This document discusses shallow foundations and their bearing capacity. It defines shallow foundations as those that transfer loads to the soil at the base of the structure. The document then outlines Terzaghi's equations for calculating the ultimate bearing capacity of soils, including factors for cohesion, internal friction angle, soil unit weight, and foundation geometry. It also discusses factors of safety used to determine allowable bearing capacities and considerations for groundwater effects. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating ultimate bearing capacities.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
The unconfined compression test is a type of unconsolidated-undrained test used for clay specimens. It involves compressing a cylindrical clay sample axially without lateral confinement. The major principal stress is the axial stress, while the minor principal stresses are zero. This allows measuring the unconfined compressive strength, sensitivity, shear strength parameters, and cohesion of cohesive soils. The test procedure involves extruding and trimming a soil specimen, measuring it, and compressing it at a controlled strain rate between loading plates while recording the load and stress. Parameters are calculated based on the failure load and specimen dimensions.
1. The document discusses slope stability analysis using the Swedish slip circle method for analyzing finite slopes made of cohesive soils.
2. It describes the assumptions of the method and calculates the factors of safety for circular failure surfaces with and without tension cracks.
3. The document also covers other methods like the ordinary method of slices for c-f soils and discusses locating the critical slip circle using empirical relationships.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
1. The bearing capacity of a foundation refers to the ability of the soil to carry the loads from structures placed on it without shear failure or excessive settlement.
2. Terzaghi's bearing capacity theory separates the failure zone under a foundation into triangular and radial shear zones, and considers the equilibrium of forces within these zones to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity.
3. The allowable bearing capacity is calculated by applying a safety factor to the ultimate capacity to avoid shear failure. Settlement criteria may further limit the allowable capacity.
Consolidation is the process where water drains from saturated soil pores, transferring the load from water to soil particles and causing volume change. There are three types of consolidation: immediate, primary, and secondary. One-dimensional consolidation assumes vertical drainage, making the process primarily vertical. Terzaghi's theory of one-dimensional consolidation models this using parameters like permeability, compressibility, and effective stress. The coefficient of consolidation describes the rate of compression, while compression and swelling indices characterize the void ratio-effective stress relationship. The oedometer test experimentally determines consolidation properties from soil specimen compression under incremental loads.
1. The document discusses stress distribution in soils due to different types of loading, including point loads, line loads, triangular loads, strip loads, rectangular loads, and circular loads.
2. Several methods for estimating stress distribution are presented, including Boussinesq's method, Westergaard's method, and the use of influence factor charts and bulbs of pressure charts.
3. Factors that influence stress distribution include the size and shape of the loading area, load magnitude and type, soil type, depth, and distance from the load. Stress decreases with depth and distance from the load.
1. The document discusses different types of settlement in shallow foundations, including immediate/elastic settlement, primary consolidation settlement, and secondary consolidation settlement.
2. It provides methods for calculating each type of settlement, making use of theories of elasticity, consolidation test data, and parameters like compression index.
3. Settlement predictions are generally satisfactory but better for inorganic clays; the time rate of consolidation settlement is often poorly estimated.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
The unconfined compression test is a type of unconsolidated-undrained test used for clay specimens. It involves compressing a cylindrical clay sample axially without lateral confinement. The major principal stress is the axial stress, while the minor principal stresses are zero. This allows measuring the unconfined compressive strength, sensitivity, shear strength parameters, and cohesion of cohesive soils. The test procedure involves extruding and trimming a soil specimen, measuring it, and compressing it at a controlled strain rate between loading plates while recording the load and stress. Parameters are calculated based on the failure load and specimen dimensions.
1. The document discusses slope stability analysis using the Swedish slip circle method for analyzing finite slopes made of cohesive soils.
2. It describes the assumptions of the method and calculates the factors of safety for circular failure surfaces with and without tension cracks.
3. The document also covers other methods like the ordinary method of slices for c-f soils and discusses locating the critical slip circle using empirical relationships.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
1. The bearing capacity of a foundation refers to the ability of the soil to carry the loads from structures placed on it without shear failure or excessive settlement.
2. Terzaghi's bearing capacity theory separates the failure zone under a foundation into triangular and radial shear zones, and considers the equilibrium of forces within these zones to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity.
3. The allowable bearing capacity is calculated by applying a safety factor to the ultimate capacity to avoid shear failure. Settlement criteria may further limit the allowable capacity.
Consolidation is the process where water drains from saturated soil pores, transferring the load from water to soil particles and causing volume change. There are three types of consolidation: immediate, primary, and secondary. One-dimensional consolidation assumes vertical drainage, making the process primarily vertical. Terzaghi's theory of one-dimensional consolidation models this using parameters like permeability, compressibility, and effective stress. The coefficient of consolidation describes the rate of compression, while compression and swelling indices characterize the void ratio-effective stress relationship. The oedometer test experimentally determines consolidation properties from soil specimen compression under incremental loads.
1. The document discusses stress distribution in soils due to different types of loading, including point loads, line loads, triangular loads, strip loads, rectangular loads, and circular loads.
2. Several methods for estimating stress distribution are presented, including Boussinesq's method, Westergaard's method, and the use of influence factor charts and bulbs of pressure charts.
3. Factors that influence stress distribution include the size and shape of the loading area, load magnitude and type, soil type, depth, and distance from the load. Stress decreases with depth and distance from the load.
1. The document discusses different types of settlement in shallow foundations, including immediate/elastic settlement, primary consolidation settlement, and secondary consolidation settlement.
2. It provides methods for calculating each type of settlement, making use of theories of elasticity, consolidation test data, and parameters like compression index.
3. Settlement predictions are generally satisfactory but better for inorganic clays; the time rate of consolidation settlement is often poorly estimated.
This document discusses methods for determining soil bearing capacity from standard penetration test (SPT) numbers. It provides Meyerhof and Bowles equations that relate allowable soil bearing capacity (Qa) to SPT numbers (N) and footing parameters. It also gives examples of using the equations to calculate Qa for different soil and footing conditions.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
Lecture 11 Shear Strength of Soil CE240Wajahat Ullah
Shear Strength of Soil
Shear strength in soils
Introduction
Definitions
Mohr-Coulomb criterion
Introduction
Lab tests for getting the shear strength
Direct shear test
Introduction
Procedure & calculation
Critical void ratio
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
This document discusses consolidation properties and prefabricated vertical drains. It begins by outlining Terzaghi's theory of one-dimensional consolidation, including the assumptions, equations describing pore water flow and changes in void ratio over time. It then discusses how consolidation affects drained and undrained conditions. Prefabricated vertical drains are introduced as a way to accelerate consolidation settlement by improving drainage, shown in a settlement versus time graph comparing performance with and without PVDs.
1) Consolidation is the process where saturated clay soils expel pore water in response to increased loading, causing volume change. 2) During initial loading, pore water pressure increases and the soil skeleton does not feel the load. 3) Over time, pore water pressure dissipates and the load is transferred to the soil skeleton. 4) One-dimensional consolidation testing involves incrementally loading a saturated soil sample and measuring volume change and pore pressure dissipation over time.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
This document discusses lateral earth pressure on retaining walls. It introduces Rankine's and Coulomb's theories for estimating active and passive earth pressures. Rankine proposed that a semi-infinite mass of soil could reach states of plastic equilibrium under horizontal stretching (active state) or compression (passive state). Mohr circles are used to determine the principal stresses and orientation of potential failure planes for each state. The active pressure coefficient KA is related to the friction angle, while the passive pressure coefficient KP is also a function of friction angle.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
A group of 16 square piles extends 12 m into stiff clay soil, underlain by rock at 24 m depth. Pile dimensions are 0.3 m x 0.3 m. Undrained shear strength of clay increases linearly from 50 kPa at surface to 150 kPa at rock. Factor of safety for group capacity is 2.5. Determine group capacity and individual pile capacity.
