This document summarizes testing of the Silver Board V1 solar panel design for the ANDESITE CubeSat mission. Individual strings of solar cells on the board were tested and found to be producing open circuit voltages between 18.9-20.1V and currents around 0.02A. Total power production of the 48-cell panel was calculated to be 2.3702W. While the positive terminal connection was functioning properly, the negative terminal connection was not producing a circuit. Further modeling will account for varying solar incidence angles in orbit. The solar cells were found to be operating within the expected 27% efficiency range required to meet ANDESITE's power requirements.
MEMRISTOR:-
THIS IS A FOURTH FUNDAMENTAL ELEMENT WHICH WE DON'T COME ACROSS MOSTLY IN OUR ELECTRICAL LIFE..SO THIS PPT GIVES YOU A PROPER VIEW ON MEMRISTOR...THIS IS AN ELEMENT MADE WITH A COMBINATION OF BOTH MEME
Memristors are a fourth fundamental circuit element that relates electrical charge and magnetic flux linkage. Its resistance depends on the amount and direction of charge that has previously flowed through it. Memristors were first theorized in 1971 and the first functioning memristor was built in 2008. There are two main types - molecular/ionic thin film memristors which use material properties like titanium dioxide, and spin-based memristors which use electron spin. Memristors have applications in non-volatile memory, AI, and neuromorphic computing due to advantages like non-volatility, low power usage, and ability to mimic synaptic behavior. Extensive research continues on memristors which may revolutionize computing and memory like the transistor
This document provides an overview of memristors. It begins with a brief history, explaining that memristors were proposed in 1971 and the first was created in 2008. It then defines memristors as semiconductor devices whose resistance varies as a function of flux and current, allowing them to "remember" what has passed through the circuit. The document proceeds to explain memristor theory, construction, working, potential applications, and concludes that memristors will radically change 21st century circuit design as transistors changed the 20th century.
Racetrack memory is a new type of non-volatile memory that stores data by moving magnetic domains along a nanoscopic wire using electric current. It can read and write data much faster than existing storage technologies and enable devices to store vastly more data at a lower cost. Racetrack memory works by moving magnetic domains along a U-shaped nanowire using spin-polarized electric current and reading/writing the domains as they pass over magnetic sensors. It has the potential to revolutionize data storage and computing by providing vastly higher storage capacities than existing technologies in a smaller space.
Racetrack a non volatile memory, where magnetic domains moves along a nanowire (about 100nm thick and 200nm long) using spin-coherent electric currents.
The document summarizes recent advances in single-electron logic technology and applications that combine single-electron transistors with CMOS. It discusses how single-electron logic overcomes issues with random background charge fluctuations by encoding information in the amplitude or period of transistor characteristics. Clever applications that leverage the unique periodic characteristics of SETs are able to achieve orders of magnitude improvements in power consumption and chip area compared to conventional CMOS implementations. While challenges remain, the combination of SETs and CMOS shows promise for packing more functionality into smaller spaces.
The document presents information about memristors, which are described as semiconductor devices whose resistance depends on the amount of charge that has passed through. It discusses the history of memristors, first theorized in 1971 as the fourth fundamental circuit element. The document outlines the construction and working of TiO2-based memristors, how oxygen vacancies allow the resistance to change based on applied current. Applications include non-volatile memory, neural networks, and analog computing. While promising, memristors still need improvements in defects and standardization before being perfected.
The document summarizes the design and fabrication of an all-optically driven deformable mirror device using MEMS spring plate mirrors and wafer-bonded GaAs/GaP photodetectors. The device uses laser light to drive GaAs PIN photodetectors, generating a voltage across thin-film resistors connected to MEMS mirrors to induce deformation for adaptive optics applications. Key steps included wafer fusion bonding of GaAs PINs to GaP substrates, fabrication of low-stress silicon nitride spring plate mirrors, and characterization of the photo response and actuation of the mirrors when cascaded to the photodetectors through external resistors. Preliminary testing demonstrated successful actuation of the mirrors, with future work focused
MEMRISTOR:-
THIS IS A FOURTH FUNDAMENTAL ELEMENT WHICH WE DON'T COME ACROSS MOSTLY IN OUR ELECTRICAL LIFE..SO THIS PPT GIVES YOU A PROPER VIEW ON MEMRISTOR...THIS IS AN ELEMENT MADE WITH A COMBINATION OF BOTH MEME
Memristors are a fourth fundamental circuit element that relates electrical charge and magnetic flux linkage. Its resistance depends on the amount and direction of charge that has previously flowed through it. Memristors were first theorized in 1971 and the first functioning memristor was built in 2008. There are two main types - molecular/ionic thin film memristors which use material properties like titanium dioxide, and spin-based memristors which use electron spin. Memristors have applications in non-volatile memory, AI, and neuromorphic computing due to advantages like non-volatility, low power usage, and ability to mimic synaptic behavior. Extensive research continues on memristors which may revolutionize computing and memory like the transistor
This document provides an overview of memristors. It begins with a brief history, explaining that memristors were proposed in 1971 and the first was created in 2008. It then defines memristors as semiconductor devices whose resistance varies as a function of flux and current, allowing them to "remember" what has passed through the circuit. The document proceeds to explain memristor theory, construction, working, potential applications, and concludes that memristors will radically change 21st century circuit design as transistors changed the 20th century.
Racetrack memory is a new type of non-volatile memory that stores data by moving magnetic domains along a nanoscopic wire using electric current. It can read and write data much faster than existing storage technologies and enable devices to store vastly more data at a lower cost. Racetrack memory works by moving magnetic domains along a U-shaped nanowire using spin-polarized electric current and reading/writing the domains as they pass over magnetic sensors. It has the potential to revolutionize data storage and computing by providing vastly higher storage capacities than existing technologies in a smaller space.
Racetrack a non volatile memory, where magnetic domains moves along a nanowire (about 100nm thick and 200nm long) using spin-coherent electric currents.
The document summarizes recent advances in single-electron logic technology and applications that combine single-electron transistors with CMOS. It discusses how single-electron logic overcomes issues with random background charge fluctuations by encoding information in the amplitude or period of transistor characteristics. Clever applications that leverage the unique periodic characteristics of SETs are able to achieve orders of magnitude improvements in power consumption and chip area compared to conventional CMOS implementations. While challenges remain, the combination of SETs and CMOS shows promise for packing more functionality into smaller spaces.
The document presents information about memristors, which are described as semiconductor devices whose resistance depends on the amount of charge that has passed through. It discusses the history of memristors, first theorized in 1971 as the fourth fundamental circuit element. The document outlines the construction and working of TiO2-based memristors, how oxygen vacancies allow the resistance to change based on applied current. Applications include non-volatile memory, neural networks, and analog computing. While promising, memristors still need improvements in defects and standardization before being perfected.
The document summarizes the design and fabrication of an all-optically driven deformable mirror device using MEMS spring plate mirrors and wafer-bonded GaAs/GaP photodetectors. The device uses laser light to drive GaAs PIN photodetectors, generating a voltage across thin-film resistors connected to MEMS mirrors to induce deformation for adaptive optics applications. Key steps included wafer fusion bonding of GaAs PINs to GaP substrates, fabrication of low-stress silicon nitride spring plate mirrors, and characterization of the photo response and actuation of the mirrors when cascaded to the photodetectors through external resistors. Preliminary testing demonstrated successful actuation of the mirrors, with future work focused
DNA Money - when investing keep emotions at bayv- 11 Dec 2008Shruti Jain
This document discusses how emotions like greed and fear can negatively impact investing decisions. It notes that behavioural finance research shows investors are often emotional, biased, and make irrational decisions. In bull markets, greed leads people to take on excessive risk, while bear markets cause fear that makes people sell at low prices. The author advocates keeping emotions separate from investing by maintaining a long-term, disciplined strategy and using market downturns as opportunities to buy good companies at lower prices rather than reacting fearfully.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
dxbSolutions is a retail and hospitality consulting firm in Dubai that provides various services to help clients create or sell businesses in the UAE. They are experts in site selection through market research and demographic analysis to find optimal locations. They also assist with franchising, fit outs, company formation, licensing approval processes, staffing, and the sale of existing businesses. Their approach involves fully understanding the client brief, agreeing on deliverables, and fulfilling the project within the agreed upon timescale.
