This presentation describes why professional service firms choose an ESOP to implement their goals, including the goal of providing employee ownership, and how ESOPs are implemented by the firm with or without outside financing.
Our “ESOP Business Model” presentation covers the current regulatory environment, primary benefits, transaction structuring, business valuation standards, accounting rules and other critical issues to know when considering an ESOP.
Exploring Special Plan Types (ESOP, kSOP, MEP, MET)BPAS
The document discusses various types of special retirement plans including ESOPs, KSOPs, MEPs, and METs. For ESOPs, it defines them as plans that invest primarily in employer stock. It describes the key aspects of leveraged and non-leveraged ESOPs. It also outlines some advantages like increased employee ownership and business succession planning, and disadvantages like complexity and fiduciary liability. The document then discusses KSOPs, MEPs, and METs - defining them and providing examples of advantages and disadvantages of each type of special plan. Finally, it provides several case studies to demonstrate how these special plans could apply to different business scenarios.
This document provides information about Motherson Sumi Systems Limited, an automotive components manufacturer. It discusses the company's history, capital structure, financial performance from 2009-2014 including balance sheets and cash flows. It analyzes the company's cost of debt, cost of equity, preference shares, and cash budget. Motherson Sumi has a lower cost of debt than competitor Minda Industries, but a higher cost of equity, indicating it is riskier but pays less interest on debt. The company's cash flows have decreased in recent years as spending has increased.
An Employee Stock Ownership Plan (“ESOP”) is a tax qualified retirement plan which is designed to invest primarily in stock of the sponsor corporation. Under §4975 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”) and §§406 and 408 of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (“ERISA”), ESOPs are the only type of retirement plan that can borrow money from (or obtain loans guaranteed by) a party in interest (an “exempt loan”).
An ESOP plan sponsor must avoid conflict in fulfilling its corporate governance and fiduciary responsibilities. How is this done? This presentation discusses the dangers of wearing multiple hats and how to minimize litigation risk.
Issuing of Shares with Differential RightsNovojuris
Issuing shares with differential voting rights has become more prescriptive and restrictive under the Companies Act of 2013. The Act now requires that any company issuing such shares must meet several preconditions, including limiting differential voting shares to 26% of total equity, obtaining shareholder approval, and not having any defaults on financial obligations or legal penalties for the past 3 years. Meeting all these requirements may be difficult for new startups that do not have a consistent track record of profits. Additionally, shares with differential voting rights introduce complexity when calculating the balance of voting rights between equity and preference shareholders.
The document discusses differential voting rights (DVRs) shares in India. It provides background on DVRs and details rules around their issuance. Key points include: DVRs were allowed in India in 2001 and have inferior or superior voting rights compared to regular shares; companies must meet conditions like having profits for 3+ years to issue DVRs; SEBI prohibited superior voting rights DVRs in 2009; the new Companies Bill may disallow DVRs entirely. Examples of companies issuing DVRs, like Tata Motors and Pantaloon Retail, are provided along with their DVR structures. Overall the document analyzes the concept of DVRs in India.
The proxy fight for board seats at Oshkosh Corporation is underway, with Icahn Associates nominating six directors. While OSK's stock performance has lagged peers, the company has significant defense business exposure. Icahn will argue OSK has failed to execute on acquisitions or develop business segments. Shareholders will evaluate if change is needed and if Icahn's nominees can add value, considering four have Icahn ties raising independence questions.
Our “ESOP Business Model” presentation covers the current regulatory environment, primary benefits, transaction structuring, business valuation standards, accounting rules and other critical issues to know when considering an ESOP.
Exploring Special Plan Types (ESOP, kSOP, MEP, MET)BPAS
The document discusses various types of special retirement plans including ESOPs, KSOPs, MEPs, and METs. For ESOPs, it defines them as plans that invest primarily in employer stock. It describes the key aspects of leveraged and non-leveraged ESOPs. It also outlines some advantages like increased employee ownership and business succession planning, and disadvantages like complexity and fiduciary liability. The document then discusses KSOPs, MEPs, and METs - defining them and providing examples of advantages and disadvantages of each type of special plan. Finally, it provides several case studies to demonstrate how these special plans could apply to different business scenarios.
This document provides information about Motherson Sumi Systems Limited, an automotive components manufacturer. It discusses the company's history, capital structure, financial performance from 2009-2014 including balance sheets and cash flows. It analyzes the company's cost of debt, cost of equity, preference shares, and cash budget. Motherson Sumi has a lower cost of debt than competitor Minda Industries, but a higher cost of equity, indicating it is riskier but pays less interest on debt. The company's cash flows have decreased in recent years as spending has increased.
An Employee Stock Ownership Plan (“ESOP”) is a tax qualified retirement plan which is designed to invest primarily in stock of the sponsor corporation. Under §4975 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”) and §§406 and 408 of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (“ERISA”), ESOPs are the only type of retirement plan that can borrow money from (or obtain loans guaranteed by) a party in interest (an “exempt loan”).
An ESOP plan sponsor must avoid conflict in fulfilling its corporate governance and fiduciary responsibilities. How is this done? This presentation discusses the dangers of wearing multiple hats and how to minimize litigation risk.
