1. Creativity is the underlying process that enables innovation through generating new ideas. Innovation can originate from individuals, firms, universities, government research, and nonprofit organizations.
2. A key source of innovation is collaborative networks that leverage resources across multiple organizations and individuals. These networks are especially important in high-technology sectors due to the wide range of expertise required.
3. While individual organizations contribute to innovation, the most significant source may be the linkages between different components of the innovation system through collaborative relationships and networks.
Getting an Inside Look: Given Imaging’s Camera Pilla
Gavriel Iddan was an electro-optical engineer at Israel’s Rafael Armament Development Authority, the Israeli authority for development of weapons and military technology. One of Iddan’s projects was to develop the “eye” of a guided missile, which leads the missile to its target. In 1981, Iddan traveled to Boston on sabbatical to work for a company that produced X-ray tubes and ultrasonic probes. While there, he befriended a gastroenterologist (a physician who focuses on digestive diseases) named Eitan Scapa. During long conversations in which each would discuss his respective field, Scapa taught Iddan about the technologies used to
view the interior lining of the digestive system. Scapa pointed out that the existing technologies had a number of significant limitations, particularly with respect to viewing the small intestine.b The small intestine is the locale of a number of serious disorders. In the United States alone, approximately 19 million people suffer from disorders in the small intestine (including bleeding, Crohn’s disease, celiac disease, chronic diarrhea, irritable bowel syndrome, and small bowel cancer)
Getting an Inside Look: Given Imaging’s Camera Pilla
Gavriel Iddan was an electro-optical engineer at Israel’s Rafael Armament Development Authority, the Israeli authority for development of weapons and military technology.
Getting an Inside Look: Given Imaging’s Camera Pilla
Gavriel Iddan was an electro-optical engineer at Israel’s Rafael Armament Development Authority, the Israeli authority for development of weapons and military technology. One of Iddan’s projects was to develop the “eye” of a guided missile, which leads the missile to its target. In 1981, Iddan traveled to Boston on sabbatical to work for a company that produced X-ray tubes and ultrasonic probes. While there, he befriended a gastroenterologist (a physician who focuses on digestive diseases) named Eitan Scapa. During long conversations in which each would discuss his respective field, Scapa taught Iddan about the technologies used to
view the interior lining of the digestive system. Scapa pointed out that the existing technologies had a number of significant limitations, particularly with respect to viewing the small intestine.b The small intestine is the locale of a number of serious disorders. In the United States alone, approximately 19 million people suffer from disorders in the small intestine (including bleeding, Crohn’s disease, celiac disease, chronic diarrhea, irritable bowel syndrome, and small bowel cancer)
Analysis of present and future trends for AR (Augmented Reality), with emphasis on impact on markets and society.
Presentation held during ASP Winter School.
Getting an Inside Look: Given Imaging’s Camera Pilla
Gavriel Iddan was an electro-optical engineer at Israel’s Rafael Armament Development Authority, the Israeli authority for development of weapons and military technology. One of Iddan’s projects was to develop the “eye” of a guided missile, which leads the missile to its target. In 1981, Iddan traveled to Boston on sabbatical to work for a company that produced X-ray tubes and ultrasonic probes. While there, he befriended a gastroenterologist (a physician who focuses on digestive diseases) named Eitan Scapa. During long conversations in which each would discuss his respective field, Scapa taught Iddan about the technologies used to
view the interior lining of the digestive system. Scapa pointed out that the existing technologies had a number of significant limitations, particularly with respect to viewing the small intestine.b The small intestine is the locale of a number of serious disorders. In the United States alone, approximately 19 million people suffer from disorders in the small intestine (including bleeding, Crohn’s disease, celiac disease, chronic diarrhea, irritable bowel syndrome, and small bowel cancer)
Getting an Inside Look: Given Imaging’s Camera Pilla
Gavriel Iddan was an electro-optical engineer at Israel’s Rafael Armament Development Authority, the Israeli authority for development of weapons and military technology.