How to set realistic priorities for it budget planning it-toolkitsIT-Toolkits.org
Once you are aware of your budgeting “realities”, you can begin the process of identifying related priorities, which will shape and refine actual budget results.
Will it be possible to maintain the budget and still provide the necessary services and projects?
If not, what items in the budget can be reduced to compensate?
If budget cuts are in order, how will essential services and projects still be provided?
How will difficult budget decisions be made and communicated?
How will you deal with staff disappointments and end-user complaints?
Influence Alumni to give contributions to the university and in return receive a brick placed on around the Hayden-Clark Alumni Building on campus. *Still undergoing with logistic stages. This was just the presentation that I had collected from vendors and other campus' in the surrounding area.
Coeus Insurance provides insurance services. Their telephone number is 0844 216 0626 and their email address for general inquiries is info@coeusinsurance.com. This document appears to be contact information for Coeus Insurance.
The document summarizes the activities of a wagon train club that gets together regularly for outings and camping trips. It describes group dinners and activities like horseback riding, swimming, and bowling that people of all ages enjoy. Traditions include a welcome wagon with snacks, potluck dinners where everyone contributes, and a Sunday breakfast provided by the club. Halloween and Christmas parties are highlights, with activities for kids like pumpkin decorating and a visit from Santa. The club scrapbook and Wagonmaster Ball celebrate the end of the camping year each fall.
How to recruit an it project manager it-toolkitsIT-Toolkits.org
Many job roles have claimed the title ‘project manager’, but in reality, are a far cry from the traditional role with overall responsibility for the planning and execution of a project. So how can you be sure you are recruiting the right person?
eHealth Consumers in the Age of Hyper-Personalizationchronaki
Where the Internet of Things meets healthcare we see a plethora of tools, gadgets, and apps that promise to improve life, health, and independence. As patients, family members ofr friends, we are subsumed under the term "eHealth consumers”. For us it is increasingly hard to navigate in the unfolding digital reality dominated by new gadgets, and fragmented information, data, and knowledge we don’t control. More personalized and targeted products, services, and content could alleviate this. In this slide deck we are specifically focusing on challenges and opportunities for personalization in view of varying eHealth literacy, lifestyle and health goals.
eHealth Practice in Europe: where do we stand?chronaki
eHealth as the use of Information and communication technologies in the practice of health care comprises Electronic health records, Healthcare information exchange cross-jurisdictions, Personal health records, Telehealth, telemedicine and remote monitoring.
There are several efforts to reflect and measure the practice of eHealth including efforts by the OECD and WHO, but in general there is little reported sharing of health data particularly with patients. Specific barriers frequently mentioned are supporting policies and coherent widely implemented standards.
The presentation discusses relevant efforts and programs supported by the European Commission such as the eHealth DSI, eStandards, ASSESS CT, and openMedicine aiming at large scale eHealth adoption It calls for engagement of European Society, its national societies, and its members.
O documento discute a história e características das redes de computadores, desde as primeiras redes centralizadas até as atuais redes distribuídas e em nuvem. Apresenta os principais modelos de redes como cliente-servidor e os tipos de redes como LAN, MAN e WAN. Explica como as redes funcionam através da transmissão de dados entre fontes, transmissores, sistemas de transmissão e destinos.
La hibridación de ácidos nucleicos es un proceso mediante el cual dos cadenas monocatenarias de ADN, ARN o una mezcla de ambos se unen para formar una molécula de doble cadena utilizando la complementariedad de bases. La hibridación permite estudiar la relación genética entre secuencias y detectar fragmentos complementarios. Factores como la temperatura, pH, sales y complementariedad afectan la calidad de la unión. Técnicas como Southern blot, Northern blot, CGH y microarrays de ADN se basan en
This document discusses the design and implementation of configurable logic blocks (CLBs) using single-electron transistor (SET) based quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) technology. It first provides background on SETs and QCA. It then describes simulating basic logic gates like inverters and NOR/NAND gates using SETs. Finally, it details the implementation of a 2-input lookup table (LUT), the basic unit of field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), using QCA. The LUT design uses a multiplexer, demultiplexer, and static random access memory (SRAM) cells. While promising for ultra-low power electronics, SET/QCA technologies still need improvements
This document summarizes a research paper that designed, modeled, and characterized an integrated cascode cell for compact Ku-band power amplifiers.
The integrated cascode cell was designed to decrease the size of individual power cells while maintaining performance. It combines two transistors in a cascode configuration, effectively doubling the output power and gain compared to a single transistor. Modeling of the cell was performed using a distributed approach.
Measurements showed good agreement with the model. Using the new integrated cascode cells, the researcher was able to design a 2W Ku-band power amplifier MMIC that occupied 40% less area than previous designs using single transistors, demonstrating the effectiveness of the integrated cascode cell topology.
This document provides a review of aperture coupled microstrip antennas. It begins with a brief history, noting the antenna was first introduced in 1985 to address issues with integrated phased arrays using a single substrate layer. The basic operating principles are then described, including how the independent selection of antenna and feed substrate materials allows shielding of the radiating aperture from the feed network. Applications include active arrays and theoretically zero cross polarization. Key development areas are also listed, such as impedance bandwidth improvements from 5-50% and many possible design variations.
broadbanding technique for microstrip patch antennaAshit Tomar
This document discusses techniques for broadbanding microstrip patch antennas. It describes how patch antennas have a narrow bandwidth due to their high quality factor Q. Various techniques are presented to decrease Q and increase bandwidth, including increasing the substrate height and lowering the dielectric constant, using multiple resonators coupled electromagnetically in one plane or stacked vertically, and electromagnetically coupled patch antennas. The document concludes by noting the ongoing search for an ideal wideband printed microstrip antenna.
Please read the following IEEE Spectrum articles and answer the quest.pdffasttrackcomputersol
Please read the following IEEE Spectrum articles and answer the questions given. You may
want to use illustrations in your answer to the questions, and mark them up accordingly as part of
answering the questions. If you take illustrations from some source (including the IEEE
Spectrum articles) please make sure this is properly cited.
http://spectrum.ieee.org/semiconductors/nanotechnology/the-next-highperformance-transistor-
could-be-made-from-lateral-nanowires Describe a FINFET and how it works. How is it different
than the planar MOSFET described in the first 5 slides of the TFET lecture? Is the FINFET a
quantum device? Give reasons why or why not. How is the nanowire device described here
different than the FINFET? Why is this difference an advantage for the nanowire device? They
one problem with the nanowire device is capacitive coupling. What is this and explain why it is a
problem with the nanowire device?
Solution
1)
The FinFET technology promises to provide the deliver superior levels of scalability needed to
ensure that the current progress with increased levels of integration within integrated circuits can
be maintained.
The FinFET offers many advantages in terms of IC processing that mean that it has been adopted
as a major way forwards for incorporation within IC technology.
FinFET technology has been born as a result of the relentless increase in the levels of
integration. The basic tenet of Moore\'s law has held true for many years from the earliest years
of integrated circuit technology. Essentially it states that the number of transistors on a given
area of silicon doubles every two years.
Some of the landmark chips of the relatively early integrated circuit era had a low transistor
count even though they were advanced for the time. The 6800 microprocessor for example had
just 5000 transistors. Todays have many orders of magnitude more.
basically what is finfet??
FinFET technology takes its name from the fact that the FET structure used looks like a set of
fins when viewed.
The main characteristic of the FinFET is that it has a conducting channel wrapped by a thin
silicon \"fin\" from which it gains its name. The thickness of the fin determines the effective
channel length of the device.