Issuing of Shares with Differential RightsNovojuris
Issuing shares with differential voting rights has become more prescriptive and restrictive under the Companies Act of 2013. The Act now requires that any company issuing such shares must meet several preconditions, including limiting differential voting shares to 26% of total equity, obtaining shareholder approval, and not having any defaults on financial obligations or legal penalties for the past 3 years. Meeting all these requirements may be difficult for new startups that do not have a consistent track record of profits. Additionally, shares with differential voting rights introduce complexity when calculating the balance of voting rights between equity and preference shareholders.
The document discusses differential voting rights (DVRs) shares in India. It provides background on DVRs and details rules around their issuance. Key points include: DVRs were allowed in India in 2001 and have inferior or superior voting rights compared to regular shares; companies must meet conditions like having profits for 3+ years to issue DVRs; SEBI prohibited superior voting rights DVRs in 2009; the new Companies Bill may disallow DVRs entirely. Examples of companies issuing DVRs, like Tata Motors and Pantaloon Retail, are provided along with their DVR structures. Overall the document analyzes the concept of DVRs in India.
The proxy fight for board seats at Oshkosh Corporation is underway, with Icahn Associates nominating six directors. While OSK's stock performance has lagged peers, the company has significant defense business exposure. Icahn will argue OSK has failed to execute on acquisitions or develop business segments. Shareholders will evaluate if change is needed and if Icahn's nominees can add value, considering four have Icahn ties raising independence questions.
This document discusses how prevailing wage fringe benefits can affect 401(k) plan design. Prevailing wages are hourly wages and benefits paid to workers on public works projects, with a portion designated for fringe benefits that can be contributed to retirement plans. Employers with workers on prevailing wage projects must establish a 401(k) plan, and have flexibility in how they use prevailing wage contributions, such as to offset matching contributions or pass nondiscrimination tests. The document provides an overview of common 401(k) plan provisions and how prevailing wage contributions fit within those plans.
The document discusses different types of limited companies, including private limited companies and public limited companies. It describes the key differences between the two, such as private companies having "Ltd" in the name while public companies end in "plc". It also covers various classes of shares like ordinary, preference, cumulative preference shares. The document then discusses methods for raising capital, including debentures, bank overdrafts, trade creditors, leasing, mortgages, hire purchase, government grants, factoring, and venture capital. It concludes by outlining the process of forming a public limited company, including creating a memorandum and articles of association.
A holding company controls other companies by owning more than half of their equity shares or controlling their board of directors. When consolidating financial statements, the holding company combines its accounts with its subsidiaries' accounts by aggregating profit/loss figures, eliminating inter-company transactions, and merging asset and liability balances. This process eliminates the holding company's investment in shares of subsidiaries from the consolidated balance sheet. It also accounts for minority interests, unrealized inter-company profits, and other adjustments. The consolidated statements present the financial position and performance of the entire corporate group as a single economic entity.
Broad-based black economic empowerment (BEE) aims to increase black ownership and control of South Africa's economy through direct ownership of enterprises, human resource development, and preferential procurement policies. BEE is measured using a scorecard system where points are awarded for criteria like black equity holdings, management control, employment equity, skills development, procurement from black-owned businesses, and enterprise development. Higher scores on the scorecard correspond to higher BEE contribution levels, which are important for government procurement and determining the percentage of spending that qualifies as black economic empowerment. While BEE compliance is not mandatory for private businesses, there are economic, political, and moral incentives for companies to implement empowerment initiatives.
This chapter discusses the motivations for companies to engage in share buybacks. Some of the key reasons include: returning surplus cash to shareholders, increasing earnings per share, stabilizing the share price, using it as a defense against takeovers, facilitating shareholder exit, and signaling to the market that the shares are undervalued. However, buybacks could also be abused to manipulate the share price or entrench management against takeovers. The motivations discussed provide context for understanding the regulations surrounding share buybacks in subsequent chapters.
Holding company accounts and consolidated Balance SheetAugustin Bangalore
1. The document discusses concepts related to holding companies including analysis of capital profits, calculation of capital reserve/goodwill, treatment of minority interest, and preparation of consolidated balance sheets.
2. Capital profits refer to profits of a subsidiary earned prior to acquisition by the holding company. Revenue profits are earned after the acquisition date.
3. In a consolidated balance sheet, common transactions between the holding company and subsidiary like bills receivable/payable are eliminated to show only balances with outside parties.
The Presentation explores practical solutions to the problems under Indian Companies Act, 2013 being faced by corporates. The focus is on micro level solutions on the basis of proviso, rules and notifications. Ease of doing business and compliance of the law is main spirit whole suggesting solutions.
Issue of Shares-Comapanies Act 2013 (CS/CA/CMA/B.COM/LLB)The Legal Magister
This document discusses various provisions around issuing shares under the Companies Act 2013 in India. It covers different types of shares like equity shares, preference shares, sweat equity shares. It discusses rules around issuing shares at premium or discount, differential voting rights, further issue of shares, bonus shares, employee stock options. Key points include what constitutes share capital, types of preference shares, conditions for issuing shares with differential voting rights, prohibitions on issuing shares at discount, rules for issuing sweat equity shares and utilization of securities premium.
The document discusses the process of preparing a consolidated balance sheet for a holding company and its subsidiaries. It provides a 4 step process: 1) collecting basic information on acquisition date, ownership percentage, pre/post-acquisition periods, 2) analyzing profits and reserves for pre-acquisition periods, 3) calculating the cost of control and goodwill, and 4) calculating minority interest. It also discusses the treatment of various items like unrealized profits, intercompany transactions, contingent liabilities, unclaimed dividends and others in the consolidated balance sheet.