The group capacity is calculated to be 1600 kN. The individual pile capacity is determined to be 100 kN. The factor of safety of 2.5 is then applied to determine the safe load capacity.
The design of earth-retaining structures - Lecture 2Chris Bridges
This document provides an outline and overview of key concepts for the design of earth-retaining structures, including:
- Lateral earth pressures depend on the wall geometry, soil properties, and groundwater conditions. Different earth pressure coefficients (Ka, Kp, Ko) are used to calculate active, passive, and at-rest pressures.
- Proper characterization of the soil properties like unit weight, shear strength, compressibility, and wall friction are needed for analysis.
- Common types of gravity walls include cantilever walls and anchored walls. Wall geometry and surcharges from nearby structures influence the design.
- Analyses consider bearing capacity, sliding resistance, and overturning of the wall due to
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
This document discusses principles of effective stress, capillarity, and seepage through soil. It defines total stress as the stress acting at a point from the total weight of soil above it, and effective stress as the total stress minus the pore water pressure. Capillarity allows water to move upward through small soil pores due to adhesive and cohesive forces. Seepage is the flow of water through soil, which depends on factors like permeability. Flow nets can be used to model two-dimensional seepage by drawing curves representing flow lines and equipotential lines meeting at right angles.
This document provides an overview of mat foundations. It discusses common types of mat foundations including flat plate, flat plate thickened under columns, beams and slab, and slab with basement walls. It describes how to calculate the bearing capacity of mat foundations and differential settlement. Methods for structural design of mat foundations are presented, including the conventional rigid method and approximate flexible method. Examples are provided to illustrate how to design combined footings, calculate bearing capacity, and structurally design mat foundations.
Numerical problem pile capacity (usefulsearch.org) (useful search)Make Mannan
A 10m long concrete pile with a square cross section of 450x450mm driven into clay with an undrained cohesion of 35 kPa has an ultimate load capacity of 600 kN. If the cross section is reduced to 250x250mm and length increased to 20m, the ultimate load capacity will be 614.6 kN.
A group of 16 piles 10m long and 0.8m in diameter in a 12m thick clay layer has a base resistance of 452.16 kN for a single pile and a group side resistance of 14,469.12 kN assuming 100% efficiency.
The load carrying capacity of a concrete pile driven into sand using a 4 ton hammer with
This document provides lecture notes on soil mechanics from Einstein College of Engineering. It covers the objectives of the soil mechanics course, which is to provide knowledge of engineering properties of soil. The document then outlines the topics that will be covered, including introduction to soil properties, soil water and flow, stress distribution and compression, shear strength, and slope stability. It lists reference textbooks and provides an in-depth section on soil classification systems, properties, particle size distribution, consistency limits, and the Indian Standard Soil Classification System.
The document outlines a course plan for a foundation engineering course. It includes 9 units that will be covered: introduction and site investigation, earth pressure, shallow foundations, pile foundations, well foundations, slope stability, retaining walls, and soil stabilization. It provides details on the number of lectures for each unit and the topics that will be covered in each lecture. Some key topics include shallow foundation design methods, pile load testing, earth pressure theories, and slope stability analysis techniques. References for the course are also provided.
This document discusses the consolidation of soil. It defines important terms like compression, compressibility, and consolidation. It outlines the differences between compaction and consolidation. The importance of consolidation theory is that it provides information on total settlement, time for settlement, and types of settlement. Terzaghi's spring analogy is described to explain the consolidation process. A one-dimensional consolidation test procedure is outlined. Important definitions related to consolidation like compression index, swelling index, and coefficients are provided. The document also discusses normally, under, and over consolidated soils and how to determine preconsolidation pressure. Terzaghi's one-dimensional consolidation theory and solution are presented. Methods to determine degree of consolidation and coefficient of consolidation from laboratory test data are
This document defines foundations and foundation engineering. It discusses shallow and deep foundations. Shallow foundations include spread, combined, wall/strip, and mat foundations. Deep foundations include piles and piers. It describes factors in foundation design such as ultimate bearing capacity, settlement, and differential settlement. Footing failures by shear, tension, or bearing capacity are addressed. Examples of isolated, combined, and wall footings are provided along with factors in selecting the appropriate foundation type.
lecturenote_1463116827CHAPTER-II-BEARING CAPACITY OF FOUNDATION SOIL.pdf2cd
The document discusses bearing capacity of soils and methods to calculate the ultimate and safe bearing capacities of different types of foundations. It defines key terms like ultimate, gross, net and safe bearing capacities. It describes Terzaghi's, Meyerhof's and Skempton's methods to calculate the bearing capacity based on the soil properties and foundation geometry. It provides examples to calculate the ultimate and safe bearing capacities of strip, square, circular and rectangular foundations in cohesive and cohesionless soils using these methods.
This document discusses methods for determining soil bearing capacity from standard penetration test (SPT) numbers. It provides Meyerhof and Bowles equations that relate allowable soil bearing capacity (Qa) to SPT numbers (N) and footing parameters. It also gives examples of using the equations to calculate Qa for different soil and footing conditions.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
Lecture 11 Shear Strength of Soil CE240Wajahat Ullah
Shear Strength of Soil
Shear strength in soils
Introduction
Definitions
Mohr-Coulomb criterion
Introduction
Lab tests for getting the shear strength
Direct shear test
Introduction
Procedure & calculation
Critical void ratio
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
This document discusses consolidation properties and prefabricated vertical drains. It begins by outlining Terzaghi's theory of one-dimensional consolidation, including the assumptions, equations describing pore water flow and changes in void ratio over time. It then discusses how consolidation affects drained and undrained conditions. Prefabricated vertical drains are introduced as a way to accelerate consolidation settlement by improving drainage, shown in a settlement versus time graph comparing performance with and without PVDs.
1) Consolidation is the process where saturated clay soils expel pore water in response to increased loading, causing volume change. 2) During initial loading, pore water pressure increases and the soil skeleton does not feel the load. 3) Over time, pore water pressure dissipates and the load is transferred to the soil skeleton. 4) One-dimensional consolidation testing involves incrementally loading a saturated soil sample and measuring volume change and pore pressure dissipation over time.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
This document discusses lateral earth pressure on retaining walls. It introduces Rankine's and Coulomb's theories for estimating active and passive earth pressures. Rankine proposed that a semi-infinite mass of soil could reach states of plastic equilibrium under horizontal stretching (active state) or compression (passive state). Mohr circles are used to determine the principal stresses and orientation of potential failure planes for each state. The active pressure coefficient KA is related to the friction angle, while the passive pressure coefficient KP is also a function of friction angle.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
A group of 16 square piles extends 12 m into stiff clay soil, underlain by rock at 24 m depth. Pile dimensions are 0.3 m x 0.3 m. Undrained shear strength of clay increases linearly from 50 kPa at surface to 150 kPa at rock. Factor of safety for group capacity is 2.5. Determine group capacity and individual pile capacity.
The group capacity is calculated to be 1600 kN. The individual pile capacity is determined to be 100 kN. The factor of safety of 2.5 is then applied to determine the safe load capacity.