In terms of its structure, it typically has a vertical fin on a substrate which runs between a larger
drain and source area. This protrudes vertically above the substrate as a fin.
The gate orientation is at right angles to the vertical fin. And to traverse from one side of the fin
to the other it wraps over the fin, enabling it to interface with three side of the fin or channel.
This form of gate structure provides improved electrical control over the channel conduction and
it helps reduce leakage current levels and overcomes some other short-channel effects..
The term FinFET is used somewhat generically. Sometimes it is used to describe any fin-based,
multigate transistor architecture regardless of number of gates.
Due to the increased emphas.
This masters thesis investigates ground fault protection of transmission lines and the impact of overhead ground wires and system earthing methods. Models of a transmission line and transmission network were implemented in ATPDraw simulation software. Simulation results found that presence of overhead ground wires improves fault location estimation but not detection for single phase faults. Fault resistance was the main factor for detection. Compensated earthing networks could distinguish between single and double phase faults based on impedance measurements. Further analysis is still needed to generalize conclusions to all fault scenarios.
DNA Money - when investing keep emotions at bayv- 11 Dec 2008Shruti Jain
This document discusses how emotions like greed and fear can negatively impact investing decisions. It notes that behavioural finance research shows investors are often emotional, biased, and make irrational decisions. In bull markets, greed leads people to take on excessive risk, while bear markets cause fear that makes people sell at low prices. The author advocates keeping emotions separate from investing by maintaining a long-term, disciplined strategy and using market downturns as opportunities to buy good companies at lower prices rather than reacting fearfully.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
dxbSolutions is a retail and hospitality consulting firm in Dubai that provides various services to help clients create or sell businesses in the UAE. They are experts in site selection through market research and demographic analysis to find optimal locations. They also assist with franchising, fit outs, company formation, licensing approval processes, staffing, and the sale of existing businesses. Their approach involves fully understanding the client brief, agreeing on deliverables, and fulfilling the project within the agreed upon timescale.
How to set realistic priorities for it budget planning it-toolkitsIT-Toolkits.org
Once you are aware of your budgeting “realities”, you can begin the process of identifying related priorities, which will shape and refine actual budget results.
Will it be possible to maintain the budget and still provide the necessary services and projects?
If not, what items in the budget can be reduced to compensate?
If budget cuts are in order, how will essential services and projects still be provided?
How will difficult budget decisions be made and communicated?
How will you deal with staff disappointments and end-user complaints?
Influence Alumni to give contributions to the university and in return receive a brick placed on around the Hayden-Clark Alumni Building on campus. *Still undergoing with logistic stages. This was just the presentation that I had collected from vendors and other campus' in the surrounding area.
Coeus Insurance provides insurance services. Their telephone number is 0844 216 0626 and their email address for general inquiries is info@coeusinsurance.com. This document appears to be contact information for Coeus Insurance.
The document summarizes the activities of a wagon train club that gets together regularly for outings and camping trips. It describes group dinners and activities like horseback riding, swimming, and bowling that people of all ages enjoy. Traditions include a welcome wagon with snacks, potluck dinners where everyone contributes, and a Sunday breakfast provided by the club. Halloween and Christmas parties are highlights, with activities for kids like pumpkin decorating and a visit from Santa. The club scrapbook and Wagonmaster Ball celebrate the end of the camping year each fall.
How to recruit an it project manager it-toolkitsIT-Toolkits.org
Many job roles have claimed the title ‘project manager’, but in reality, are a far cry from the traditional role with overall responsibility for the planning and execution of a project. So how can you be sure you are recruiting the right person?
eHealth Consumers in the Age of Hyper-Personalizationchronaki
Where the Internet of Things meets healthcare we see a plethora of tools, gadgets, and apps that promise to improve life, health, and independence. As patients, family members ofr friends, we are subsumed under the term "eHealth consumers”. For us it is increasingly hard to navigate in the unfolding digital reality dominated by new gadgets, and fragmented information, data, and knowledge we don’t control. More personalized and targeted products, services, and content could alleviate this. In this slide deck we are specifically focusing on challenges and opportunities for personalization in view of varying eHealth literacy, lifestyle and health goals.
eHealth Practice in Europe: where do we stand?chronaki
eHealth as the use of Information and communication technologies in the practice of health care comprises Electronic health records, Healthcare information exchange cross-jurisdictions, Personal health records, Telehealth, telemedicine and remote monitoring.
There are several efforts to reflect and measure the practice of eHealth including efforts by the OECD and WHO, but in general there is little reported sharing of health data particularly with patients. Specific barriers frequently mentioned are supporting policies and coherent widely implemented standards.
The presentation discusses relevant efforts and programs supported by the European Commission such as the eHealth DSI, eStandards, ASSESS CT, and openMedicine aiming at large scale eHealth adoption It calls for engagement of European Society, its national societies, and its members.
O documento discute a história e características das redes de computadores, desde as primeiras redes centralizadas até as atuais redes distribuídas e em nuvem. Apresenta os principais modelos de redes como cliente-servidor e os tipos de redes como LAN, MAN e WAN. Explica como as redes funcionam através da transmissão de dados entre fontes, transmissores, sistemas de transmissão e destinos.
La hibridación de ácidos nucleicos es un proceso mediante el cual dos cadenas monocatenarias de ADN, ARN o una mezcla de ambos se unen para formar una molécula de doble cadena utilizando la complementariedad de bases. La hibridación permite estudiar la relación genética entre secuencias y detectar fragmentos complementarios. Factores como la temperatura, pH, sales y complementariedad afectan la calidad de la unión. Técnicas como Southern blot, Northern blot, CGH y microarrays de ADN se basan en
This document discusses the design and implementation of configurable logic blocks (CLBs) using single-electron transistor (SET) based quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) technology. It first provides background on SETs and QCA. It then describes simulating basic logic gates like inverters and NOR/NAND gates using SETs. Finally, it details the implementation of a 2-input lookup table (LUT), the basic unit of field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), using QCA. The LUT design uses a multiplexer, demultiplexer, and static random access memory (SRAM) cells. While promising for ultra-low power electronics, SET/QCA technologies still need improvements
This document summarizes a research paper that designed, modeled, and characterized an integrated cascode cell for compact Ku-band power amplifiers.
The integrated cascode cell was designed to decrease the size of individual power cells while maintaining performance. It combines two transistors in a cascode configuration, effectively doubling the output power and gain compared to a single transistor. Modeling of the cell was performed using a distributed approach.
Measurements showed good agreement with the model. Using the new integrated cascode cells, the researcher was able to design a 2W Ku-band power amplifier MMIC that occupied 40% less area than previous designs using single transistors, demonstrating the effectiveness of the integrated cascode cell topology.
This document provides a review of aperture coupled microstrip antennas. It begins with a brief history, noting the antenna was first introduced in 1985 to address issues with integrated phased arrays using a single substrate layer. The basic operating principles are then described, including how the independent selection of antenna and feed substrate materials allows shielding of the radiating aperture from the feed network. Applications include active arrays and theoretically zero cross polarization. Key development areas are also listed, such as impedance bandwidth improvements from 5-50% and many possible design variations.
broadbanding technique for microstrip patch antennaAshit Tomar
This document discusses techniques for broadbanding microstrip patch antennas. It describes how patch antennas have a narrow bandwidth due to their high quality factor Q. Various techniques are presented to decrease Q and increase bandwidth, including increasing the substrate height and lowering the dielectric constant, using multiple resonators coupled electromagnetically in one plane or stacked vertically, and electromagnetically coupled patch antennas. The document concludes by noting the ongoing search for an ideal wideband printed microstrip antenna.