The document provides a comparative analysis of the financial statements of two textile companies in Bangladesh, Saiham Textile Mills Ltd. and Ashraf Textile Mills Ltd., over a three year period. Key findings include:
- Saiham Textile had higher total assets and shareholder's equity compared to Ashraf Textile.
- Saiham Textile was profitable over the period while Ashraf Textile reported losses each year.
- Analysis of ratios showed Saiham Textile had stronger liquidity, lower financial risk, and better ability to cover interest payments compared to Ashraf Textile.
Financial analysis of BHEL and Bata IndiaKallol Sarkar
The document discusses financial reports of two Indian companies - Bata India Ltd and Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd (BHEL). It summarizes key activities of both companies such as expansion plans, capital expenditures, earnings per share trends, and debt levels. It also includes financial ratios like liquidity, leverage, profitability and coverage ratios for both companies for years 2011-2008. Accounting policies of BHEL regarding valuation of assets, inventory, revenue recognition are also outlined.
This document discusses holding companies and subsidiaries. It defines a holding company as one that acquires over 50% of another company's shares, making it a subsidiary. Advantages of holding companies include separate identities and financial reporting for subsidiaries, while disadvantages include potential manipulation and lack of minority shareholder protection. The Companies Act of 1956 provides the legal definition of a subsidiary. Consolidated financial statements must be prepared that combine the holding company and subsidiaries' balance sheets, income statements, and other reports. Capital profits, minority interests, investments, and other items require special treatment and calculations in consolidation.
This document outlines several types of non-cash compensation that employees can exclude from taxable income according to IRS rules. This includes frequent flyer miles earned on business travel paid with a personal credit card, employer-provided cell phones for business use, certain non-cash awards from employers, meals and lodging provided for an employer's convenience, pre-tax commuter benefits, dependent care assistance, and qualified educational assistance from employers of up to $5,250 per year.
A company must comply with certain legal requirements including having a memorandum and articles of association, a director, and paying compliance costs. A company can be a private or public limited company. Company accounts are highly regulated to ensure transparency and standardization in what information they contain, the accounting methods used, and how they are presented. All listed EU companies must follow International Accounting Standards Board standards when preparing accounts, while other UK companies can follow IASB or UK standards. Financial statements that are presented include a statement of financial position, statement of income, statement of changes in equity, statement of cash flows, accounting policies, and explanatory notes.
Thin capitalization refers to a situation where a company is financed through high levels of debt compared to equity, resulting in a thin capital structure. Section 94B of the Indian Income Tax Act governs thin capitalization by restricting the deduction of interest expenses in cases where debt is from an associated enterprise or guaranteed by an associated enterprise. Excess interest, defined as interest exceeding 30% of EBITDA or total interest paid to associated enterprises, whichever is lower, is not deductible and can be carried forward for up to 8 years. The provisions apply to both debt from non-resident associated enterprises and debt from Indian lenders that is guaranteed by a non-resident associated enterprise.
The document discusses guidelines around corporate social responsibility (CSR) expenditures under the Companies Act 2013 in India. It addresses whether CSR spending qualifies as a capital or revenue expenditure, how it should be reported in financial statements, treatment of excess/shortfall in spending, and issues around calculating net profit for determining the required 2% CSR spend amount. It provides examples of qualifying CSR activities and clarifies that contributions to charitable organizations can qualify as CSR spending.
UBS Investment Banking Challenge - Campus Final pitch bookOscar Haman
Case study competition on past M&A transactions between Qube and the target company Asciano.
Completing this case involved:
- Valuing Asciano
- Computing an appropriate DCF based on economical assumption
- Computing a merger model between Qube & Asciano
- Devising an appropriate rationale to acquire Asciano
- Creating a strategic bidding and funding process
- Understanding the stevedoring, railway and freight industry
- Quantitative and qualitative analysis of synergies
The document discusses various aspects of share capital of a company including:
1. Share capital refers to the total amount of money raised by a company through the issue of shares to private and public sources. It is divided into units called shares that are held by shareholders.
2. There are various types of share capital such as authorized/nominal capital, issued capital, called up capital, paid up capital, and types of shares like equity, preference, redeemable, non-redeemable etc.
3. The capital structure and types of shares can be altered through procedures like increase in authorized capital, consolidation/sub-division of shares, conversion of shares into stock etc. as permitted by law.
Business Law & Order - September 16, 2013 - What you don't know can cost you ...AnnArborSPARK
Compensating employees with equity compensation is not uncommon, particularly with start-up companies. Unfortunately, what also is not uncommon are unforeseen consequences detrimental to the business or employee when equity plans are poorly structured. Our panel of experienced attorneys will discuss a myriad of equity related issues, including: positive and negative aspects of stock options (ISOs or NQOs?); founders stock, restricted stock and 83(b) elections, as well as common pitfalls, including fair market value, change in control and permissible payment dates under Code Section 409A; which employees are given equity; what equity grant vesting and buyback restrictions are typical and why, and what impact does equity compensation have on mergers and IPOs?