The design of earth-retaining structures - Lecture 2Chris Bridges
This document provides an outline and overview of key concepts for the design of earth-retaining structures, including:
- Lateral earth pressures depend on the wall geometry, soil properties, and groundwater conditions. Different earth pressure coefficients (Ka, Kp, Ko) are used to calculate active, passive, and at-rest pressures.
- Proper characterization of the soil properties like unit weight, shear strength, compressibility, and wall friction are needed for analysis.
- Common types of gravity walls include cantilever walls and anchored walls. Wall geometry and surcharges from nearby structures influence the design.
- Analyses consider bearing capacity, sliding resistance, and overturning of the wall due to
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
This document discusses principles of effective stress, capillarity, and seepage through soil. It defines total stress as the stress acting at a point from the total weight of soil above it, and effective stress as the total stress minus the pore water pressure. Capillarity allows water to move upward through small soil pores due to adhesive and cohesive forces. Seepage is the flow of water through soil, which depends on factors like permeability. Flow nets can be used to model two-dimensional seepage by drawing curves representing flow lines and equipotential lines meeting at right angles.
This document provides an overview of mat foundations. It discusses common types of mat foundations including flat plate, flat plate thickened under columns, beams and slab, and slab with basement walls. It describes how to calculate the bearing capacity of mat foundations and differential settlement. Methods for structural design of mat foundations are presented, including the conventional rigid method and approximate flexible method. Examples are provided to illustrate how to design combined footings, calculate bearing capacity, and structurally design mat foundations.
Numerical problem pile capacity (usefulsearch.org) (useful search)Make Mannan
A 10m long concrete pile with a square cross section of 450x450mm driven into clay with an undrained cohesion of 35 kPa has an ultimate load capacity of 600 kN. If the cross section is reduced to 250x250mm and length increased to 20m, the ultimate load capacity will be 614.6 kN.
A group of 16 piles 10m long and 0.8m in diameter in a 12m thick clay layer has a base resistance of 452.16 kN for a single pile and a group side resistance of 14,469.12 kN assuming 100% efficiency.
The load carrying capacity of a concrete pile driven into sand using a 4 ton hammer with
This document provides lecture notes on soil mechanics from Einstein College of Engineering. It covers the objectives of the soil mechanics course, which is to provide knowledge of engineering properties of soil. The document then outlines the topics that will be covered, including introduction to soil properties, soil water and flow, stress distribution and compression, shear strength, and slope stability. It lists reference textbooks and provides an in-depth section on soil classification systems, properties, particle size distribution, consistency limits, and the Indian Standard Soil Classification System.
The document outlines a course plan for a foundation engineering course. It includes 9 units that will be covered: introduction and site investigation, earth pressure, shallow foundations, pile foundations, well foundations, slope stability, retaining walls, and soil stabilization. It provides details on the number of lectures for each unit and the topics that will be covered in each lecture. Some key topics include shallow foundation design methods, pile load testing, earth pressure theories, and slope stability analysis techniques. References for the course are also provided.
This document discusses the consolidation of soil. It defines important terms like compression, compressibility, and consolidation. It outlines the differences between compaction and consolidation. The importance of consolidation theory is that it provides information on total settlement, time for settlement, and types of settlement. Terzaghi's spring analogy is described to explain the consolidation process. A one-dimensional consolidation test procedure is outlined. Important definitions related to consolidation like compression index, swelling index, and coefficients are provided. The document also discusses normally, under, and over consolidated soils and how to determine preconsolidation pressure. Terzaghi's one-dimensional consolidation theory and solution are presented. Methods to determine degree of consolidation and coefficient of consolidation from laboratory test data are
This document defines foundations and foundation engineering. It discusses shallow and deep foundations. Shallow foundations include spread, combined, wall/strip, and mat foundations. Deep foundations include piles and piers. It describes factors in foundation design such as ultimate bearing capacity, settlement, and differential settlement. Footing failures by shear, tension, or bearing capacity are addressed. Examples of isolated, combined, and wall footings are provided along with factors in selecting the appropriate foundation type.
lecturenote_1463116827CHAPTER-II-BEARING CAPACITY OF FOUNDATION SOIL.pdf2cd
The document discusses bearing capacity of soils and methods to calculate the ultimate and safe bearing capacities of different types of foundations. It defines key terms like ultimate, gross, net and safe bearing capacities. It describes Terzaghi's, Meyerhof's and Skempton's methods to calculate the bearing capacity based on the soil properties and foundation geometry. It provides examples to calculate the ultimate and safe bearing capacities of strip, square, circular and rectangular foundations in cohesive and cohesionless soils using these methods.
This document defines foundations and foundation engineering. It discusses:
1. Foundations transmit structural loads to the soil and come in two types - shallow and deep. Shallow foundations are placed at a shallow depth, typically less than 6m, and include spread footings and strip footings. Deep foundations like piles are embedded much deeper.
2. Foundation engineering involves evaluating soil load capacity and designing foundations to safely transmit loads to the soil while considering economics. It must prevent shear failure, settlement, overturning and sliding.
3. Foundations can fail due to shear, tension or excessive settlement, which depends on factors like soil type and load. Design considers ultimate and allowable bearing capacity as well as allowable settlement.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
esearch Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Shallow foundations must withstand shear failure and excessive settlement. The ultimate bearing capacity is the load per area at which shear failure occurs. Terzaghi's bearing capacity theory models failure mechanisms, including a triangular failure zone under the foundation. Factors like soil friction angle, surcharge loads, and the water table affect bearing capacity. Case studies show how bearing capacity failure can occur in structures like concrete silos. Eccentric and continuous loading conditions require additional equations to calculate ultimate capacity. Prakash and Saran developed reduction factor methods for granular soils under various loading conditions.
Cost optimization of using geogrids vs piles in the foundation of interchange...IAEME Publication
This document presents an economic study comparing the use of geogrid soil reinforcement versus piles in the foundations of highway interchange bridges built on sandy soil. MATLAB optimization software is used to determine the minimum cost of each foundation type under different load and soil conditions. For geogrid reinforced soil, the optimization considers constraints of bearing capacity and settlement to determine the optimal footing size and cost. Results show reinforced soil foundations are significantly more cost effective than pile foundations, with potential cost savings of over 50% based on typical local bridge designs.
The document summarizes an assessment of offshore pile design techniques for sites with different soil profiles. It analyzes pile behavior at a normally consolidated clay site (Pentre) and an over-consolidated clay site (Tilbrook) using various design methods and software. For the Pentre site, the NGI method best predicted axial capacity and the skin friction behavior, while NGI predicted end bearing capacity. For the Tilbrook site, KOLK best predicted total capacity and API predicted skin friction factors, though KOLK overestimated skin friction. API also best modeled lateral pile response at Tilbrook.
This document provides an introduction to foundation engineering and different types of foundations. It discusses shallow foundations, which have a depth to width ratio of less than 4, including spread, strip, continuous, combined and raft foundations. It also discusses deep foundations, which have a depth to width ratio greater than 4, such as piles and drilled shafts. The document further explains bearing capacity and settlement criteria for foundations. It provides details on Terzaghi's and Skempton's bearing capacity theories and includes examples of calculating ultimate and allowable bearing capacities.
Raft foundations are used when buildings have heavy loads, compressible soil, or require minimal differential settlement. A raft foundation is a continuous concrete slab that supports all building columns. It can be designed using either a rigid or flexible approach. The rigid approach assumes the raft bridges soil variations, while the flexible approach models soil-structure interaction. Key considerations for raft design include bearing capacity, settlement, stress distribution, and structural component sizing.