Please read the following IEEE Spectrum articles and answer the quest.pdffasttrackcomputersol
Please read the following IEEE Spectrum articles and answer the questions given. You may
want to use illustrations in your answer to the questions, and mark them up accordingly as part of
answering the questions. If you take illustrations from some source (including the IEEE
Spectrum articles) please make sure this is properly cited.
http://spectrum.ieee.org/semiconductors/nanotechnology/the-next-highperformance-transistor-
could-be-made-from-lateral-nanowires Describe a FINFET and how it works. How is it different
than the planar MOSFET described in the first 5 slides of the TFET lecture? Is the FINFET a
quantum device? Give reasons why or why not. How is the nanowire device described here
different than the FINFET? Why is this difference an advantage for the nanowire device? They
one problem with the nanowire device is capacitive coupling. What is this and explain why it is a
problem with the nanowire device?
Solution
1)
The FinFET technology promises to provide the deliver superior levels of scalability needed to
ensure that the current progress with increased levels of integration within integrated circuits can
be maintained.
The FinFET offers many advantages in terms of IC processing that mean that it has been adopted
as a major way forwards for incorporation within IC technology.
FinFET technology has been born as a result of the relentless increase in the levels of
integration. The basic tenet of Moore\'s law has held true for many years from the earliest years
of integrated circuit technology. Essentially it states that the number of transistors on a given
area of silicon doubles every two years.
Some of the landmark chips of the relatively early integrated circuit era had a low transistor
count even though they were advanced for the time. The 6800 microprocessor for example had
just 5000 transistors. Todays have many orders of magnitude more.
basically what is finfet??
FinFET technology takes its name from the fact that the FET structure used looks like a set of
fins when viewed.
The main characteristic of the FinFET is that it has a conducting channel wrapped by a thin
silicon \"fin\" from which it gains its name. The thickness of the fin determines the effective
channel length of the device.
In terms of its structure, it typically has a vertical fin on a substrate which runs between a larger
drain and source area. This protrudes vertically above the substrate as a fin.
The gate orientation is at right angles to the vertical fin. And to traverse from one side of the fin
to the other it wraps over the fin, enabling it to interface with three side of the fin or channel.
This form of gate structure provides improved electrical control over the channel conduction and
it helps reduce leakage current levels and overcomes some other short-channel effects..
The term FinFET is used somewhat generically. Sometimes it is used to describe any fin-based,
multigate transistor architecture regardless of number of gates.
Due to the increased emphas.
This masters thesis investigates ground fault protection of transmission lines and the impact of overhead ground wires and system earthing methods. Models of a transmission line and transmission network were implemented in ATPDraw simulation software. Simulation results found that presence of overhead ground wires improves fault location estimation but not detection for single phase faults. Fault resistance was the main factor for detection. Compensated earthing networks could distinguish between single and double phase faults based on impedance measurements. Further analysis is still needed to generalize conclusions to all fault scenarios.
This paper proposes a variation – tolerant dual-diameter CNFET-based 7T (seven transistor) SRAM (static random access memory) cell. The use of appropriate DCNT (diameter of CNFET) and hence Vt of CNFETs is a critical piece of our design strategy. In this work, dual-Vt and dual-diameter CNFETs have been used using suitable chiral vectors for appropriate transistors. It also investigates the impact of process, voltage and temperature variations on its design metrics and compares the results with its counterpart − CMOS-based 7T SRAM cell and standard 6T SRAM cell (only few parameters). The proposed SRAM cell offers 1.35× and 1.25× improvement in standby power on an average @ VDD = 1 V and 0.9 V respectively, 30% improvement in SNM (Static Noise Margin) over CMOS-based 7T cell. Proposed design outperforms 6T in terms of 71.4% improvement in RSNM and shows same read stability as its CMOS counterpart, It shows its robustness by offering 1.4× less spread in TRA (read access time) at 1 V and 1.2× less spread in TRA at 0.9 V than that of its CMOS counterpart at the expense of 1.6× read delay. The proposed bitcell also exhibits higher performance while writing (takes 1.3× and 1.2× less TWA (write access time) @ VDD = 1 V and VDD= 0.9 V respectively). It also proves its robustness against process variations by featuring tighter spread in TWA variability (1.4× and 1.2× @ VDD= 1 V and 0.9 V respectively).
Compact X-Band LINAC structure design for KAERI-RTX-ISU Medical CyberKnife Pr...downtrev
This document describes the design of a compact X-band linear accelerator (linac) structure for a medical CyberKnife project conducted by Idaho State University, the Korean Atomic Energy Research Institute, and Radiation Technology eXcellence. The linac structure was designed using 2D SUPERFISH and 3D CST MICROWAVE STUDIO electromagnetic simulation programs. Key aspects of the design include optimizing a 15-cell π-mode standing wave linac structure and RF coupler to operate at 9.3 GHz, with the goal of achieving a compact, lightweight X-band linac that can be attached to a robotic arm for precise cancer treatment.
This document describes the design of a compact X-band linear accelerator (linac) structure for a medical CyberKnife project conducted by Idaho State University, the Korean Atomic Energy Research Institute, and Radiation Technology eXcellence. The linac structure was designed using 2D SUPERFISH and 3D CST MICROWAVE STUDIO electromagnetic simulation programs. Key aspects of the design include optimizing a 15-cell π-mode standing wave linac structure and RF coupler to operate at 9.3 GHz, with the goal of achieving a compact, lightweight X-band linac that can be attached to a robotic arm for precise cancer treatment.
This document describes the design of a patch antenna that can operate at multiple frequency bands using metamaterials. A rectangular patch antenna is designed to operate at 3 GHz. Then, a unit cell of complementary split-ring resonator (CSRR) is designed to also operate at 3 GHz. An array of this CSRR unit cell is placed on the patch to act as a metamaterial and enable multiband operation. Specifically, the antenna is designed to resonate in the Bluetooth, WiMax and Wi-Fi bands. Simulation results using HFSS software show that the proposed antenna provides good performance in terms of voltage standing wave ratio, return loss and impedance matching for multiband operation.
Degrees of Freedom for Interference Networks with Instantaneous Relaysamin azari
The document discusses degrees of freedom (DoF) for interference networks with instantaneous relays. It motivates finding the maximum achievable DoF for such networks. It proposes an achievable scheme called aligned interference neutralization to find a lower bound on DoF and uses linear transceiver design and checking the properness of a polynomial system to find additional lower and upper bounds. Simulation results on the sum DoF for different network configurations are also presented, with future work mentioned on rate regions and generalized DoF.
ESDEMC_PB2009.08 A Measurement Technique for ESD Current Spreading on A PCB u...ESDEMC Technology LLC
Abstract—Electrostatic discharge (ESD) can cause interference or damage in circuits in many ways e.g., by E- or Hfield coupling or via conduction paths. Although we can roughly estimate the voltage and current at the injection point during an ESD event, the real offending parameter is mostly the ESD current spreading throughout the system. Those currents can be simulated if great simplifications of the system are accepted.
However, even in moderately complex systems the ability to simulate is limited by lack of models and computational resources. Independent of the complexity, but obviously not free of its own limitations is a measurement technique that captures the current as a function of time and location through the system.
This article describes the proof on concept of ESD such a measurement technique that allows reconstructing the spreading current as a movie from magnetic field measurements. It details the technique, question of probe selection and how to process the data to present the current spread as a movie.
Set and seu analysis of cntfet based designs in harsh environmentseSAT Publishing House
This document analyzes the performance and radiation robustness of designs using carbon nanotube field-effect transistors (CNTFETs) compared to designs using metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs). Simulations show that CNTFET logic gate designs demonstrate on average 45% improved resilience to single event transients compared to MOSFET designs. CNTFET latches also show improved energy and delay metrics with higher robustness than MOSFET latches. In an interconnect crossbar analysis, a CNTFET implementation occupied 25% less area and consumed 4 times less energy than a MOSFET implementation while handling the same critical charge levels.
This document describes a novel design method for a 3 to 8 decoder circuit using a hybrid single electron transistor (SET)-CMOS approach. It begins by providing background on SETs and their advantages over traditional CMOS at nanoscale, including ultra-low power dissipation. It then presents the design and simulation of basic logic gates like inverters and XOR gates using a hybrid CMOS-SET approach. Finally, it describes the design and simulation of a 3 to 8 decoder circuit implemented using the hybrid logic gates. The simulation results show the decoder circuit operates correctly at room temperature. The hybrid CMOS-SET approach allows leveraging the benefits of both technologies for low-power nanoscale circuit design.
