water-proofing plaster in C.M 1:4, by adding water-proofing compound.
Apply 15-20mm thick over this plaster, particularly on the corners and base for
avoiding shrinkage and to achieve better strength.
The bottom of the top slab does not require water-proofing.
The top of the overhead water tank is to be finished with brick bat, as mentioned
for terrace water-proofing.
Allow the water-proofing to set foe atleast 12 hours
Cure this water-proofing for a minimum of 15 days.
WATER PROOFING
PROOFING
OVER HEAD TANKWATER

23. Surface Preparation For Expansion Joint Water Proofing
• Clean the joint surface of dust, cement mortar etc.
• Remove oil and grease(if any) from the surface.
• Protect the edges of the joint with masking tape.
• Keep the tools like suspended scaffolding, ladder, spatula,
putty knife, hand held gun equipment etc. ready.
Work procedure for vertical expansion joint water proofing in
Islamabad.
•Primer is applied in the joint in accordance with the type of joint. For
surfaces like concrete, masonry etc.
•After the primer dries completely, sealant is prepared by mixing base and
accelerator. Mixing should continue till a uniform color is obtained.
•The base and accelerator are mixed in equal proportions by weight.
•This mixed compound is then applied with a spatula or hand held gun
equipment wherever required. Extra material is cut off with putty knife and a
smooth vertical joint is created.
•The masking tape is then removed and the surface is cleaned with suitable
solvents.
Expansion Joint Water-proofing
WATER PROOFING
PROOFING
EXPANSION JOINT WATER

24. Damp proofing
Dampness is the seepage of water through the members of the building.
There is very little difference between leakage and dampness.
If the water comes out of slab of the bathroom/toilet, it is termed as leakage and
if it is observed on external walls of the building directly exposed to rains and
floors, then this percolation is termed as dampness.
WATER PROOFING
PROOFING
DAMP

25. WATER PROOFING DPC IN
PLINTH
Damp proof course in plinth
•Foundation masonry is always in contact with the sub
soil,which sometimes may contain water.
•The subsoil water tries to enter the building through the
walls/floore.
•Due to capillary action, the subsoil water sometimes rises
into the walls of the building against gravity and indicates
dampness.
•Generally , foundation masonry is done with UCR masonry
and at the plinth level,DPC is provided to prevent capillary
water of the sub soil water.
•The rich cement concrete, generally of M20 grade with
water proofing compound added to it can be used as DPC in
buildings.
•Tar isalso applied below DPC to prevent the entry through
capillary action.
•Above the DPC, regular masonry for super structure is
done.

26. W
ALL
WATER PROOFING
DAMPNESS
Causes and Precautions for wall dampness
•If the foundation masonry is directly exposed to subsoil, water may
enter the building through the walls.
•For this it is ensured that pointing or plastering the exposed walls is
done to restrict the direct contact of sub soil water with masonry.
•No hollow spaces should remain in the masonry as these are the
routes for water to enter.
•For the junctions of RCC and masonry, chicken mesh should be
used for plastering.
•Dampness is also observed on the ceiling in the form of patches.
This is due to stagnant water on the terrace or some organic matter
dumped on the terrace.
•During execution of the terrace, a proper slope should be given so
that water doesnt accumulate in any place.
•The terrace must be kept clean during rainy seasons to prevent
continuous dampness.
•The terrace slab must be cast carefully so that it attains density and
impermeability.

27. Thank