This document discusses the bearing capacity of soils and foundations. It defines bearing capacity as the load per unit area that can be supported by a foundation without failing. Several methods for calculating ultimate bearing capacity are presented, including Terzaghi's method, which uses bearing capacity factors that depend on soil properties. The document also discusses factors that affect bearing capacity like the water table, foundation shape and depth, layered soils, sloped ground, and estimates from standard penetration or cone penetration tests. Failure modes like general, local, and punching shear are described along with calculations for eccentric and two-way loading.
This document is the question paper for the Foundation Engineering exam at BVRAJU Institute of Technology. It contains two parts - Part A with 10 short answer questions worth 2 marks each, and Part B with 5 long answer questions worth 10 marks each. Candidates must answer all questions in Part A and any 5 questions from Part B, with one question from each unit. The questions cover various topics in foundation engineering, including soil exploration techniques, bearing capacity theory, pile foundations, well foundations, retaining walls, and slope stability analysis.
This document discusses pile foundations and their installation. It begins with an introduction to pile foundations, including their definition and typical uses when shallow foundations are unsuitable. It then describes different pile types, including displacement piles that are driven into the ground and non-displacement piles that are constructed by drilling. The document discusses methods for installing driven piles using impact hammers and constructing drilled shafts using both dry and wet methods. It also covers load transfer mechanisms in piles and the effects of pile installation, such as soil disturbance and excess pore pressure generation during driving.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF EARTH-QUAKE RESISTANT FOR MULTI-STORIED BUILDING ON A ...Ijripublishers Ijri
his project named as “DESIGN OF EARTH-QUAKE RESISTANT MULTI-STORIED RCC BUILDING ON A SLOPING
GROUND” involves the analysis of simple 2-D frames of varying floor heights and varying no of bays using a very popular
software tool STAAD Pro. Using the analysis results various graphs were drawn between the maximum axial force,
maximum shear force, maximum bending moment, maximum tensile force and maximum compressive stress being
developed for the frames on plane ground and sloping ground. The graphs used to drawn comparison between the two
cases and the detailed study of “SHORT COLOUMN EFFECT” failure was carried up. In addition to that the detailed
study of seismology was undertaken and the feasibility of the software tool to be used was also checked. Till date many
such projects have been undertaken on this very topic but the analysis were generally done for the static loads i.e. dead
load, live load etc, but to this the earthquake analysis or seismic analysis is to be incorporated. To create a technical
knowhow, two similar categories of structures were analyzed, first on plane ground and another on a sloping ground.
Then the results were compared. At last the a structure would be analyzed and designed on sloping ground for all possible
load combinations pertaining to IS 456, IS 1893 and IS 13920 manually.
Comparisons of Shallow Foundations in Different Soil ConditionIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Soil is considered by the engineer as a complex material produced by weathering of the solid rock. Footings are structural elements that transmit column or wall loads to the underlying soil below the structure. Footings are designed to transmit these loads to the soil without exceeding its safe bearing capacity. Each building demands the need to solve a problem of foundation on different types of soil. The main aim of this project is to design the appropriate foundation as per size and shape on cohesive, non-cohesive and rocky soil. In this paper different foundation are studied for a middle side and corner column of a building with different bearing capacities. Based on the study and judicial judgment the type of foundation is decided as per depth, quantity of steel and quantity of concrete and try to find which shape of the foundation is more stable, economical and ways to reduce the ease of construction of the building
This document appears to be an exam for a Geotechnical Engineering course. It contains 9 multi-part questions testing students' knowledge of topics like soil sampling techniques, bearing capacity, slope stability, earth pressure, pile foundations, and more. Students are asked to define terms, briefly describe concepts, differentiate between ideas, and perform calculations to solve engineering problems related to foundations and retaining structures. The exam aims to evaluate students' understanding of key geotechnical engineering principles through questions ranging from conceptual to applied/calculations based.
This document discusses ground improvement using micropiles. It begins with an introduction to micropiles, which were developed in Italy in the 1950s for underpinning historic structures damaged in WWII. It then classifies micropiles based on design criteria (directly loaded vs reinforcing soil) and construction type (gravity grout, pressure grouting, etc.). Advantages include minimal vibration, access in tight spaces, and cost-effectiveness. Applications include foundations, underpinning, slopes, and excavation support. Design considerations and an example are provided based on FHWA guidelines.
1) The document discusses methods to determine the safe bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum pressure the soil can resist without failing or excessive settling.
2) Two common field methods are described: the plate load test, where a steel plate is loaded incrementally on an excavated pit to measure ultimate capacity and settlement; and the drop weight method, where a weighted cube is dropped into a pit to calculate resistance.
3) Factors that influence safe bearing capacity are also outlined, such as soil type, density, water content, and voids. Tests are needed to select appropriate foundation designs at a site.
This document outlines a group project to analyze the structural components of a two-storey bungalow. The group was tasked with designing the bungalow floor plans using preset geometric shapes and ensuring certain room requirements were met. They then had to produce structural drawings and individually analyze specific beams and columns based on the design. Calculations were shown for several beams, applying formulas to determine dead loads, live loads, reaction forces, shear forces, and bending moments. The analyses followed the prescribed process and provided the necessary structural information and calculations.
This document outlines a group project to analyze the structural components of a two-storey bungalow. The group was tasked with designing the bungalow floor plans using preset shapes and dimensions, and arranging the interior spaces and structural elements. Each member then individually analyzed specific beams and columns by calculating loads, reactions, shear and bending moments based on provided formulas. The document includes architectural drawings of the bungalow design, identified load paths, and sample beam and column calculations for specific structural elements.
The cherry: beauty, softness, its heart-shaped plastic has inspired artists since Antiquity. Cherries and strawberries were considered the fruits of paradise and thus represented the souls of men.
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Soil Bearing Capacity.pdf
1. School of Environmental Engineering
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS
EAT 314/4 Geotechnical Engineering
Soil Bearing Capacity of Shallow
Foundations
AIN NIHLA KAMARUDZAMAN
ainnihla@unimap.edu.my
Ext: 8968
2. By: ANK
EAT314/4 Geotechnical Engineering
Course Outcome
NO. COURSE OUTCOME (CO) EAT 314/4
1 Ability to analyze soil bearing capacity and design for shallows
foundations based on types of soil.
2 Ability to describe type of deep foundation and its installation.
3 Ability to describe and design various concrete retaining walls
based on lateral earth pressure.
4 Ability to conduct slope stability analysis and landslide
investigations.
5 Ability to discuss common sampling methods for subsoil
exploration and report.
3. By: ANK
EAT314/4 Geotechnical Engineering
Outline
Introduction
Ultimate Bearing Capacity for Shallow
Foundation
Terzaghi’s Ultimate Bearing Capacity
Equations
Factor of Safety
Effect of Ground Water Table (GWT)
General Bearing Capacity Equation.
Allowable Bearing Pressure in Sand
Settlement Consideration.
4. By: ANK
EAT314/4 Geotechnical Engineering
Introduction
Foundations are the building component
which transfers building loads to the soil.
There are two basic types of foundations:
SHALLOW - Shallow foundations transfer
the load to soil at the base of the
substructure.
DEEP - Deep foundations transfer loads far
below the substructure.
6. By: ANK
EAT314/4 Geotechnical Engineering
Shallow Foundation
Shallow Foundation System
i) Spread Foundation (footing)
ii) Mat or Raft Foundation
Characteristics of shallow foundations are;
Cost (affordable)
Construction Procedure (simple)
Material (mostly concrete)
Labour (doesn’t need expertise)
7. By: ANK
EAT314/4 Geotechnical Engineering
Spread Foundation (footing)
Also known as a footer or footing.