Moderator:
Melvin J. Muskovitz
Dykema Gossett PLLC
Panelists:
Charles M. Russman
Bodman PLC
Margaret Hunter
Dykema Gossett PLLC
ESOPs 101 (Series: Cross-Training for Business Lawyers 2020) Financial Poise
Employee stock ownership plans (ESOPs) are plans regulated by the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) and designed to allow employees to invest in the stock of their employer. The shareholder participants/employees as well as the sponsoring company generally receive tax benefits through the use of the plan. And while they are generally touted as designed to promote employees’ interest and efforts in maximizing the value of the company for the benefit of both employer and employees, ESOPs are often used as a method of corporate finance by the sponsoring company.
To listen to this webinar on-demand, go to: https://www.financialpoise.com/financial-poise-webinars/esops-101-2020/
This document discusses how prevailing wage fringe benefits can affect 401(k) plan design. Prevailing wages are hourly wages and benefits paid to workers on public works projects, with a portion designated for fringe benefits that can be contributed to retirement plans. Employers with workers on prevailing wage projects must establish a 401(k) plan, and have flexibility in how they use prevailing wage contributions, such as to offset matching contributions or pass nondiscrimination tests. The document provides an overview of common 401(k) plan provisions and how prevailing wage contributions fit within those plans.
The document discusses different types of limited companies, including private limited companies and public limited companies. It describes the key differences between the two, such as private companies having "Ltd" in the name while public companies end in "plc". It also covers various classes of shares like ordinary, preference, cumulative preference shares. The document then discusses methods for raising capital, including debentures, bank overdrafts, trade creditors, leasing, mortgages, hire purchase, government grants, factoring, and venture capital. It concludes by outlining the process of forming a public limited company, including creating a memorandum and articles of association.
A holding company controls other companies by owning more than half of their equity shares or controlling their board of directors. When consolidating financial statements, the holding company combines its accounts with its subsidiaries' accounts by aggregating profit/loss figures, eliminating inter-company transactions, and merging asset and liability balances. This process eliminates the holding company's investment in shares of subsidiaries from the consolidated balance sheet. It also accounts for minority interests, unrealized inter-company profits, and other adjustments. The consolidated statements present the financial position and performance of the entire corporate group as a single economic entity.
Broad-based black economic empowerment (BEE) aims to increase black ownership and control of South Africa's economy through direct ownership of enterprises, human resource development, and preferential procurement policies. BEE is measured using a scorecard system where points are awarded for criteria like black equity holdings, management control, employment equity, skills development, procurement from black-owned businesses, and enterprise development. Higher scores on the scorecard correspond to higher BEE contribution levels, which are important for government procurement and determining the percentage of spending that qualifies as black economic empowerment. While BEE compliance is not mandatory for private businesses, there are economic, political, and moral incentives for companies to implement empowerment initiatives.
This chapter discusses the motivations for companies to engage in share buybacks. Some of the key reasons include: returning surplus cash to shareholders, increasing earnings per share, stabilizing the share price, using it as a defense against takeovers, facilitating shareholder exit, and signaling to the market that the shares are undervalued. However, buybacks could also be abused to manipulate the share price or entrench management against takeovers. The motivations discussed provide context for understanding the regulations surrounding share buybacks in subsequent chapters.
Holding company accounts and consolidated Balance SheetAugustin Bangalore
1. The document discusses concepts related to holding companies including analysis of capital profits, calculation of capital reserve/goodwill, treatment of minority interest, and preparation of consolidated balance sheets.
2. Capital profits refer to profits of a subsidiary earned prior to acquisition by the holding company. Revenue profits are earned after the acquisition date.
3. In a consolidated balance sheet, common transactions between the holding company and subsidiary like bills receivable/payable are eliminated to show only balances with outside parties.
The Presentation explores practical solutions to the problems under Indian Companies Act, 2013 being faced by corporates. The focus is on micro level solutions on the basis of proviso, rules and notifications. Ease of doing business and compliance of the law is main spirit whole suggesting solutions.
Issue of Shares-Comapanies Act 2013 (CS/CA/CMA/B.COM/LLB)The Legal Magister
This document discusses various provisions around issuing shares under the Companies Act 2013 in India. It covers different types of shares like equity shares, preference shares, sweat equity shares. It discusses rules around issuing shares at premium or discount, differential voting rights, further issue of shares, bonus shares, employee stock options. Key points include what constitutes share capital, types of preference shares, conditions for issuing shares with differential voting rights, prohibitions on issuing shares at discount, rules for issuing sweat equity shares and utilization of securities premium.
The document discusses the process of preparing a consolidated balance sheet for a holding company and its subsidiaries. It provides a 4 step process: 1) collecting basic information on acquisition date, ownership percentage, pre/post-acquisition periods, 2) analyzing profits and reserves for pre-acquisition periods, 3) calculating the cost of control and goodwill, and 4) calculating minority interest. It also discusses the treatment of various items like unrealized profits, intercompany transactions, contingent liabilities, unclaimed dividends and others in the consolidated balance sheet.
The document provides a comparative analysis of the financial statements of two textile companies in Bangladesh, Saiham Textile Mills Ltd. and Ashraf Textile Mills Ltd., over a three year period. Key findings include:
- Saiham Textile had higher total assets and shareholder's equity compared to Ashraf Textile.
- Saiham Textile was profitable over the period while Ashraf Textile reported losses each year.