Effect of mesh grid structure in reducing hot carrier effect of nmos device s...ijcsa
This paper presents the critical effect of mesh grid that should be considered during process and device
simulation using modern TCAD tools in order to develop and optimize their accurate electrical
characteristics. Here, the computational modelling process of developing the NMOS device structure is
performed in Athena and Atlas. The effect of Mesh grid on net doping profile, n++, and LDD sheet
resistance that could link to unwanted “Hot Carrier Effect” were investigated by varying the device grid
resolution in both directions. It is found that y-grid give more profound effect in the doping concentration,
the junction depth formation and the value of threshold voltage during simulation. Optimized mesh grid is
obtained and tested for more accurate and faster simulation. Process parameter (such as oxide thicknesses
and Sheet resistance) as well as Device Parameter (such as linear gain “beta” and SPICE level 3 mobility
roll-off parameter “ Theta”) are extracted and investigated for further different applications.
Design of Earthing System for 230 kV High Voltage Substation by ETAP 12.6 Sof...ijtsrd
The design of earthing system for 230 kV substation is challenging task. A safety is one major concern in the operation and design of an electrical power system. This Paper is to provide information pertinent to safe earthing practice in substation design and to establish the safe limits of potential difference under normal and fault conditions. Substation earthing system design requires calculating of parameter such as touch and step voltage criteria for safety, grid resistance, maximum grid current, earth resistance, minimum conductor size and electrode size, maximum fault current level and soil resistivity. Soil resistivity is a major factor influencing substation grid design. In this paper, design of earthing grid for Square configuration to obtain the minimum cost and safety. Finally, simulation results were carried out using ETAP 12.6 software. This paper mentions the method proposed for substation earthing is in accordance with IEEE Std 80 2000. Khin Thuzar Soe | Thet Mon Aye | Aye Aye Mon "Design of Earthing System for 230 kV High Voltage Substation by ETAP 12.6 Software" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26747.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/26747/design-of-earthing-system-for-230-kv-high-voltage-substation-by-etap-126-software/khin-thuzar-soe
Efficient wireless power transmission to remote the sensor in restenosis coro...nooriasukmaningtyas
In this study, the researchers have proposed an alternative technique for designing an asymmetric 4 coil-resonance coupling module based on the series-to-parallel topology at 27 MHz industrial scientific medical (ISM) band to avoid the tissue damage, for the constant monitoring of the in-stent restenosis coronary artery. This design consisted of 2 components, i.e., the external part that included 3 planar coils that were placed outside the body and an internal helical coil (stent) that was implanted into the coronary artery in the human tissue. This technique considered the output power and the transfer efficiency of the overall system, coil geometry like the number of coils per turn, and coil size. The results indicated that this design showed an 82% efficiency in the air if the transmission distance was maintained as 20 mm, which allowed the wireless power supply system to monitor the pressure within the coronary artery when the implanted load resistance was 400 Ω.
Modelling of next zen memory cell using low power consuming high speed nano d...eSAT Journals
Abstract Hybrid SET-CMOS circuits which syndicate the assets of both the SET [Single Electron Transistor] and CMOS depicts highest possibilities to be incorporated in practical implementation for future low power VLSI/ULSI configurations. The proposed work is an attempt based on SET-CMOS hybrid circuit to realize the next gen simple Memory Cell. The authors adhered to MIB model for SET and BSIM4 model for CMOS in realizing the complex cell. The maneuver of the proposed circuit is verified subsequently in standard environment. The outcomes are in good trade off with the conventional statistics of existing memory cell. Keywords: SET, SED, Hybrid CMOS-SET, MIB and Memory Cell
Radiation Hardening by Design is one of the hardware based solution to one of the most troublesome problem faced by digital circuits in the space.
RHBD provides varieties of techniques to make the circuit resilient towards such effects and ensures proper malfunctioning of the circuit.
Robust vibration control at critical resonant modes using indirect-driven sel...ISA Interchange
This paper presents an improved indirect-driven self-sensing actuation circuit for robust vibration control of piezoelectrically-actuated flexible structures in mechatronic systems. The circuit acts as a high-pass filter and provides better self-sensing strain signals with wider sensing bandwidth and higher signal-to-noise ratio. An adaptive non-model-based control is used to compensate for the structural vibrations using the strain signals from the circuit. The proposed scheme is implemented in a PZT-actuated suspension of a commercial dual-stage hard disk drive. Experimental results show improvements of 50% and 75% in the vibration suppression at 5.4kHz and21 kHz respectively, compared to the conventional PI control.
Robust vibration control at critical resonant modes using indirect-driven sel...
Solar RVM Documentation
1. This document is part of the ANDESITE team documentation, and its purpose is to independently serve as a
comprehensive guide to understanding, operating and rebuilding the subsystem described within. This document is the
authoritative resource for this subsystemand supersedes all other previously written documentation including presentation
slides, previously written Design Documents, and individually recorded notebook entries. This document is part of the
BUSAT NS-7 System Concept Review (SCR) documentation suite submitted to the University Nanosat Program (UNP)
March 8th, 2013.
ANDESITE (NANOSAT-8) PROGRAM
Solar Panel Test Results (Silver Board)
Document #1
Boston University
8 St Mary’s St
Boston, MA 02148
2. CHANGE LOG
Revision Date Submitted Authors Description Notes
v1 09.15.2014 MS RVM
Documentation
Testingisnear
completionpoint
Table 1: Change Log
RELEASE APPROVAL
Prepared
By:
Mike Schuller,ANDESITE Solar Engineer, Boston University Date
Someone, Job, Boston University Date
Someone, Job, School Name Date
Someone, Job, School Name Date
Someone, Job, School Name Date
Someone, Job, School Name Date
Approved
By:
Professor Ted Fritz, PI,Boston University Date
Steven Yee, Project Manager, Boston University Date
Joshua Mendez, Project Engineer, Georgia Tech Date
Subsystem Mentor , School Name Date
3. 1.1 List of Acronyms
Acronym Definition
ADC Analogto Digital Converter
ADK AndroidDevelopmentKit
AMR AnisotropicMagnetoResistive
ANDESITE Ad-hocNetworkDemonstrationforExtendedSatellite Inquiriesandother
Team Endeavors
BU BostonUniversity
BUSAT BostonUniversityStudentSatellite forApplicationsandTraining
C&DH Commandand Data Handling
Co-I Co-Principal Investigator
COTS Commercial Off-The-Shelf
CSP (BostonUniversity) CenterforSpace Physics
DOF Degree-of-Freedom
Ga Tech GeorgiaInstitute of Technology
GENSO Global Educational NetworkforSatelliteOperations
I2C Inter-IntegratedCircuit
IMU Inertial MeasurementUnit
NS-7 Nanosat-7
PAVE-PAWS PrecisionAcquisitionVehicle EntryPhasedArrayWarningSystem
PCB PrintedCircuitBoard
PI Principal Investigator
RVM RequirementsVerificationMatrix
SEL Single-EventLatchup
SPI Serial Peripheral Interface Bust
TASC TriangularAdvancedSolarCell
TIME TwinImagingof the Moving Electrontrappingboundary
TRL TechnologyReadinessLevel
UART Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter
UNP UniversityNanosatProgram
USB Universal Serial Bus
WSN WirelessSensorNetwork
5. 1. RVM Requirements
EPS Electrical PowerSubsystem
EPS-8 The solar cell mustproduce sufficientpowerforthe durationof mission.
EPS-
8.1
The solar cellswill operateatefficiency withinthe range indicatedby
manufacturer.
EPS-9 The componentsof the EPS won'tconsume more than the powergenerated.