It’s an enlargement at the bottom of a
column or bearing wall that spreads the
applied structural loads over a sufficiently
large soil area.
Each column & each bearing wall has its
own spread footing, so each structure may
include dozens of individual footings.
10. By: ANK
EAT314/4 Geotechnical Engineering
Mat or Raft Foundation
ü A foundation system in which essentially the
entire building is placed on a large
continuous footing.
ü It is a flat concrete slab, heavily reinforced
with steel, which carries the downward
loads of the individual columns or walls.
ü Raft foundations are used to spread the
load from a structure over a large area,
normally the entire area of the structure.
13. By: ANK
EAT314/4 Geotechnical Engineering
Design Criteria:
To perform satisfactory, shallow foundation
must have two main criteria:
They have to be safe against overall
shear failure in the soil that supports them.
(Safety factor usually between 2.5 to 3.0)
They cannot undergo excessive
displacement or settlement.
(Settlement of individual footing on sand
50 mm or 75 mm for footing on clay)
14. By: ANK
EAT314/4 Geotechnical Engineering
Ultimate Bearing Capacity for Shallow
Foundation
Definition:
Bearing capacity is ability of a soil to bear the
loads transmitted by a footing.
Ultimate bearing capacity is reach when the
impose foundation pressure is in equilibrium
with resisting soil pressure.
When the pressure exceed the ultimate soil
bearing capacity value, the foundation
pronounced fail in shear.
15. By: ANK
EAT314/4 Geotechnical Engineering
Ultimate Bearing Capacity for Shallow
Foundation
Ultimate Bearing Capacity (qult) is the
maximum pressure which can be carried
by the soil immediately below foundation.
The theory is developed based on three
modes of failure;
a) General shear failures – for soils (dense or hard
state)
b) Local shear failures – for soils (medium density
or firm state)
c) Punching shear failure – for soils (loose or soft
state)
16. By: ANK
EAT314/4 Geotechnical Engineering
Failure modes of Shallow Foundation
General Shear Failure
Local Shear Failure
Punching Shear Failure
bulge
bulge
17. By: ANK
EAT314/4 Geotechnical Engineering
Terzaghi’s Ultimate Bearing Capacity
Equations
Terzaghi (1943) – formulated for strip
foundation – modified from Prandlt (early 1920)
According to Terzaghi:
Shallow foundation – ratio between the depth of
embedment (Df) and the width of foundation (B) is
less than 1.
The weight of the soil above the base of foundation
is;
f
D
q g
=
1
<
B
Df
18. By: ANK
EAT314/4 Geotechnical Engineering
Terzaghi’s Ultimate Bearing Capacity
Equations....Cont.
Figure: Derivation of Terzaghi’s Bearing Capacity Equation
B
I
II II
III III
19. By: ANK
EAT314/4 Geotechnical Engineering
Terzaghi’s Ultimate Bearing Capacity
Equations....Cont.
The failure mechanisms of the soil due to
foundation load is defined in three failure
zone:
Zone 1: The triangular active zone ADC
immediately under the foundation.
Zone 2: The Radial shear zones of ADF and CDE.
Zone 3: Two Triangular Rankine Passive zones AFH
and CEG
Note: The weight of the foundation and the soil in
zone 1 will pushed zone 2 to the sides AND zone 3 to
the surface of the soil resulting in the bulge of the
soil surface.
20. By: ANK
EAT314/4 Geotechnical Engineering
Terzaghi’s Ultimate Bearing Capacity
Equations....Cont.
Terzaghi’s assumption:
The angles CAD and ACD is equal to the soil
friction angle, Φ. (that is, α = Φ)
By replacing the weight of the soil above the
foundation base by an equivalent surcharge, q,
the shear resistance of the soil along the failure
surface GI and HJ was neglected.
Remember:
f
D
q g
=
21. By: ANK
EAT314/4 Geotechnical Engineering
Terzaghi’s Ultimate Bearing Capacity
Equations....Cont.
The ultimate bearing capacity equation, qult (kPa)
Q (vertical load causing a general
shear failure of the soil)
qult
Df
Ground surface
B
L
B
Q
Area
Q
q ult
ult
ult
´
=
=
G.W.T
22. By: ANK
EAT314/4 Geotechnical Engineering
Terzaghi’s Ultimate Bearing Capacity
Equations....Cont.
For a uniform vertical loading of a strip footing, Terzaghi
(1943) assumed a general shear failure in order to
develop the ultimate bearing capacity equation:
Where;
c = cohesion of the soil underlying the footing (kPa or kN/m2)
, = unit weight of the soil (kN/m3)
= Distance from the ground surface to the bottom of the
footing (m)
B = width of the footing (m)
L = Length of the footing (m)
γ
q
C
ult γBN
2
1
qN
cN
q +
+
= …..Eq. 1
f
D
g
=
q
f
D
g
24. By: ANK
EAT314/4 Geotechnical Engineering
Terzaghi’s Ultimate Bearing Capacity
Equations....Cont.
If the shape factors were considered, the
equation was modified to;
For square foundation (B x B in size):
….Eq. 2
For circular foundation (Diameter = B):
….Eq. 3
γ
q
C
ult γBN
4
.
0
qN
cN
3
.
1
q +
+
=
γ
q
C
ult γBN
3
.
0
qN
cN
3
.
1
q +
+
=
25. By: ANK
EAT314/4 Geotechnical Engineering
Terzaghi’s Ultimate Bearing Capacity
Equations....Cont.
For foundation that exhibit local shear failure
mode in soils, Terzaghi suggested modification
to Eq. 1 by replacing;
The cohesion c à c’
Where;
The angle of internal friction Φ à Φ’
Where;
c
3
2
c'=
f
f tan
3
2
'
tan =
26. By: ANK
EAT314/4 Geotechnical Engineering
Example #1:
A square footing (2.25 m x 2.25 m) is
placed at depth of 1.5 m in a sand with
the shear strength parameters c’ = 0
and Φ’ = 38˚. Determine the ultimate
bearing capacity of the foundation. The
unit weight of the sand is 18 kN/m3.
Given: Df = 1.5 m
B = 2.25 m
3
kN/m
18
=
g
27. By: ANK
EAT314/4 Geotechnical Engineering
Solution: Example #1
For a square footing on sand; using Eq. 2.
But, the cohesion of sand, c = 0, then
For Φ = 38˚, by using Table 1 (Terzaghi Bearing
Capacity Factors), we get
Nq = 61.5 and Nγ = 82.3
γ
q
C
ult γBN
4
.
0
qN
cN
3
.
1
q +
+
=
γ
q
γ
q
ult γBN
4
.
0
N
γBN
4
.
0
qN
q +
=
+
= f
D
g
28. By: ANK
EAT314/4 Geotechnical Engineering
Solution: Example #1
Then, the ultimate bearing capacity is
2
3
3
ult
γ
q
f
ult
γ
q
ult
kN/m
2993.76
m)(82.3)
)(2.25
kN/m
0.4(18
m)(61.5)
1.5
kN/m
(18
q
γBN
4
.
0
N
D
q
γBN
4
.
0
qN
q
=
+
´
=
+
=
+
=
g
29. By: ANK
EAT314/4 Geotechnical Engineering
Factor of Safety, Fs
Factor of safety, Fs of about 3 or more is
applied to the ultimate soil bearing capacity to
arrive at the value of the allowable bearing
capacity.
