SOIL TEST AND SAMPLING METHODS.pptx
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Soil is a mixture that contains minerals, organic matter, and living organisms. It provides a growth medium for plants and habitat for other organisms while modifying the atmosphere. Soil is composed of approximately 45% minerals, 25% water, 25% air, and 5% organic matter. It is formed through mechanical, chemical, and biological weathering of rocks by forces like wind, water, and microorganisms or tree roots. Proper soil testing and sampling is needed to understand the soil composition and determine what nutrients plants need to grow well.
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SOIL CHEMISTRY
INTRODUCTION
Soil is a top layer of earth's surface. It is made up of broken down rock particles, rotted plant materials, water and air. It is a medium in which plant grow and derive moisture and nutrient.
Soil chemistry- is the study of various chemical nutrient present in soil and their influence on the properties of soil such as alkalinity or acidity
OR
Is the study of the soil to show its physical and chemical properties and components of the soil including biological and fertility property.
SOIL FORMATION
This is evolution of soil from parent material. The formation of the soil particle is regarded to the result from the combination of the waste products, or dead organic matter, water, and air which combines to form the soil.
These processes are continuously and take place through the action of weathering on the parental rock.
Mineral matters
These are substances which are considered to result from the weathering process.
With an exception of nitrates, all salts originate from the mineral. Nitrates originate from the humus.
Mineral matter in the soil are said to be derived from the weathering process – breaking of the rocks which form the earth's crust.
Weathering
This is the process which the parent rocks undergo disintegration (breaking) down to form the fragments or small particles. Weathering process is a combination of disintegration and synthesis (building up process).
It involves series of complex change that alter form of colour, texture, and composition of rock particles. The rock first broken down to smaller fragment and eventually into individually constituent minerals
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1. pdf file on Termmate: https://www.termmate.com/rabia.aziz
2. YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKxWnNdskGHnZFS0h1QRTEA
3. Facebook: https://web.facebook.com/Chemist.Rabia.Aziz/
4. Blogger: https://chemistry-academy.blogspot.com/
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factors affecting soil formations
Five primary factors affect soil formation:
1. Parent material - the type of rock the soil is formed from
2. Climate - temperature and moisture characteristics
3. Living organisms - plants and animals that live in the soil
4. Time or weathering - the age of the soil and effects of climate
5. Topography - how landscape features like hills and valleys influence soil development
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SOIL CHEMISTRY
INTRODUCTION
Soil is a top layer of earth's surface. It is made up of broken down rock particles, rotted plant materials, water and air. It is a medium in which plant grow and derive moisture and nutrient.
Soil chemistry- is the study of various chemical nutrient present in soil and their influence on the properties of soil such as alkalinity or acidity
OR
Is the study of the soil to show its physical and chemical properties and components of the soil including biological and fertility property.
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This is evolution of soil from parent material. The formation of the soil particle is regarded to the result from the combination of the waste products, or dead organic matter, water, and air which combines to form the soil.
These processes are continuously and take place through the action of weathering on the parental rock.
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With an exception of nitrates, all salts originate from the mineral. Nitrates originate from the humus.
Mineral matter in the soil are said to be derived from the weathering process – breaking of the rocks which form the earth's crust.
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This is the process which the parent rocks undergo disintegration (breaking) down to form the fragments or small particles. Weathering process is a combination of disintegration and synthesis (building up process).
It involves series of complex change that alter form of colour, texture, and composition of rock particles. The rock first broken down to smaller fragment and eventually into individually constituent minerals
These fragments can combine with dead organic
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1. pdf file on Termmate: https://www.termmate.com/rabia.aziz
2. YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKxWnNdskGHnZFS0h1QRTEA
3. Facebook: https://web.facebook.com/Chemist.Rabia.Aziz/
4. Blogger: https://chemistry-academy.blogspot.com/
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2. Soil formation, or pedogenesis, is the development of a soil from parent rocks through weathering and other physical, chemical, and biological processes over time.
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- Mechanical weathering only breaks rocks into smaller pieces through physical processes like temperature changes, abrasion, etc. but does not release as many nutrients.