It isexpectedthatthe solarpanelswill provide chargingtothe onboardbatteriesof the
mule andwirelesssensornodesinorderforthe batteryto powerthe componentsused.In
orderfor thisto occur, requirementshave been placedonthe solarpanelsinordertoensure
operationsof ANDESITEcan be carriedon uninterruptedforthe twoweekscience missionit
will endure.Those requirementsare asfollows:the solarcells(TASC)usedonANDESITEmust
operate withinthe indicatedefficiencyrange designatedbythe manufacturer,the solarpanels
mustconstantlycharge the batteriesata rate suitable tolastthe twoweekmissionlife,and
the componentsonboardmustnotconsume more powerina single orbitthanwhatthe solar
panelscangenerate inorderto guarantee batterylife.
Testinganddata analysiswere completedasacheck that these requirementswere
beingmet.A copy of the firstsolar panel circuitboarddesignforthe wirelesssensornode was
manufacturedtoact as a testingboard.The cellsusedwere donatedfromapreviousuniversity
satellite projectinordertoefficientlysave resourcesforthe final design.Thesecellsare TASC
and producedbySensorMetrix,the same manufacturerandcellsthatwill be usedforthe final
design.
2. Silver Board V1 Design
1.1 Update from Brass board
The redesignedsolarpanel circuitboardforthe sensornodeswasdesignedwiththe
powerbudgetof the sensornodesinmindandanchoredtowardproductionof sufficientpower
to sustainmissionlife forANDESITE.The resizingof the sensornode housingtoaccommodate
the 10Ah single cell LiPobatterychosenforthe missionprovidedmore thananacceptable
amountof surface areafor solarpanels.The increasedsurface areaincreasedthe number of
solarcellsfrom20 (Bronze board) to 48 that couldbe assembledonthe outside of the housing.
It was determinedthatprovidingattitude control onthe sensornodeswouldconsume
more powerthan couldbe reproducedbysolarpowertoremainoperational foratwo week
missionlife.Due tothiscondition,spinstabilizationof the sensornodeswill nolongerbe
incorporatedandthe nodeswill tumblefreelyafterejection. The lackof control presentedan
issue withsolarpowergeneration.Toaccountfor randomtumblinginspace,the conclusionwas
6. to put equivalentsolarpanelsonthe topand bottomof the housing.Modelingof thisapproach
provedthatthe power(Wh) generated inafull orbitof a tumblingnode withpanelsonboth
sidesequaledpowergenerationof acontrolled node withonlyone solarpanel.Fromthis,the
designwasapprovedfordevelopment.
1.2 Silver Board V1 Layout
The silverboarddesignmockedthe brass boardalmostentirely,the onlysubstantial
difference beingthe numberof cellsonthe boardincreasingfrom20 to 48 TASCs. The size of
the board is10.5cm x 17.5cm. The boardcontainssix stringsof cellsinparallel,eachstring
connecting8 solarcellsinseries.Eachcell iscontactedto the board withsevensurface mount
pads.A single padwouldsuffice,butwitha50g environmentandthe fragilityof TASCsseven
pads were usedtolowerthe chance of defectsoccurring.The sevenpadsundereachcell are
linkedinserieswitha.254mm trace routedintothe board.The same size trace runs fromthe
seventhpadof eachcell ina stringto an eighthsurface mountpadplacednearthe positive
contact of the nextcell inthe string.Atthe endof eachstring of cells a 1mm trace inthe board
runs to a junctionpointwhere all stringsconvergetoone.The trace size wasincreasedfrom
.254mm to 1mm to account forthe increase incurrentproducedbythe convergence.The single
trace producedbythe junctionof stringsisroutedto a thru hole neara corner of the board,
designedtobe interfacedtothe EPSfromthe bottomof the board. Thisthru hole actsthe
positive terminal forcurrentdraw to the EPS.
The firstcell of eachstringneededtobe connected ina similarfashionasthe lastcells
of eachstring,butto avoidexcessiveroutingandretainsimplicity,adifferentmethodwas
conducted.Insteadof runninga1mm trace junctionlike the otherendsof strings,the seven
pads of everyfirstcell wasexposedtothe topcopperlayerof the board.The top copperlayer
acts as the junctionwiringthe negative endof the stringstogether.A secondthruhole isalso
exposedtothe topcopperlayerand islocatednexttothe positive thruhole forEPSwiring
convenience.The secondthruhole actsas the negative terminalforthe solarpanel.Eachthru
hole is1mm indiametertofitthe junctiontrace as well assecurelyandefficientlysolderwires
fromthe solarpanel tothe EPSinside the housing.
Four thruholes,eachwith 2mm diameters,are placednearthe cornersof the board.
These thruholesare not exposedtoanylayersof the board nor have trace runningto or from
them.These holessimplyactas mountingholesfor6-32 screwsto secure the solarpanel board
to the outside of the sensornode housing. The twoholesnearthe backof the sensornode
(closesttothe mule attachment) are 8mm upfrom the back edge and3mm in fromthe sides.
The two holesnearthe frontof the sensornode are 13.5mm fromthe front edge and3mm in
fromthe sides.
7. 3. Silver Board V1
3.1 Testing Procedure
The solar panel wasassembledinasolderinglabbymembersof ANDESITE.The method
takenwas equivalenttostandardsolderingtechniquesforsurface mountparts.The procedure
includedcoatingall surface mountpadswithsolderfluxtocleanthe padsof any impuritiesthat
may affectelectrical connection.Since the padsare locatedunderneaththe TASCs,usinga
soldergunto assemble the cellswouldnotbe feasible.Instead,solderpaste waslaidoneach
surface mountpad and the cellswere placedinthe correctgeometricorientationontopof the
solderpaste.
Once all cellswere carefullyplaced,the boardwastakentoa reflow oventosolidifythe
connectionbetweenthe cellsandthe board.A pre-designatedheatprofile wasselectedfrom
software torun the reflowprocess.Afterwards,the cellswere cleanedandcheckedfordefects.
Once it wasdeterminedall cellswere cleanandclearof anydefects,the assemblyprocesswas
continued.Lead-free solderwire andsolderinggunwere usedtocreate the electrical
connectionbetweenthe remainingsurface mountpadsandthe positive(top) sideof the cells.
The solar panel wascleanedagainasa precautionarymeasure andthenwasreadyfortesting.
The fullyassembledsolarpanel wastakentothe roof of a laboratorybuildingwitha
hand-heldmultimeter,electrical wire anda100ohm resistorforperformance testing.Testing
occurredduringa clearskyday around12:30pm to mimicorbital environmentasideallyas
possible.Itwastakenintoconsiderationthatlowertestresultscouldbe expecteddue tothe
conditions.
3.2 MeasurementMethods& Data
Poweroutputof TASC ismeasuredbydeterminationof the Open-CircuitVoltageand
Short-CircuitCurrentproducedbythe cell ata giveninstantintime.UsingOhm’sLaw allowsthe
poweroutputinwattsof each panel tobe estimatedinwatts(W). Computingthisvalue is
desirable foranalyzingthe efficiencyinwhichthe cellsoperateanddeterminingwhetherornot
theyare acceptable forapplicationonANDESITEtomeet the designrequirementsindicated.
The testingprocedure implementedonthe TASCsoughtto make thisanalysis.
An opencircuitvoltage testwasrunby attachingthe positive andnegative leadsof the
multimetertothe correspondingthru-hole pinsonthe solarpanel.The solarpanel wasoriented
to be as incidentwiththe solarilluminationashumanlypossibleandmeasurementwastaken.
Followingthat,opencircuitvoltagewasalsorecordedforeachstringof cellsbyattachingthe
negative leadof the multimetertothe bottomof the firstcell ineachstringand attachingthe
positive leadof the multimetertothe positive contactof the lastcell ineachstring.
Measurementswere takenforeachstringandrecorded.