There are two basic definition of the allowable
bearing capacity of shallow foundation:
Gross allowable bearing capacity, qall
Net allowable bearing capacity, qult(net)
30. By: ANK
EAT314/4 Geotechnical Engineering
Gross allowable bearing capacity, qall
The gross allowable bearing capacity can be
calculated as
qall is the allowable load (Qall) per unit area to
which the soil under the foundation should be
subjected to avoid any chance of bearing
capacity failure.
Fs
q
q ult
all =
Area
Q
q all
all =
31. By: ANK
EAT314/4 Geotechnical Engineering
Net allowable bearing capacity, qu(net)
The net allowable bearing capacity, qult(net) is
the allowable load per unit area of the
foundation in excess of the existing vertical
effective stress at the level of the foundation.
The vertical effective stress at the foundation
level is equal to .
So, the net ultimate load is
Hence,
f
D
q g
=
q
q
q ult
ult(net) -
=
Fs
γD
q
Fs
q
q
Fs
q
q f
ult
ult
ult(net)
all(net)
-
=
-
=
=
32. By: ANK
EAT314/4 Geotechnical Engineering
Net allowable bearing capacity, qu(net)
In the case of shallow footing – there is no
significant difference in the factor of safety
obtained in terms of net or gross pressure.
The consideration of net pressure is very
important for the case of design of mat or
raft foundation.
33. By: ANK
EAT314/4 Geotechnical Engineering
Example #2:
A strip of wall footing 1 m wide is supported by
a stiff clay layer with undrained shear strength
of 140 kPa. Unit weight of soil is 20 kN/m3.
Depth of footing is 0.6 m. Ground water was
not encountered during subsurface
exploration. Determine the allowable wall
load for a factor of safety 3.
Given: B = 1 m, Df = 0.6 m
= 20 kN/m3
g
34. By: ANK
EAT314/4 Geotechnical Engineering
Solution: Example #2
For strip footing, using Eq. 1
Shear strength parameters: for undrained
condition (fully saturated), Φ = 0˚ and c = 140
kN/m2
By using Table 1 (Terzaghi Bearing Capacity
Factors), for Φ = 0˚, we get
Nc = 5.7, Nq = 1.0 and Nγ = 0.0
γ
q
C
ult γBN
2
1
qN
cN
q +
+
=
35. By: ANK
EAT314/4 Geotechnical Engineering
Solution: Example #2
Thus, the ultimate bearing capacity is
Note: 1 kPa = 1 kN/m2
kN/m
810
1.0)
m
0.6
kN/m
(20
5.7)
kN/m
140
(
0
N
cN
γBN
2
1
qN
cN
q
2
3
2
q
C
γ
q
C
ult
=
´
´
+
´
=
+
+
=
+
+
=
f
D
g
36. By: ANK
EAT314/4 Geotechnical Engineering
Solution: Example #2
With safety factor, FS = 3
The gross allowable bearing capacity is
The allowable wall load,
wall
of
length
m
per
kN
270
m
1
kN/m
270
B
q
Q
2
all
all
=
´
=
´
=
2
2
ult
all kN/m
270
3
kN/m
810
Fs
q
q =
=
=
37. By: ANK
EAT314/4 Geotechnical Engineering
Example #3:
A square footing 1.5 x 1.5 m in plan is placed
at depth of 1 m in a soil with friction angle,
Φ = 20˚ and c = 15.2 kPa. The unit weight of
the soil is 17.8 kN/m3. Determine the allowable
gross load for a factor of safety 3. Assume
general shear failure occurs in the soil.
Given: size: B x L = 1.5 m x 1.5 m,
Df = 1 m
= 17.8 kN/m3
g
38. By: ANK
EAT314/4 Geotechnical Engineering
Solution: Example #3
For square footing, using Eq. 2
Shear strength parameters: Φ = 20˚ and
c = 15.2 kN/m2
By using Table 1 (Terzaghi Bearing Capacity
Factors), for Φ = 20˚, we get
Nc = 17.7, Nq = 7.4 and Nγ = 4.4
γ
q
C
ult γBN
4
.
0
qN
cN
3
.
1
q +
+
=
39. By: ANK
EAT314/4 Geotechnical Engineering
Solution: Example #3
Thus, the ultimate bearing capacity
2
3
3
2
γ
q
C
γ
q
C
ult
kN/m
46
.
528
4.4)
m
1.5
kN/m
17.8
(0.4
7.4)
m
1
kN/m
8
.
17
(
)
7
.
17
kN/m
15.2
1.3
(
γBN
4
.
0
N
cN
3
.
1
γBN
4
.
0
qN
cN
3
.
1
q
=
´
´
´
+
´
´
+
´
´
=
+
+
=
+
+
=
f
D
g
40. By: ANK
EAT314/4 Geotechnical Engineering
Solution: Example #3
With safety factor, FS = 3
The gross allowable load is
( )
kN
396.35
m
1.5
m
1.5
3
kN/m
528.46
footing
the
of
Area
footing
the
of
Area
Q
2
all
=
´
÷
÷
ø
ö
ç
ç
è
æ
=
´
=
´
=
Fs
q
q
ult
all
41. By: ANK
EAT314/4 Geotechnical Engineering
Example #4:
From Example #3, calculate total gross load if
local shear failure occurs in the soil.
Solution:
Find shear strength parameters;
kPa
10.13
kPa)
(15.2
3
2
c
3
2
c' =
=
=
!
!
!
13.6
20
tan
3
2
tan
20
tan
3
2
tan
3
2
'
tan 1
'
=
÷
ø
ö
ç
è
æ
=
®
=
= -
f
f
f
42. By: ANK
EAT314/4 Geotechnical Engineering
Solution: Example #4
For square footing, using Eq. 2
By using Table 1 (Terzaghi Bearing Capacity
Factors), for Φ’ = 14˚, we get
Nc = 12.1, Nq = 4.0 and Nγ = 1.9
γ
q
C
ult γBN
4
.
0
qN
N
c'
3
.
1
q +
+
=
43. By: ANK
EAT314/4 Geotechnical Engineering
Solution: Example #4
Thus, the ultimate bearing capacity
Note: 1 kPa = 1 kN/m2
2
3
3
2
γ
q
C
γ
q
C
ult
kN/m
84
.
250
)
9
.
1
m
1.5
kN/m
17.8
(0.4
)
0
.
4
m
1
kN/m
8
.
17
(
)
1
.
12
kN/m
13
.
0
1
1.3
(
γBN
4
.
0
N
N
c'
3
.
1
γBN
4
.
0
qN
N
c'
3
.
1
q
=
´
´
´
+
´
´
+
´
´
=
+
+
=
+
+
=
f
D
g
44. By: ANK
EAT314/4 Geotechnical Engineering
Solution: Example #4
With safety factor, FS = 3
The gross allowable load is
( )
kN
188.13
m
1.5
m
1.5
3
kN/m
250.84
footing
the
of
Area
footing
the
of
Area
Q
2
all
=
´
÷
÷
ø
ö
ç
ç
è
æ
=
´
=
´
=
Fs
q
q
ult
all
45. By: ANK
EAT314/4 Geotechnical Engineering
Effect of Ground Water Table (GWT)
The presence of ground water table will
influence the bearing capacity of footing.
Groundwater reduces the density of soil due
to buoyancy.
When groundwater is present, the density of
the soil needs to be modified.
Depending on the position of water table,
the second and third terms in the bearing
capacity equation (Eq. 1 à Eq. 3) may
require modification.