- Analysis of ratios showed Saiham Textile had stronger liquidity, lower financial risk, and better ability to cover interest payments compared to Ashraf Textile.
Financial analysis of BHEL and Bata IndiaKallol Sarkar
The document discusses financial reports of two Indian companies - Bata India Ltd and Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd (BHEL). It summarizes key activities of both companies such as expansion plans, capital expenditures, earnings per share trends, and debt levels. It also includes financial ratios like liquidity, leverage, profitability and coverage ratios for both companies for years 2011-2008. Accounting policies of BHEL regarding valuation of assets, inventory, revenue recognition are also outlined.
This document discusses holding companies and subsidiaries. It defines a holding company as one that acquires over 50% of another company's shares, making it a subsidiary. Advantages of holding companies include separate identities and financial reporting for subsidiaries, while disadvantages include potential manipulation and lack of minority shareholder protection. The Companies Act of 1956 provides the legal definition of a subsidiary. Consolidated financial statements must be prepared that combine the holding company and subsidiaries' balance sheets, income statements, and other reports. Capital profits, minority interests, investments, and other items require special treatment and calculations in consolidation.
This document outlines several types of non-cash compensation that employees can exclude from taxable income according to IRS rules. This includes frequent flyer miles earned on business travel paid with a personal credit card, employer-provided cell phones for business use, certain non-cash awards from employers, meals and lodging provided for an employer's convenience, pre-tax commuter benefits, dependent care assistance, and qualified educational assistance from employers of up to $5,250 per year.
A company must comply with certain legal requirements including having a memorandum and articles of association, a director, and paying compliance costs. A company can be a private or public limited company. Company accounts are highly regulated to ensure transparency and standardization in what information they contain, the accounting methods used, and how they are presented. All listed EU companies must follow International Accounting Standards Board standards when preparing accounts, while other UK companies can follow IASB or UK standards. Financial statements that are presented include a statement of financial position, statement of income, statement of changes in equity, statement of cash flows, accounting policies, and explanatory notes.
Thin capitalization refers to a situation where a company is financed through high levels of debt compared to equity, resulting in a thin capital structure. Section 94B of the Indian Income Tax Act governs thin capitalization by restricting the deduction of interest expenses in cases where debt is from an associated enterprise or guaranteed by an associated enterprise. Excess interest, defined as interest exceeding 30% of EBITDA or total interest paid to associated enterprises, whichever is lower, is not deductible and can be carried forward for up to 8 years. The provisions apply to both debt from non-resident associated enterprises and debt from Indian lenders that is guaranteed by a non-resident associated enterprise.
The document discusses guidelines around corporate social responsibility (CSR) expenditures under the Companies Act 2013 in India. It addresses whether CSR spending qualifies as a capital or revenue expenditure, how it should be reported in financial statements, treatment of excess/shortfall in spending, and issues around calculating net profit for determining the required 2% CSR spend amount. It provides examples of qualifying CSR activities and clarifies that contributions to charitable organizations can qualify as CSR spending.
UBS Investment Banking Challenge - Campus Final pitch bookOscar Haman
Case study competition on past M&A transactions between Qube and the target company Asciano.
Completing this case involved:
- Valuing Asciano
- Computing an appropriate DCF based on economical assumption
- Computing a merger model between Qube & Asciano
- Devising an appropriate rationale to acquire Asciano
- Creating a strategic bidding and funding process
- Understanding the stevedoring, railway and freight industry
- Quantitative and qualitative analysis of synergies
The document discusses various aspects of share capital of a company including:
1. Share capital refers to the total amount of money raised by a company through the issue of shares to private and public sources. It is divided into units called shares that are held by shareholders.
2. There are various types of share capital such as authorized/nominal capital, issued capital, called up capital, paid up capital, and types of shares like equity, preference, redeemable, non-redeemable etc.
3. The capital structure and types of shares can be altered through procedures like increase in authorized capital, consolidation/sub-division of shares, conversion of shares into stock etc. as permitted by law.
Business Law & Order - September 16, 2013 - What you don't know can cost you ...AnnArborSPARK
Compensating employees with equity compensation is not uncommon, particularly with start-up companies. Unfortunately, what also is not uncommon are unforeseen consequences detrimental to the business or employee when equity plans are poorly structured. Our panel of experienced attorneys will discuss a myriad of equity related issues, including: positive and negative aspects of stock options (ISOs or NQOs?); founders stock, restricted stock and 83(b) elections, as well as common pitfalls, including fair market value, change in control and permissible payment dates under Code Section 409A; which employees are given equity; what equity grant vesting and buyback restrictions are typical and why, and what impact does equity compensation have on mergers and IPOs?
Moderator:
Melvin J. Muskovitz
Dykema Gossett PLLC
Panelists:
Charles M. Russman
Bodman PLC
Margaret Hunter
Dykema Gossett PLLC
ESOPs 101 (Series: Cross-Training for Business Lawyers 2020) Financial Poise
Employee stock ownership plans (ESOPs) are plans regulated by the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) and designed to allow employees to invest in the stock of their employer. The shareholder participants/employees as well as the sponsoring company generally receive tax benefits through the use of the plan. And while they are generally touted as designed to promote employees’ interest and efforts in maximizing the value of the company for the benefit of both employer and employees, ESOPs are often used as a method of corporate finance by the sponsoring company.