8. Afterthe opencircuit voltage testswere complete,acurrenttestwasimplementedfor
each stringandthe whole solarpanel.The wholesolarpanel wastestedfirstbyattachingone
endof the 100ohm resistortothe positive thru-hole pinonthe solarpanel andthe otherendto
the positive leadof the multimeter.The negativeleadof the multimeterwasthenconnectedto
the negative thru-hole pintocomplete the circuit.Measurementwastakenandrecorded.The
same setup procedure wasdone foreach stringof cellsexceptthe endof the resistor
connectedtothe thru-hole pinonthe boardwas movedtothe positive contactof the lastcell in
each stringandthe negative leadof the multimetertothe bottomof the firstcell ineach string.
Table 1: Current and Voltage readings
(-) Leadconnection (+) Leadconnection OC Voltage (V) CC Voltage (V) *SC Currant (A)
Ground Pin Positive Pin 0 0 0
String1 Beginning String1 End 18.9 16.9 .0200
String2 Beginning String2 End 18.9 16.9 .0200
String3 Beginning String 3 End 18.9 16.9 .0200
String 4 Beginning String 4 End 20.1 18.0 .0210
String 5 Beginning String 5 End 20.1 18.0 .0210
String 6 Beginning String 6 End 19.6 17.6 .0200
String 1 Beginning Positive Pin 18.9 16.9 .0200
String 2 Beginning Positive Pin 18.9 16.9 .0200
String 3 Beginning Positive Pin 18.9 16.9 .0200
String 4 Beginning Positive Pin 20.1 18.0 .0210
String 5 Beginning Positive Pin 20.1 18.0 .0210
String 6 Beginning Positive Pin 19.6 17.6 .0200
Ground Pin String 1 End 0 0 0
Ground Pin String 2 End 0 0 0
Ground Pin String 3 End 0 0 0
Ground Pin String 4 End 0 0 0
Ground Pin String 5 End 0 0 0
Ground Pin String 6 End 0 0 0
* SC Currentwascalculatedbymeasuringthe dropinvoltage fromOpen-Circuit(OC) toClosed-
Circuit(CC) across a 100 ohmresistorload andusingOhm’sLaw to determine the currentbased
on the voltage dissipatedacrossthe resistor.
Ohm’sLaw V = IR
3.3 Data Analysis
9. The issue arose that none of the stringsof the solarpanel were displayingcurrentvalues
on the multimeter.Itwasdeterminedthatthe multimeter’scapabilitycouldnotreadcurrent
valuesaslowas the cell stringswouldproduce evenatmax powerproduction.Insteadof
readingcurrentvalues,voltage valueswerereadandrecorded whenaloadwas appliedtothe
circuit.It wasjustifiedthatthiscouldbe done because withthe voltagevalue readbythe
multimeter,the voltage dropacrossthe load of knownresistance couldbe determinedby
subtractingthe opencircuitvoltage recorderbefore andsubtractingthe voltage valueread
duringthe currenttest.The resultingdifference wastakenasthe voltage dropacrossthe load
and Ohm’sLaw wasusedto determine the currentthroughthe resistor,whichwouldequateto
the current producedbythe solarpanel.
Anotherissue thatoccurredduringtestingwaswhenthe whole solar panel wasbeing
analyzedasa whole.Bothtestsresultedina0V readout, implyingthatthe boardwasnot acting
as a complete circuit.The individual cellstringtestswere runtodetermineif there were defects
inthe stringassembly.Fortunately,all stringsproducedopencircuitvoltage andproduced
current.From these testresults,boththruhole were analyzedindividuallywiththe cell strings.
Withthe positive leadof the multimeterconnectedtothe positivethruhole andthe negative
leadof the multimeterconnectedtothe beginningof acell stringa voltage equivalenttothatof
the stringitself wasmeasured.Thiswasrepeatedforeachstringof the boardand the same
resultoccurredfor eachtrial.These testsindicatedthe positivethruhole isfunctioningproperly
and receivingavoltage andcurrentfromthe solar panel.However,whenthe groundthruhole
was connectedtothe negative leadof the multimeterandthe positive contactof a string
connectedtothe otherlead,again 0V readoutoccurred.Thiswas repeatedforeachstringand
indeedthe same resultoccurredacrossthe board.
In orderto analyze the powerproducedbythe solarpanel asa whole, the powerof the
individualstringswere calculated usingOhm’sLaw andsummedtoform total power
production.
Table 2: Panel Power Production
Cell String Power Output (W)**
1 0.378
2 0.378
3 0.378
4 0.4221
5 0.4221
6 0.392
***Total 2.3702 W
** PoweroutputwasanalyzedusingOhm’sLaw (P=VI),where V wasthe opencircuitvoltage readacross
the stringand I was the currentproducedbythe stringwhena 100 ohm resistorloadwasapplied.
10. *** This value iswhenthe panel isdirectlyincidentwiththe sun.When the angle of inclinationtothe
sunwas changed,norecordable difference involtageandcurrentoccurreduntil the panel was
shadowedfromthe sun. Thisresultmaynot translate intospace andappropriate measureswill be taken
to model the scenariowhere thisisthe case.
In orderfor the solarpanelstomeetthe designatedrequirementslaidoutinthe RVM,
the solar cellsmustoperate atan efficiencyof 27%.This isthe indicatedefficiencyrating(+- 3%) by
SensorMetrix whomanufacturersthe TASC. Aslongas the cellstestedoperate withinthe allowable
limitsdesignatedbySensorMetrix theyare suitableforuse onANDESITEand will meetthe power
requirementstoprovide properbatterychargingduringin-flightoperationforatwoweekmission.
Efficiencyof aphotovoltaicsystemhasbeenarticulatedintoasimple algebraicequation
for an approximationof aratioof the conversionfromsolarradiationtoelectrical power production.
The equationisbasedoff of several variables:the surface areathe photovoltaicsystemcovers,the solar
intensityexperiencedbythe system, andthe max poweroutputof the entire system.Since
experimental datawastakenwhenthe solarpanelswere directlyincidenttothe solarradiation,the
total poweroutputvalue calculatedabove istakenasthe maximumpoweroutputof the system.Solar
intensityatAM1.5 (i.e.earthatmosphere)isrecordedas beingbetween930– 1000 W/m2
.Giventhe
weatherconditionsinBostononthe dayof testing,the solarintensitywasclose to950 W/m2
and this
value isusedto calculate the operatingefficiency.Eachcell usedhasan area of 2.277 cm2
(indicatedby
manufacturerdatasheet) resultinginatotal areaof 0.0109 m2
of photovoltaiccoverage oneachside of
the sensornode.Withthe necessaryvariablesdetermined,efficiencycanbe estimated.
ή = Pout,max / (A*Isolar) = 2.3702 W /(0.0109 m2
* 950 W/m2
)
ή = .2289 = 22.89%
The efficiencyobtained islessthan the datasheetrange indicated.Thiswouldnormally
bringconcernTASC wouldnotbe usable forthe mission,however,the cellsusedhadbeendonatedbya
previoussatelliteprojectandwere overtwoyearsold.Ithas beenrecordedinsolarcell textbooksthat
cellsdeteriorateinproductionby5%each yearindark storage.Withthistakenin mind,the cellstested
shouldonlybe operatingata maximumof 90% theiroptimal powerconsumption.Therefore,the
efficiencyisrecalculatedtodetermine the actual optimal efficiencyof the cellstested.
0.9ήoptimal = ή
ήoptimal = 22.89%/0.9 = 25.43%
The re-calculationshowsthatthe minimumoptimal efficiencyof the testingcellsdoes
indeedfall withinthe range indicatedbySensorMetrix datasheets.Withthiscalculation,itisconfirmed
that the cellsmeetthe RVMrequirementestablished.