Getting an Inside Look: Given Imaging’s Camera Pilla
Gavriel Iddan was an electro-optical engineer at Israel’s Rafael Armament Development Authority, the Israeli authority for development of weapons and military technology. One of Iddan’s projects was to develop the “eye” of a guided missile, which leads the missile to its target. In 1981, Iddan traveled to Boston on sabbatical to work for a company that produced X-ray tubes and ultrasonic probes. While there, he befriended a gastroenterologist (a physician who focuses on digestive diseases) named Eitan Scapa. During long conversations in which each would discuss his respective field, Scapa taught Iddan about the technologies used to
view the interior lining of the digestive system. Scapa pointed out that the existing technologies had a number of significant limitations, particularly with respect to viewing the small intestine.b The small intestine is the locale of a number of serious disorders. In the United States alone, approximately 19 million people suffer from disorders in the small intestine (including bleeding, Crohn’s disease, celiac disease, chronic diarrhea, irritable bowel syndrome, and small bowel cancer)
Analysis of present and future trends for AR (Augmented Reality), with emphasis on impact on markets and society.
Presentation held during ASP Winter School.
April 2015 GAETSS Newsletter Big Ideas for a Disruptive FutureDavid Wortley
Artificial Intelligence, Cloud Computing & Social Media
Are we Creating God in our own Likeness?
Welcome to the GAETSS April 2015 E-Newsletter. In this issue I continue the theme of looking at the impact of disruptive technologies on business and society.
• Artificial Intelligence, Cloud Computing & Social Media – Implications for Mankind’s Future
• What’s the Big Idea – Societal Fission or Fusion?
• IORMA Interview with Pandora Mather-Lees
• Can Technology Innovation build Community Social and Economic Wealth?
• Featured Upcoming Events
o April 18-20 Emerging Infotech 2015 – Shenzhen, China
o April 27-30 Bangkok International Digital Content – Bangkok, Thailand
o June 4 Connected Life Conference – Oxford University, UK
• Featured Recent Events
o Westminster Health Forum Review
• Calls for Papers
• Recent Articles and Presentations
• Future Events Listing
Abstract
Throughout history innovations has come to change society and peoples life conditions. Inventions can be dived into four different categories of inventions – physical, digital, processes and service. There are inventions that are a mix or cross-over between the four different types of inventions. I give comments on how Horizon 2020, EIN, EBN and the Commissions innovation indicators will benefit by adopting all these types of innovations equally.
Adapting to Thrive in a World of Relentless ChangeSteve Rader
This was the opening keynote for the Fintech Solutions Summit on June 16, 2020. This presentation was provided by Crowd Resources Consulting LLC, Steve Rader - CEO/Founder. You can book Steve to speak at your event at: https://creative.lifehappenspro.org/speaker-steve-rader/
or
https://sites.google.com/crowdresources-consulting.com/home/
technology companies invest in technology investment choices,How many technology companies are there in the world,vision of technology,How information technology works ,Motive of investing
The I-CAN Tool and Managing Information and Communication Technology (ICT) In...Waqas Tariq
Australia, while being a large and eager consumer of innovative and cutting edge Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), continues to struggle to remain a leader in Technological Innovation. This paper has two main contributions to address certain aspects of this complex issue. The first being the current findings of an ongoing research project on Innovation Management in the Australian Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) sector. The major issues being considered by the project include: investigation of the possible inherent entrepreneurial nature of ICT; how to foster ICT innovation; and examination of the inherent difficulties currently found within the ICT industry of Australia in regards to supporting the development of innovative and creative ideas. The second major contribution is details of the I.-C.A.N. (Innovation by Collaborative Anonymous Networking) software application tool created and evolving in our research group. I-CAN, besides having a positive reinforcement acronym, is aimed at facilitating productive collaborative innovation in an Australian workplace. Such a work environment is frequently subjected to cultural influences such as the ‘tall poppy syndrome’ and ‘negative’ or ‘unconstructive’ peer-pressure. There influences are frequently seen as inhibitors to employee participation, entrepreneurship and innovation.
Network Society: A Presentation to the CMI Guernseyguernseywebdesign
Introducing the concepts of network society to the Guernsey branch of the Chartered Management Institue.
Case study led with an emphasis on convergent technologies presented in a case study format.
Analysing Social, Cultural and Economic aspects of evolving technologies.
April 2015 GAETSS Newsletter Big Ideas for a Disruptive FutureDavid Wortley
Artificial Intelligence, Cloud Computing & Social Media
Are we Creating God in our own Likeness?
Welcome to the GAETSS April 2015 E-Newsletter. In this issue I continue the theme of looking at the impact of disruptive technologies on business and society.
• Artificial Intelligence, Cloud Computing & Social Media – Implications for Mankind’s Future
• What’s the Big Idea – Societal Fission or Fusion?
• IORMA Interview with Pandora Mather-Lees
• Can Technology Innovation build Community Social and Economic Wealth?