46. By: ANK
EAT314/4 Geotechnical Engineering
Effect of Ground Water Table (GWT)
The effect of groundwater table can be categorized
into four conditions;
Case 1:
GWT at the ground surface (Fully submerged)
Case 2:
GWT above foundation base
Case 3:
GWT at the foundation base
Case 4:
GWT at a depth D below the foundation base.
47. By: ANK
EAT314/4 Geotechnical Engineering
Case 1: GWT at the ground surface
If the groundwater table is located
at the soil surface, then,
The magnitude of q in the second
term of the bearing capacity
equation should be calculated as;
Where,
The unit weight of soil, in the
second and third term of the
bearing capacity equations should
be replaced by .
w
sat g
g
g -
=
' = effective unit weight of soil
D
q '
g
=
g
'
g
Note:
w
g
gsat = saturated unit weight of soil
= unit weight of water
3
kN/m
9.81
=
Df = D
GL GWT
sat
g
48. By: ANK
EAT314/4 Geotechnical Engineering
Case 2: GWT above foundation base
If groundwater table is located at
a distance D above the bottom
of the foundation,
The magnitude of q in the second
term of the bearing capacity
equation should be calculated
as;
Where,
w
sat g
g
g -
=
' = effective unit weight of soil
( ) D
D
D
q f '
g
g +
-
=
g
'
g
§ The unit weight of soil, in the third term of the bearing capacity
equations should be replaced by .
GWT
g
sat
g
GL
49. By: ANK
EAT314/4 Geotechnical Engineering
Case 3: GWT at the foundation base
If the groundwater table is at
the bottom of the foundation,
The magnitude of q in the
second term of the bearing
capacity equation is equal
to;
However, the unit weight of
soil, in the third term of the
bearing capacity equations
should be replaced by .
f
D
q g
=
g
'
g
GL
GWT
g
sat
g
50. By: ANK
EAT314/4 Geotechnical Engineering
Case 4: GWT at a depth D below the
foundation base.
When the groundwater table is at a
depth D below the bottom of the
foundation,
The magnitude of q in the second
term of the bearing capacity
equation is equal to;
The magnitude of in the third term
of the bearing capacity equations
should be replaced by .
f
D
q g
=
( )
[ ] ( )
( )
B
D
For
B
D
For
'
1
>
=
£
-
+
=
g
g
g
g
g
av
av D
B
D
B
g
av
g
GL
GWT
g
sat
g
51. By: ANK
EAT314/4 Geotechnical Engineering
Example #5:
A square footing (2.25 m x 2.25 m) is placed at
depth of 1.5 m in a sand with the shear
strength parameters c’ = 0 and Φ’ = 38˚.
Determine the ultimate bearing capacity of
the foundation if water table exists at the
ground surface. The unit weight of the sand is
18 kN/m3 and the saturated unit weight of the
sand is 20 kN/m3.
Given: Df = 1.5 m
B = 2.25 m
53. By: ANK
EAT314/4 Geotechnical Engineering
Solution: Example #5
For a square footing on sand; using Eq. 2.
But, the cohesion of sand, c = 0, and the groundwater
table exist at the ground surface, then Eq. 2 was
modified to,
Where, assumed , then
γ
q
C
ult γBN
4
.
0
qN
cN
3
.
1
q +
+
=
γ
q
ult BN
γ'
4
.
0
N
'
q +
= D
g
3
3
kN/m
19
.
10
kN/m
)
81
.
9
20
(
'
=
-
=
-
= w
sat g
g
g
3
kN/m
81
.
9
=
w
g
54. By: ANK
EAT314/4 Geotechnical Engineering
Solution: Example #5
For Φ = 38˚, by using Table 1 (Terzaghi Bearing
Capacity Factors), we get
Nq = 61.5 and Nγ = 82.3
Then, the ultimate bearing capacity is
2
3
3
ult
γ
q
ult
kN/m
1694.8
m)(82.3)
)(2.25
kN/m
0.4(10.19
m)(61.5)
1.5
kN/m
(10.19
q
BN
γ'
4
.
0
DN
'
q
=
+
´
=
+
= g
55. By: ANK
EAT314/4 Geotechnical Engineering
General Bearing Capacity Equation
After the development of Terzaghi’s bearing
capacity equation, several investigators
worked in this area and refined the solution.
For examples; Meyerhoff (1951, 1963), Hansen
(1961) and etc.
Meyerhoff argued that bearing capacity of
foundation is not only affected by the shape
of foundation but by others factors as well.
56. By: ANK
EAT314/4 Geotechnical Engineering
General Bearing Capacity Equation
The soil-bearing capacity equation for a strip
footing given in (Eq. 1) can be modified for general
use by incorporating the following factors:
Shape factor: to determine the bearing
capacity of rectangular and circular footings.
Depth factor: to account for the shearing
resistance developed along the failure surface in
soil above the bottom of the footing.
Inclination factor: To determine the bearing
capacity of a footing on which the direction of
load application is inclined at a certain angle to
the vertical.
57. By: ANK
EAT314/4 Geotechnical Engineering
General Bearing Capacity Equation
Meyerhoff (1951,1963) was modified the general
bearing capacity formula to account all the factors as
follows;
Where;
s = the shape factor,
d = the depth factor,
i = the load inclination factor, and
B and L = the dimension of footing
g
g
g
g
g i
d
s
BN
i
d
s
qN
i
d
s
cN
BL
Q
q
q
q
q
c
c
c
C
2
1
qult +
+
=
=
Nc, Nq and Nγ = Bearing capacity factors Table 2 (Meyerhoff and
Brinch & Hansen)
58. By: ANK
EAT314/4 Geotechnical Engineering
Shape factors (De Beer, 1970)
Shape factors for rectangular footing:
(B = width of footing, L = length of footing)
÷
ø
ö
ç
è
æ
-
=
÷
ø
ö
ç
è
æ
+
=
÷
÷
ø
ö
ç
ç
è
æ
÷
ø
ö
ç
è
æ
+
=
L
B
4
.
0
1
tan
L
B
1
s
N
N
L
B
1
s
q
c
q
c
g
f
s
59. By: ANK
EAT314/4 Geotechnical Engineering
Shape factors (De Beer, 1970)
Shape factors for square and circular
footing:
÷
÷
ø
ö
ç
ç
è
æ
+
=
c
q
c
N
N
1
s
6
.
0
=
g
s
f
tan
1
sq +
=
60. By: ANK
EAT314/4 Geotechnical Engineering
Example #6
A foundation is designed on a soil with
and .
The shear strength parameters of the soil are,
c = 80 kPa and Φ = 15˚. The depth of
embedment is 1.2 m and the size of
foundation is 1.5 x 2 m. Determine the ultimate
bearing capacity of the foundation and the
allowable load if factor of safety is 3.
3
kN/m
16.8
=
b
g 3
kN/m
17.6
=
sat
g
61. By: ANK
EAT314/4 Geotechnical Engineering
Solution: Example #6
Given:
Df = 1.2 m, B = 1.5 m, L = 2 m
Use general bearing capacity equation;
From Table 2 (Meyerhoff Bearing Capacity
Factors); for Φ = 15˚, we get
Nc = 10.98, Nq = 3.94 and Nγ = 1.13
g
g
g
g s
BN
s
N
D
s
cN q
q
f
c
C
2
1
qult +
+
=
62. By: ANK
EAT314/4 Geotechnical Engineering
Solution: Example #6
Calculate the shape factors;
7
.
0
m
2
m
1.5
4
.
0
1
L
B
4
.
0
1
2
.
1
15
tan
m
2
m
1.5
1
tan
L
B
1
s
27
.