To listen to this webinar on-demand, go to: https://www.financialpoise.com/financial-poise-webinars/esops-101-2020/
An ESOP is an employee benefit plan invested in employer stock that can be used by government contractors as a liquidity strategy. The Fiscal Cliff compromise made ESOPs more attractive by keeping lower capital gains rates and adding a new top ordinary income tax rate. A leveraged ESOP transaction allows shareholders to sell stock and defer capital gains taxes while providing employees a tax-deferred retirement benefit and reducing the company's taxes. Special considerations for government contractors include cost reimbursement rules and SBA size recertification.
C-Suite Snacks Webinar Series: Not Sold on Selling Your Business? Why Now is ...Citrin Cooperman
Sign up for our weekly C-Suite Snacks webinars here: https://www.citrincooperman.com/infocus/c-suite-snacks
Our C-Suite Snacks webinar series provides the middle market with brief, strategic, and tactical business improvement information for 30 minutes every week. Join Citrin Cooperman live every Thursday at noon for snack-sized insights for business executives.
The recently proposed tax provisions in the Biden Administration’s American Families Plan should provide substantial incentives for business owners to discuss the creation of an Employee Stock Ownership Plan (ESOP).
During this C-Suite Snacks webinar session, Howard Klein and Heather Oboda covered more about ESOPs, including:
- An overview of what an ESOP is including financial and non-financial benefits
- The common misconceptions about ESOPs
- How the current tax proposals make an ESOP more attractive
Paul Neveu and Elizabeth Kaido gave a presentation on broadening the scope of retirement plan businesses. They discussed different plan types including bundled DC and cash balance plans, company stock plans, ESOPs, kSOPs, and prevailing wage plans. They provided an overview of each plan type and identified opportunities for advisors to grow their practices.
The document summarizes several asset protection strategies:
1) The Asset Protection Partnership allows individuals to remove investment assets like property from their estate to save 40% inheritance tax, while still benefiting from rental income and capital. This is well-suited for land and property.
2) The Entrepreneurs' Relief Finance Bond allows business owners to crystallize value from their company at the 10% capital gains tax rate of Entrepreneurs' Relief. They receive tax-free drawdown and can participate in future sale proceeds.
3) The Corporate Annuity Retirement Benefit Scheme allows employers to provide retirement benefits without pension restrictions or yearly allocations. Employers receive full tax deductions and
This document discusses ESOP buyouts as an option for business succession planning. An ESOP buyout allows a business owner to sell their shares to an Employee Stock Ownership Plan, avoiding significant capital gains taxes. Setting up an ESOP requires establishing an employee retirement plan that borrows funds to purchase company stock. This enables owners to sell all or part of the business and diversify their holdings while providing employees ownership stakes.
This document discusses dividend policy decisions and the MM approach. It begins by defining dividends and discussing sources and types of dividends. It then discusses what a dividend policy is and the key determinants of dividend policy such as legal restrictions, earnings trends, and shareholder preferences. The document also summarizes the irrelevance concept of dividends proposed by Modigliani and Miller, which states that dividend policy does not impact firm value under certain assumptions. It provides the formulas used in the MM approach to model how dividend payments do not affect share prices.
Non-Qualified Deferred Compensation Programs for Private CompaniesSkoda Minotti
This document discusses non-qualified deferred compensation programs (LTIPs) for private companies. LTIPs are used to reward and retain current employees, attract new employees by focusing on long-term results, and supplement tax-qualified retirement programs. LTIPs can take the form of equity shares, stock options, phantom shares or fixed/variable payments. Employers must consider who participates, what triggers payment, the payment form, amounts, and compliance with IRS rules. Benefits are unsecured and subject to employer credit risk, so some employers informally fund LTIPs using assets like corporate-owned life insurance, which provides tax advantages over mutual funds. The design process involves determining performance requirements, analyzing reward structures, and funding
Here are the answers to the questions:
1. A financial strategy is a long term plan of action to achieve the financial objectives of a business.
2. Decisions about financial strategies should be taken carefully because they involve committing large amounts of money and resources over an extended period of time. Getting these decisions wrong could negatively impact the long term viability of the business. Careful consideration needs to be given to factors like potential costs and benefits, opportunity costs of alternatives, and how strategies align with the overall objectives of the business.
3. A chain of high street coffee shops like Costa Coffee might choose to operate each shop as a profit centre to help monitor and improve financial performance at an individual shop level. Operating shops as profit centres
LBOs involve acquiring companies using a combination of equity and debt financing. A financial sponsor such as a private equity firm provides a small amount of equity and uses leverage (debt financing) to fund the remainder of the acquisition. The acquired company's assets are used as collateral for the borrowed capital. LBOs allow financial sponsors to make large acquisitions with limited capital commitment and provide tax benefits. However, they also involve high financial risk if the acquired company cannot generate sufficient cash flow to service the debt.
Presentation on management compensation by falguni cm(sagar)falgunisagar
This presentation covers management compensation, including short-term and long-term incentive plans for corporate and business unit officers. It discusses characteristics of incentive compensation plans like salary, benefits, and incentives components. Short-term plans include total bonus pools, carryovers, and deferred compensation, while long-term plans involve stock options, phantom shares, and stock appreciation. Performance is measured financially and non-financially. Agency theory is also summarized, which explains the relationship between principals and agents and how divergent objectives can be addressed through monitoring and incentive contracts.