• Featured Upcoming Events
o April 18-20 Emerging Infotech 2015 – Shenzhen, China
o April 27-30 Bangkok International Digital Content – Bangkok, Thailand
o June 4 Connected Life Conference – Oxford University, UK
• Featured Recent Events
o Westminster Health Forum Review
• Calls for Papers
• Recent Articles and Presentations
• Future Events Listing
Abstract
Throughout history innovations has come to change society and peoples life conditions. Inventions can be dived into four different categories of inventions – physical, digital, processes and service. There are inventions that are a mix or cross-over between the four different types of inventions. I give comments on how Horizon 2020, EIN, EBN and the Commissions innovation indicators will benefit by adopting all these types of innovations equally.
Adapting to Thrive in a World of Relentless ChangeSteve Rader
This was the opening keynote for the Fintech Solutions Summit on June 16, 2020. This presentation was provided by Crowd Resources Consulting LLC, Steve Rader - CEO/Founder. You can book Steve to speak at your event at: https://creative.lifehappenspro.org/speaker-steve-rader/
or
https://sites.google.com/crowdresources-consulting.com/home/
technology companies invest in technology investment choices,How many technology companies are there in the world,vision of technology,How information technology works ,Motive of investing
The I-CAN Tool and Managing Information and Communication Technology (ICT) In...Waqas Tariq
Australia, while being a large and eager consumer of innovative and cutting edge Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), continues to struggle to remain a leader in Technological Innovation. This paper has two main contributions to address certain aspects of this complex issue. The first being the current findings of an ongoing research project on Innovation Management in the Australian Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) sector. The major issues being considered by the project include: investigation of the possible inherent entrepreneurial nature of ICT; how to foster ICT innovation; and examination of the inherent difficulties currently found within the ICT industry of Australia in regards to supporting the development of innovative and creative ideas. The second major contribution is details of the I.-C.A.N. (Innovation by Collaborative Anonymous Networking) software application tool created and evolving in our research group. I-CAN, besides having a positive reinforcement acronym, is aimed at facilitating productive collaborative innovation in an Australian workplace. Such a work environment is frequently subjected to cultural influences such as the ‘tall poppy syndrome’ and ‘negative’ or ‘unconstructive’ peer-pressure. There influences are frequently seen as inhibitors to employee participation, entrepreneurship and innovation.
Network Society: A Presentation to the CMI Guernseyguernseywebdesign
Introducing the concepts of network society to the Guernsey branch of the Chartered Management Institue.
Case study led with an emphasis on convergent technologies presented in a case study format.
Analysing Social, Cultural and Economic aspects of evolving technologies.
Gavriel Iddan was an electro-optical engineer at Israel’s Rafael Armament Development Authority, the Israeli authority for development of weapons and military technology. One of Iddan’s projects was to develop the “eye” of a guided missile, which leads the missile to its target.
In 1981, Iddan traveled to Boston on sabbatical to work for a company that produced X-ray tubes and ultrasonic probes. While there, he befriended a gastroenterologist (a physician who focuses on digestive diseases) named Eitan Scapa.
[Case Study] CSI and fingerprinting case study and discussion assignmentRiri Kusumarani
Case study about CSI and genetic fingerprinting. I didn't do discussion part, only 2-3 number of case study. Group members : Meena Kumari, Olusola and Riri Kusumarani
Re|Imagine: Improving the Productivity of Federally Funded University ResearchEd Morrison
Federally funded university research provides a backbone to the US economy. But how can we improve the productivity of this research? The first step: move away from the simplistic linear model of commercialization. Second step: Embrace the new disciplines of agile strategy and ecosystems.