11. 3.4 Onboard Power Consumption
There isno guarantee of a sun-synchronousorbitforANDESITEandthusno guarantee
of constantilluminationforthe solarpanelsforthe entiretyof the mission.The chance for
eclipse tooccur preventsthe solarpanelsfrombeingusedtopowerthe componentsonboard
throughan orbitand thereforLi-Pobatteriesare beingusedasthe mainpowersupplyfor
space operation.However,due tosize restrictionsof the CSDencasingthe satellite upon
launchand restraintsplacedonthe quantityof wirelesssensornodes, the sole use of an
optimal batteryforthe twoweekmission life isunfeasible.Inordertocombat these design
constraints,a combinationof photovoltaicandLi-Popowerwill be used.The Li-Poisusedto
powerthe onboardcomponentsduringmissionlifeandthe solarpanelswill keepthe battery
chargedlongenoughto operate for the extentof the mission.
As a safetymeasure,ithasbeenmade arequirementthatthe componentsbeing
poweredbythe Li-Pobatterieswill notconsume more powerperorbitthanthe solar panels
can produce.Thisrequirementisplacedinordertoensure the batteryoperatesatfull capacity
for the entiretyof the missionandcanguarantee uninterrupteddatacollectionandtransfer.
The componentsrequiredtoperformthe science experiment deliveredto the AirForce were
catalogedinan Excel spreadsheetandpowerconsumptionvalueswere obtainedfromthe
data sheetof eachcomponent.Forsafety,the maximumpowerconsumptionof eachdevice
was usedinthe productionof a powerbudget.
Each orbit requires atotal of 1.305066212 Wh of power,persensornode, tocomplete
itsorbital tasks.The breakdownof each powerconsumptionphase isalsorecordedinthe
powerbudgetspreadsheet.A MATLABsimulationof the solarpowergenerationforasensor
node inorbitindicatedaproductionof 2.0 Wh per orbitbythe solararray. Thissimulation
made the assumptionthatthe node tumbledaboutitsminoraxisasis predictedbyorbital drag
simulations. Itispossible the node will have minimal tumblingandmimicthe orbitof the
attitude controlledmule.Inthiscase,onlyone solarpanel wouldbe exposed tosolarradiation
and the simulationwasre-runtodetermine powerproductionduringthiscase.Again,the
simulationindicated2.0Wh wouldbe producedduringeachorbital period.Thisconsistencyis
reassuringandconfirmsthatpowerproductionwill be similaronaworst andbestcase
tumblingscenario.
The Air Force requiresa10% contingencyonpowerconsumptionestimatesandthusis
implementedtothe value obtainedalteringthe orbital powerconsumptionof eachnode to
1.43557283 Wh. Inadditiontothiscontingencyaccounting,the chargingcontrol chosenforthe
sensornodesoperatesat90% efficiencybasedonmanufacturingspecs.This10% cut fromthe
solarproductionreducespowergenerationto1.8 Wh being directedtothe batteryina single
orbit.Evenwiththese factorsaccountedfor,the sensornodesare still powerpositive by
0.36442717 Wh. Simulationsprove the powergeneratedbysolarcellsisgreaterthanpower
12. consumedbythe componentsusedforthe science experimentandthereforcanprovide
sufficientpowerforthe durationof the mission.Thismeetsthe otherRVMrequirements
designatedbyANDESITE.
Table 3: Orbital Power Budget for each sensor node
Note:Duty cycle is time active during one orbit Orbit
Altitude 460 km
Period 90.00 min
System
ID Description Component Power (W)
Duty
Cycle
Consumption
(Wh/orbit)
%
Power
ss_0 CDH
ATMEGA2560 0.1 100% 0.15 11.5%
ss_1 Radio
RFM228 0.2805 78% 0.33 25.1%
ss_2 Attitude
Gyroscope 0.02013 100% 0.030195 2.3%
SD Card 0.33 100% 0.50 37.9%
ADC 0.0009 100% 0.00135 0.1%
SunSensor 0.0000066 100% 0.0000099 0.0%
GPS 0.068 100% 0.102 7.8%
ss_3 Power
PIC16F1512 uC 0.000825 100% 0.000825 0.1%
3V3 LDO Regulator 0.000544 100% 0.000816 0.1%
CurrentMonitor 0.0004125 100% 0.0004125 0.0%
5V Boost Regulator 0.025 100% 0.015 1.1%
3V3 DC-DCConverter 0.06678601 100% 0.060846012 4.7%
ss_4 Magnetometer
1-AxisSensor 0.12 22% 0.04 3.1%
2-AxisSensor 0.24 22% 0.08 6.1%
Op-AmpsforSensor 0.0019305 22% 0.0006435 0.0%
Op-AmpforADC 0.002145 22% 0.000715 0.1%
ADC 0.0000099 22% 0.0000033 0.0%
Subtotal 1.25718951 1.305066212
Contingency 10% 10%
Total 1.38290846 W 1.435572833 Wh
PowerGenerated 1.8 Wh
13. 4. Conclusion
ANDESITEindicatesthree requirementsmustbe met forthe solarpanel design
to be confirmedformanufacturing.Those requirementsare listedinthe RVM
spreadsheetasthe following:the solar cellsmustproduce sufficientpowertocharge
the batteryfor the durationof a twoweekmission,these cellsmustalsooperate within
the efficiencyvaluesdeterminedbythe manufacturer,andfinally,the electrical
componentsusedonthe sensornode and mule mustnotconsume more powerthan
the solar panelscanprovide tothe battery.Afterphysical testingandcomputer
simulation,the sensornode solarpanel designhasbeenconfirmedtomeetthe three
requirementsmentionedandcanbe put forthto manufacturingforthe final production.
A solarpanel forthe mule wasnot physicallytested,butisalsodeterminedtomeetthe
RVMrequirementsforvariousreasons.The cellsusedonthe mule are fromthe same
orderof cellsusedforthe sensornode,makingit clearthese cellsoperate withinthe
efficiencylimitsof the manufacturer.Check.The powerbudgetof the mule isposted
belowanda computersimulationof the magneticallycontrolledorbitaltrajectory
indicatessufficientpowerisbeingprovidedtothe batteryfromthe solarpanel to
continue the missionfortwoweeksandgeneratesmore powerthanthe electrical
componentsconsume.Withthese conclusionsmade,productionof final paneldesigns
can be initiatedbarringanyfurthertesting.
Table 4: Mule Power Budget
Max Value
System ID Description Component Qty Voltage (V) Current (A) Power (W) Duty Cycle Wh/orbit Comments
ss_0 CDH
Beagle Bone Black BB-BBLK-000 1 5 0.46 2.3 100% 3.45
SD Card SanDisk 4GB MicroSD Card 1 3.3 0.1 0.33 100% 0.495
ss_1 Radio
Global Star 1 12 0.0166 0.1992 78% 0.233064
HopeRF RFM228 1 3.3 0.085 0.2805 78% 0.328185
ss_2 Attitude
Texas Inst ADC1285102CIMT/NOPB 2 5 0.0038 0.038 78% 0.04446
ST Micro L9958 3 5 0.03 0.45 78% 0.5265
Allegro ACS714LLCTR-05B-T 3 5 0.016 0.24 78% 0.2808
Analog Dev AD8629ARMZ-REEL 5 5 0.0025 0.0625 78% 0.073125
ON Semi CAT24C256YI-GT3 1 5 0.0024 0.012 78% 0.01404
Texas Inst SN65HVD231QDRQ1 1 5 0.014 0.07 78% 0.0819
Beagle Bone Black BB-BBLK-000 1 5 0.46 2.3 78% 2.691
Sun Sensors S8369 6 5 0.000002 0.00006 78% 0.0000702
Torque Coils 3 5 0.066666667 1 100% 1.5
Mag +Gyro IMU ADIS164888MLZ 1 3.3 0.2 0.66 22% 0.2178
GPS Novatel 1 5 0.14 0.7 100% 1.05
ss_3 Power
EPS CS-XUEPS2-60 1 0.1 100% 0.15
Subtotal 8.74226 W 11.1359442 Wh
Contingency 10% 10%
Total Power 9.616486 W 12.24953862 Wh
Generation 22.24 W 16.68 Wh (Ideal)
Break Even 11.12 W 15.012 Wh (Accounting for charger efficiency)