Succession Planning using Equity Incentive Plan and ESOPswifilawgroup
The document discusses succession planning strategies for privately held companies using equity incentive plans and employee stock ownership plans (ESOPs). It outlines challenges in implementing equity plans, different types of equity awards such as phantom stock and stock appreciation rights, and tax issues related to profits interests in LLCs. Case studies examine using incentive shares or phantom stock appreciation rights to incentivize employees prior to an exit. A final case study looks at establishing an LLC and awarding profits interests to management. The document also reviews how ESOPs can facilitate transferring ownership while deferring capital gains tax.
The Autumn Statement & Draft Finance Bill 2014 - Provisions affecting businessesRobert Maas
An update for businesses that like to get ahead and what you should be considering as a result of the Autumn Statement and Draft Finance Bill 2014.
Robert Maas, one of the UK’s most respected
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CBIZ Benexx is a 401k TPA focused on small and mid-sized businesses with a 98% client retention rate and experience administering PEO plans. They offer a single source solution for 401k plan design, administration, investment options, employee education and enrollment. Their approach provides more flexibility, lower costs and liability than traditional multiple employer plans. They work directly with PEOs and aim to increase client satisfaction by eliminating audit fees and making the 401k a true value-add rather than just another feature.
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Similar to ESOPs for Professional Service Firms (20)
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1. Presented by:
David B. Solomon
Levenfeld Pearlstein, LLC
2 N. LaSalle Street, Suite 1300, Chicago, IL 60602
Phone: (312) 476-4526 Email: dsolomon@lplegal.com
Ronald J. Gilbert
ESOP Services, Inc.
251 Albevanna Lane, Scottsville, VA 24590
Phone: (434) 286-3130 Email: esop@esopservices.com
Robin Jaffe Goebel
Chemonics International
1717 H Street, NW
Washington, DC 20006
Phone: (202) 955-3454 Email: rgoebel@chemonics.com
ESOPs for Professional Service Firms
Employee Ownership Conference
1
2. Types of Equity Compensation Programs
• Stock Options
• Stock option plans enable a company to grant employees an option to buy a
stated number of shares at a defined grant price.
• Restricted Stock
• Restricted stock is an outright grant of shares to an employee that limits the
right to sell, transfer, and/or pledge such stock until the lapse of a vesting
period as provided for in the grant agreement.
• Phantom Stock
• Phantom stock provides a cash or stock bonus based on the value of a
stated number of shares to be paid out at the end of a specified vesting
period.
• Stock Appreciation Rights (SARs)
• Stock appreciation rights (SARs) typically provide the employee with a cash
or stock payment based on the increase in the value of a stated number of
shares over a specific period of time.
• Equity Value Units (EVUs)
• “First Cousin” of a SAR
• Employee Stock Ownership Plan (ESOP)
• Qualified retirement plan which holds company stock
2
3. Issues with Various Equity Compensation
Programs
• Phantom stock grants, SAR grants and ESOPs generally do
not require the employee to make an out-of-pocket
investment to obtain the benefits of the equity compensation
award.
• For restricted stock, phantom stock grants and ESOPs, the
employee is generally insulated against the risk of fluctuation
in the stock market since they will receive a benefit
regardless of the underlying market value of the company’s
stock.
• Stock options (particularly incentive stock options) have
favorable tax results for the employees, but may create a
less favorable tax result for the company.
• Stock options, restricted stock, phantom stock, SARs and
ESOP benefits settled by giving shares of actual stock to the
employees may create governance and other issues.
3
4. Why An ESOP as Opposed to Other Equity-
Based Incentive Plans?
• Employer-funded benefits (not require personal
investment).
• Designed to provide benefits to all employees (not just
management).
• Allows employees to defer recognition of taxes on
benefits provide by employer.
• Provides employees with a source of funding for
retirement.
• Tax benefits to company sponsoring the plan.
• Rules governing vesting and limits on distributions
provide a better long-term incentive.
• Fiduciary oversight of investment and encourages
better corporate governance practices.
4
5. Other Reasons Why ESOPs Work Well for
Service Firms
• No attractive 3rd party offers
• Management buyout notice possible
• No assets to secure senior bank loan
• Culture matters
• Desire to perpetuate the company and reward loyal
employees
• ESOP transaction may net more to selling
shareholders
5
6. Typical Structure of an ESOP Transaction
SellerESOPBank Company
Loan Loan Purchase Price
Pledge-ESOP
Documents &
Other Property
Pledge-ESOP
Stock ESOP Stock
6
7. • “Tax-Free” Rollover of Stock Sold to the ESOP
• Shareholders of a closely-held C corporation may sell their stock
to the ESOP and if eligible pay no capital gains tax.
• The proceeds must be reinvested in the securities of operating
domestic, public or private corporations.
• In order to qualify, the stock sold must be held for a three-year
period prior to the sale to the ESOP. At death, under current tax
law, the shareholders estate receives “stepped up” bases and
the capital gains tax is extinguished. The securities portfolio
may be monetized”.
• Tax-Deductible Contributions
• Corporate contributions used to purchase company stock or
make ESOP loan principal payments are tax deductible to the
corporation.
ESOP Tax Shields
7
8. • Tax-Free S Corporation Income
• Income attributable to stock owned by an S corporation ESOP is
not subject to federal tax. This benefit may not be available for
smaller companies, due to IRC 409(p).