Open Knowledge Regime for an Innovation Economy. MyGOSSCON 2008. Dr. Jaijit Bhattacharya
Country Director, Government Strategy,
SUN Microsystems Malaysia
Better, faster and cheaper can be exactly the wrong thing to do when fundamentally different models are enabled and compelled by the revolutions of social connection, mobile connection and big-data discovery. Annual end-of-summer address to joint meeting of L.A. chapters of ACM and AITP, 19 September 2013
Innovation can arise from many different sources. It can originate with individuals, as in the familiar image of the lone inventor or users who design solutions for their own needs. Innovation can also come from the research efforts of universities, government laboratories and incubators, or private nonprofit organizations. One primary engine of innovation is firms. Firms are well suited to innovation activities because they typically have greater resources than individuals and a management system to marshal those resources toward a collective purpose. Firms also face strong incentives to develop differentiating new products and services, which may give them an advantage over nonprofit or government-funded entities.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
3. Getting an Inside Look: Given Imaging’s Camera Pilla
Gavriel Iddan was an electro-optical engineer at Israel’s Rafael Armament Development Authority,
the Israeli authority for development of weapons and military technology. One of Iddan’s projects
was to develop the “eye” of a guided missile, which leads the missile to its target. In 1981, Iddan
traveled to Boston on sabbatical to work for a company that produced X-ray tubes and ultrasonic
probes. While there, he befriended a gastroenterologist (a physician who focuses on digestive
diseases) named Eitan Scapa. During long conversations in which each would discuss his
respective field, Scapa taught Iddan about the technologies used to
view the interior lining of the digestive system. Scapa pointed out that the existing technologies had
a number of significant limitations, particularly with respect to viewing the small intestine.b The
small intestine is the locale of a number of serious disorders. In the United States alone,
approximately 19 million people suffer from disorders in the small intestine (including bleeding,
Crohn’s disease, celiac disease, chronic diarrhea, irritable bowel syndrome, and small bowel
cancer)
4. Furthermore, the nature of the small intestine makes it a difficult place to diagnose and treat such
disorders. The small intestine (or “small bowel”) is about 5 to 6 meters long in a typical person and is
full of twists and turns. X-rays do not enable the physician to view the lining of the intestine, and
endoscopes (small cameras attached to long, thin, flexible poles) can reach only the first third of the
small intestine and can be quite uncomfortable for the patient. The remaining option, surgery, is very
invasive and can be impractical if the physician does not know which part of the small intestine is
affected. Scapa thus urged Iddan to try to come up with a better way to view the small intestine, but at
that time Iddan had no idea how to do it. Ten years later, Iddan visited the United States again, and his
old friend Scapa again inquired whether there was a technological solution that would provide a better
solution for viewing the small intestine. By this time, very small image sensors— charge-coupled
devices (CCDs)—had been developed in the quest to build small video cameras. Iddan wondered if
perhaps it would be possible to create a very small missile-like device that could travel through the
intestine without a lifeline leading to the outside of the body. Like the missiles Iddan developed at
Rafael, this device would have a camera “eye.” If the device were designed well, the body’s natural
peristaltic action would propel the camera through the length of the intestine.
A View to the Future . . .
Colonoscopy was the largest category of the endoscopy market—in the United States alone, 14 million
patients undergo colonoscopy a year, and it was believed that even more people would undergo
screening if screening were more comfortable. Given thus had the potential of growing market. As of
2015, the U.S. approval for the Pillcam COLON was limited to “patients who had undergone
incomplete colonoscopies,” citing some results that indicated that the pictures from the camera pill
were less clear than traditional colonoscopy. Many in the industry, however, suspected that the camera
pill would eventually supplant all traditional colonoscopy. In February of 2014, Dublin-based medical
device maker Covidien had acquired Given Imaging for roughly $860 millioni, and then in early 2015,
medical equipment giant Medtronic acquired Covidien for $49.9 billion.j Given would now have
access to much greater capital resources and larger (and more geographically distributed) salesforces—
if it could continue to get its Pillcams approved for more applications and in more countries, it was
positioned to transform the market for gastrointestinal endoscopy.
5. Innovation can arise from many different sources. It can originate with individuals, as in the familiar image of
the lone inventor or users who design solutions for their own needs. Innovation can also come from the research
efforts of universities, government laboratories and incubators, or private nonprofit organizations. One primary
engine of innovation is firms. Firms are well suited to innovation activities because they typically have greater
resources than individuals and a management system to marshal those resources toward a collective purpose.
Firms also face strong incentives to develop differentiating new products and services, which may give them an
advantage over nonprofit or government-funded entities. An even more important source of innovation, however,
does not arise from any one of these sources, but rather the linkages between them. Networks of innovators that
leverage knowledge and other resources from multiple sources are one of the most powerful agents of
technological advance.1 We can thus think of sources of innovation as composing a complex system wherein any
particular innovation may emerge primarily from one or more components of the system or the linkages between
them
(see Figure 2.1). In the sections that follow, we will first consider the role of creativity as the underlying process
for the generation of novel and useful ideas. We will then consider how creativity is transformed into innovative
outcomes by the separate components of the innovation system (individuals, firms, etc.), and through the linkages
between different components (firms’ relationships with their customers, technology transfer from universities to
firms, etc.).