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This document discusses soil formation and properties. It provides details on:
- The key factors that influence soil formation including parent rock material, climate, living organisms, relief, and time.
- The main components/constituents of soil including organic matter, inorganic matter, soil water, and soil air.
- Important soil properties such as soil profile, depth, color, texture, porosity, structure, and temperature.
- Agents and types of soil erosion including water, wind, ice, and gravity as well as normal geological erosion and accelerated soil erosion.
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This document provides definitions and explanations of soil and the processes involved in soil formation. It can be summarized as follows:
1. Soil is defined in multiple ways by soil scientists, but generally refers to the loose upper layer of the earth's surface where plants grow and is made up of organic and inorganic materials.
2. Soil formation, or pedogenesis, is the development of a soil from parent rocks through weathering and other physical, chemical, and biological processes over time.
3. The key processes involved in soil formation include weathering, leaching, and humification, which break down rocks, remove soluble materials, and decompose organic matter respectively.
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Soil formation, also known as pedogenesis, is influenced by several key factors:
Climate, especially temperature and precipitation, determines the rate of weathering and types of organic materials. Time is also important, as soils take many years to fully form and may change types over centuries. The parent material and topography impact drainage and erosion patterns during soil development. Biological factors like plants, animals, microbes, and humans also influence soil formation through their physical interactions and chemical exchanges with the soil.
Soil ex
This document discusses soil formation and composition. It states that soil is formed from weathered rock and mineral particles through chemical and environmental processes like weathering and erosion. Key factors that influence soil formation are parent material, climate, topography, biological activity, and time. The document describes various soil layers and horizons that form as a result of these processes, and notes that soil composition and type can vary significantly depending on location.
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This document provides information about different types of soils. It begins with introducing the topic of soil geography and defining what soil is. It then discusses several key components that make up soil, such as mineral particles, air, water, organic matter, and texture. The document also examines different types of soils like black soil, red soil, laterite soil, desert soil, mountain soil, and saline/alkaline soils. It provides details on the composition, characteristics, and geographical distribution of each soil type. Finally, the document concludes with introducing the branches of soil sciences including pedology, edaphology, and soil geography.
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This document classifies herbicides based on their method of application, mode of action, mobility, time of application, and molecular structure. It discusses how herbicides can be soil-applied or foliage-applied, selective or non-selective, contact or translocated, applied pre-plant, pre-emergence, or post-emergence. The document also covers organic and inorganic molecular structures of herbicides and different formulation types including emulsifiable concentrates, wettable powders, granules, and water soluble concentrates.
METHODS OF SOWING.pptx
This document discusses different methods of sowing seeds, including broadcasting, drilling, dibbling, planting, and transplanting. Broadcasting involves dispersing seeds over soil manually or automatically, requiring less time and expense but also less production. Drilling places seeds in rows, allowing for control of depth and spacing but requiring more resources. Dibbling divides fields into plots for plant-by-plant sowing, increasing yield and facilitating weeding. Planting uses vegetative parts like potatoes instead of seeds. Transplanting grows seedlings for 25 days before transplanting to fields, favoring environmental conditions and higher production.
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This document discusses soil fertility and productivity. It defines soil fertility as the capacity of soil to provide nutrients to plants in correct amounts without toxic concentrations. Soil productivity refers to the crop yield potential based on management. A productive soil must be fertile, but a fertile soil may not be productive due to other factors like climate and pests. The main factors influencing soil fertility and productivity are physical (texture, structure), chemical (nutrients, pH), and biological (organic matter, microbes). Macronutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium and micronutrients are essential. Fertile soils contain sufficient amounts of all required nutrients.
Nutrients Consumption.pptx
This document discusses various plant nutrient cycles. It covers the absorption patterns of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and secondary nutrients by plants. Nitrogen is absorbed as nitrates or ammonium and uptake is highest in young, actively growing plants. Phosphorus is absorbed as phosphates and is concentrated in reproductive tissues and seeds. Potassium uptake can exceed nitrogen uptake and luxury consumption can occur if potassium is plentiful in soils. The document also discusses micronutrient removal by crops, nutrient interactions both antagonistic and synergistic, and factors affecting nutrient use efficiency.
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