• Tax-Deductible Dividends When Paid Through the ESOP
• Dividends on C corporation ESOP stock that are “passed
through” the ESOP to participants or used to repay ESOP loans
may be tax deductible to the corporation. These dividends are
not counted in the normal contribution limit of 25% of payroll.
• Allowable and Reimbursable Cost
• Allowable and reimbursable ESOP contributions for Federal
Government contractors.
• Depending on contract type, ESOP contributions are an
allowable fringe benefit cost fully reimbursable if “room in the
rates”
ESOP Tax Shields
8
9. Issues for Service Company ESOP
Transactions
Because Service Companies are “Asset
Light” may need:
• Pledge of personal assets
• Personal guarantee
• Extended Release formula
• Subordinated seller financing
• With warrants attached?
9
10. Warrants
• Stock option cousin
• Approximates private equity group
mezzanine debt 12%-18% return
• 10% to 15% target return
• Often worth 1/3 of transaction price in
approximately 5 years
10
11. Seller-Financing Structure of an ESOP
Transaction
ESOPSeller Company
Stock ESOP Stock
Note/Pledge
of assets
Note
*Shares of stock owned by seller redeemed by Company
**ESOP Shares Purchased Directly from Company in
exchange for a Note
11
12. ESOP Transaction Structure with other
Qualified Plan Assets
SellerESOP
Cash
StockOther
Company
Retirement
Plan
Rollover of
Plan Assets
12
14. Contributory ESOP Structure
ESOP
*Stock contributed to the ESOP may be newly issued shares or
shares previously purchased by Company from other shareholders
Company
Stock
14
15. • ESOP costs can be included as a cost of
performing a government contract and reimbursed
by the governmental entity
• The contractor’s cost for an ESOP shall be
measured by the contractor’s contribution,
including interest and C corporation dividends, if
applicable, to the ESOP
• Contributions made in company stock shall be
based on the market value of the stock at the time
of contribution
Additional Benefits of ESOPs for Government
Contractors
15
16. Government Contractors (cont.)
Challengers of Cost Reimburse Ability
• Calibration of expected cost
reimbursement with ESOP loan
amortization
• Projecting reimbursable ESOP costs,
assigning them to contracts, and keeping
competitive rates
• It is important to communicate with the
agency’s contracting officer about the ESOP
16
17. Issue for Certain ESOP-Owned Service
Companies
Maintaining SBA 8(a) Status
• Disadvantaged owner must retain a 51%
ownership interest in the company
• ESOP can acquire up to a 49% in the
company and future ESOP stock sales can
be planned as the company graduates
from the 8(a) program
17
18. History of Chemonics ESOP
1987 Our founder begins to explore the idea of an ESOP
• As a way to benefit employees
• To create long-term sustainability
2001 Developed the legal frame work and Summary Plan
Description
2005 Board agrees to fund the ESOP
2009 Our ESOP has 10.24% ownership of the company
2011 Become 100% ESOP
2012 Funded an International ESOP
2015 Received groundbreaking IRS Private Letter Ruling for
an International ESOP
18
19. International ESOP
Who?
17 Countries : Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bolivia, Bosnia &
Herzegovina, Botswana, Egypt, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Haiti,
Jordan, Mongolia, Nepal, Nigeria, Peru, Uganda, West Bank
& Gaza, and Zambia
1,100 plus employees
What?
25% of payroll which equals a contribution of ~6-8% of salary
Why?
One global company
Sustainability of our long term local national staff
Sharing in the value and growth of company
Recruitment and retention of talented local staff
Overall cost savings
19
20. What Does the ESOP Mean to the
Company?
• Cost savings through fringe & employees
being fiscally smart
• Staying true to the ideals of our founder
• Learning to navigate our new norm of
being a leveraged company
• Increased staff satisfaction
• Not just another government contractor in a
sea of contractors
20
21. What Does the ESOP Mean to Chemonics Staff?
• Security of not being bought by another
company
• Reaping the rewards of their hard work
• Additional retirement plan
• Truly living our values
• Feeling part of a larger team
• Increased employee satisfaction with the
company over the years
21
24. Our ESOP Culture
• Environment of open and honest
communication and transparency
• everyone has access to financials
• quarterly town hall meetings with CEO and
executive staff
• internal portal for feedback and suggestion
• annual staff feedback survey
24
25. Our ESOP Culture-Employee Outreach Committee
• Educate
Facilitate open lines of communication between plan
trustee and employee owners
• Make Aware
Continuously teach the impact of being an employee
owner on the company’s success
• Promote
Obtain feedback on ESOP and communicate to
executive management team
• Celebrate
Recognize and celebrate the hard work of our
employees
25
26. David B. Solomon
Levenfeld Pearlstein, LLC
2 N. LaSalle Street, Suite 1300, Chicago, Illinois 60602
Phone: (312) 476-4526 Email: dsolomon@lplegal.com
Ronald J. Gilbert
ESOP Services, Inc.
251 Albevanna Lane, Scottsville, VA 24590
Phone: (434) 286-3130 Email: esop@esopservices.com
Robin Jaffe Goebel
Chemonics International
1717 H Street, NW
Washington, DC 20006
Phone: (202) 955-3454 Email: rgoebel@chemonics.com
Questions
26