CREATIVITY
Innovation begins with the generation of new ideas. The ability to generate new and useful ideas is termed
creativity. Creativity is defined as the ability to produce work that is useful and novel. Novel work must be
different from work that has been previously produced and surprising in that it is not simply the next logical step
in a series
of known solutions.2 The degree to which a product is novel is a function both of how different it is from prior
work (e.g., a minor deviation versus a major leap) and of the audience’s prior experiences.3 A product could be
novel to the person who made it, but known to most everyone else. In this case, we would call it reinvention. A
product could be novel to its immediate audience, yet be well known somewhere else in the world. The most
creative works are novel at the individual producer level, the local audience level, and the broader societal level.4
6. .
As the previous sections indicate, there is a growing recognition of the importance of collaborative research and development networks for successful
innovation.40 Such collaborations include (but are not limited to) joint ventures, licensing and secondsourcing agreements, research associations, government-
sponsored joint research programs, value-added networks for technical and scientific interchange, and informal networks.41 Collaborative research is especially
important in high-technology sectors, where it is unlikely that a single individual or organization will possess all of the resources and capabilities necessary to
develop and implement a significant innovation.42 As firms forge collaborative relationships, they weave a network of paths between them that can act as conduits
for information and other resources. By providing member firms access to a wider range of information (and other resources) than individual firms possess,
interfirm networks can enable firms to achieve much more than they could achieve individually.43 Thus, interfirm networks are an important engine of innovation.
Furthermore, the structure of the network is likely to influence the flow of information and other resources through the network. For example, in a dense network
where there are many potential paths for information to travel between any pair of firms, information diffusion should be fairly rapid and widespread.
Figure 2.6 provides pictures of the worldwide technology alliance network in 1995 and in 2000.44 The mid-1990s saw record peaks in alliance
activity as firms scrambled to respond to rapid change in information technologies. This resulted in a very large and dense web of connected firms. The network
shown here connects 3,856 organizations, predominantly from North America, Japan, and Europe. However, there was a subsequent decline in alliance activity
toward the end of the decade that caused the web to diminish in size and splinter apart into two large components and many small components. The large
component on the left is primarily made up of organizations in the chemical and medical industries. The large component on the right is primarily made up of
organizations in electronics-based industries. If the size
and density of the collaboration network influences the amount of information available to organizations that are connected via the network, then the difference
between the network shown for 1995 and the network shown for 2000 could have resulted in a substantial change in the amount of information that was
transmitted between firms. (The strategic implications for a firm’s position within the network are discussed in
Chapter Eight.)
7. 1. Creativity is the underlying process for innovation. Creativity enables individuals and
organizations to generate new and useful ideas. Creativity is considered a function of intellectual
abilities, knowledge, thinking styles, personality traits, intrinsic motivation, and environment.
2. Innovation sometimes originates with individual inventors. The most prolific
inventors tend to be trained in multiple fields, be highly curious, question previously made
assumptions, and view all knowledge as unified. The most wellknown inventors tend to have both
inventive and entrepreneurial traits.
3. Innovation can also originate with users who create solutions to their own needs. The rise of the
snowboarding industry provides a rich example.
4. Firms’ research and development is considered a primary driver of innovation. In the United
States, firms spend significantly more on R&D than government institutions spend on R&D, and
firms consider their in-house R&D their most important source of innovation.
5. Firms often collaborate with a number of external organizations (or individuals) in their
innovation activities. Firms are most likely to collaborate with customers, suppliers, and
universities, though they also may collaborate with competitors, producers of complements,
government laboratories, nonprofit organizations, and other research institutions.
6. Many universities have a research mission, and in recent years universities have become more
active in setting up technology transfer activities to directly commercialize the inventions of
faculty. Universities also contribute to innovation through the publication of research findings.
8. 7. Government also plays an active role in conducting research and
development (in its own laboratories), funding the R&D of other
organizations, and creating institutions to foster collaboration networks and
to nurture start-ups (e.g., science parks and incubators). In some countries,
government-funded research and development exceeds that of industry-
funded research.
8. Private nonprofit organizations (such as research institutes and nonprofit
hospitals) are another source of innovation. These organizations both
perform their own R&D and fund R&D conducted by others.
9. Probably the most significant source of innovation does not come from
individual organizations or people, but from the collaborative networks that
leverage resources and capabilities across multiple organizations or
individuals. Collaborative networks are particularly important in high-
technology sectors.
10. Collaboration is often facilitated by geographical proximity, which can
lead to regional technology clusters.
11. Technology spillovers are positive externality benefits of R&D, such as
when the knowledge acquired through R&D spreads to other organizations.