1
10.98
3.94
m
2
m
1.5
1
N
N
L
B
1
s
q
c
q
c
=
÷
ø
ö
ç
è
æ
-
=
÷
ø
ö
ç
è
æ
-
=
=
÷
ø
ö
ç
è
æ
+
=
÷
ø
ö
ç
è
æ
+
=
=
÷
ø
ö
ç
è
æ
÷
ø
ö
ç
è
æ
+
=
÷
÷
ø
ö
ç
ç
è
æ
÷
ø
ö
ç
è
æ
+
=
g
f
s
!
63. By: ANK
EAT314/4 Geotechnical Engineering
Solution: Example #6
Use, (There are no groundwater effect)
Then, the ultimate bearing capacity is
2
3
3
2
ult
kN/m
85
.
1220
7
.
0
13
.
1
m
5
.
1
kN/m
8
.
16
2
1
)
2
.
1
3.94
m
1.2
kN/m
8
.
16
(
)
27
.
1
98
.
10
kN/m
(80
2
1
q
=
÷
ø
ö
ç
è
æ
´
´
´
´
+
´
´
´
+
´
´
=
+
+
= g
g
g
g s
BN
s
N
D
s
cN q
q
f
c
C
3
kN/m
16.8
=
b
g
64. By: ANK
EAT314/4 Geotechnical Engineering
Solution: Example #6
With safety factor, Fs = 3
The allowable load is
( )
kN
1220.85
m
2
m
1.5
3
kN/m
1220.85
footing
the
of
Area
footing
the
of
Area
Q
2
all
=
´
÷
÷
ø
ö
ç
ç
è
æ
=
´
=
´
=
Fs
q
q
ult
all
65. By: ANK
EAT314/4 Geotechnical Engineering
Depth factors (Hansen, 1970)
The depth of embedment influences the shear
strength at failure plane.
This factor can be neglected if the soil above
foundation base is not stable or not compacted.
( )
1
d
sin
1
tan
B
D
2
1
d
B
D
0.4
1
d
γ
2
f
q
f
c
=
-
÷
ø
ö
ç
è
æ
+
=
÷
ø
ö
ç
è
æ
+
=
f
f
:
1
For £
B
Df
66. By: ANK
EAT314/4 Geotechnical Engineering
Depth factors (Hansen, 1970)
( )
1
d
B
D
tan
sin
1
tan
2
1
d
B
D
tan
0.4
1
d
γ
f
1
2
q
f
1
-
c
=
÷
ø
ö
ç
è
æ
-
+
=
÷
ø
ö
ç
è
æ
+
=
-
f
f
:
1
For >
B
Df
67. By: ANK
EAT314/4 Geotechnical Engineering
Example #7:
Do Example #6 by taking into account the depth
factor.
Solution:
Use general bearing capacity equation;
From Table 2 (Meyerhoff Bearing Capacity Factors);
for Φ = 15˚, we get
Nc = 10.98, Nq = 3.94 and Nγ = 1.13
g
g
g
g
g d
s
BN
d
s
N
D
d
s
cN q
q
q
f
c
c
C
2
1
qult +
+
=
68. By: ANK
EAT314/4 Geotechnical Engineering
Solution: Example #7
Shape factor;
Depth factor;
7
.
0
s
,
2
.
1
s
,
27
.
1
s γ
q
c =
=
=
1
8
.
0
m
5
.
1
B
m;
1.2
Df <
=
®
=
=
B
Df
( )
( )
( ) ( )
1
d
24
.
1
15
sin
1
15
tan
8
.
0
2
1
sin
1
tan
B
D
2
1
d
32
.
1
8
.
0
0.4
1
B
D
0.4
1
d
γ
2
2
f
q
f
c
=
=
-
+
=
-
÷
ø
ö
ç
è
æ
+
=
=
+
=
÷
ø
ö
ç
è
æ
+
=
!
!
f
f
69. By: ANK
EAT314/4 Geotechnical Engineering
Solution: Example #7
Then, the ultimate bearing capacity is
2
3
3
2
ult
kN/m
1600.71
1
7
.
0
13
.
1
m
5
.
1
kN/m
8
.
16
2
1
)
24
.
1
2
.
1
3.94
m
1.2
kN/m
8
.
16
(
)
32
.
1
27
.
1
98
.
10
kN/m
(80
2
1
q
=
÷
ø
ö
ç
è
æ
´
´
´
´
´
+
´
´
´
´
+
´
´
´
=
+
+
= g
g
g
g
g d
s
BN
d
s
N
D
d
s
cN q
q
q
f
c
c
C
70. By: ANK
EAT314/4 Geotechnical Engineering
Solution: Example #7
With safety factor, Fs = 3
The allowable load is
( )
kN
1600.71
m
2
m
1.5
3
kN/m
1600.71
footing
the
of
Area
footing
the
of
Area
Q
2
all
=
´
÷
÷
ø
ö
ç
ç
è
æ
=
´
=
´
=
Fs
q
q
ult
all
71. By: ANK
EAT314/4 Geotechnical Engineering
Inclination Factor
Footing may be subjected to inclined load.
The effect of load inclination is proposed by
Meyerhoff (1963) and Hanna and Meyerhoff (1981).
Where, is the angle of loading with vertical axis
2
γ
2
q
c
1
i
90
1
i
i
÷
÷
ø
ö
ç
ç
è
æ
-
=
÷
ø
ö
ç
è
æ
-
=
=
f
a
a
Q (Load)
a
f
D
B
a
72. By: ANK
EAT314/4 Geotechnical Engineering
Example #8:
A foundation of size 2 x 2 m carrying a column
load that form an angle of 10˚ to the vertical.
The depth of the foundation is 2 m. The
internal friction angle is 34˚ and the unit weight
of the soil is 20.8 kN/m3. Find the allowable
column load for a factor of safety 4.
Given: Df = 2 m
B = L = 2 m
3
kN/m
20.8
=
g
73. By: ANK
EAT314/4 Geotechnical Engineering
Solution: Example #8
For c = 0 then,
The general bearing capacity equation;
From Table 2 (Meyerhoff Bearing Capacity Factors);
for Φ = 34˚, we get
Nq = 29.44 and Nγ = 31.15
g
g
g
g
g
g i
d
s
BN
i
d
s
N
D
i
d
s
cN q
q
q
q
f
c
c
c
C
2
1
qult +
+
=
0
74. By: ANK
EAT314/4 Geotechnical Engineering
Solution: Example #8
For square footing; shape factor
Inclination factors:
6
.
0
=
g
s
67
.
1
34
tan
1
tan
1
sq =
+
=
+
= !
f
Q (Load)
!
10
=
a
m
2
=
f
D
2 x 2 m
50
.
0
34
10
1
1
i
79
.
0
90
10
1
90
1
i
2
2
γ
2
2
q
=
÷
ø
ö
ç
è
æ
-
=
÷
÷
ø
ö
ç
ç
è
æ
-
=
=
÷
ø
ö
ç
è
æ
-
=
÷
ø
ö
ç
è
æ
-
=
f
a
a
75. By: ANK
EAT314/4 Geotechnical Engineering
Solution: Example #8
For depth factors:
1
1
m
2
B
m;
2
Df £
=
®
=
=
B
Df
( )
( ) ( )
1
d
26
.
1
34
sin
1
34
tan
1
2
1
sin
1
tan
B
D
2
1
d
γ
2
2
f
q
=
=
-
+
=
-
÷
ø
ö
ç
è
æ
+
=
!
!
f
f
76. By: ANK
EAT314/4 Geotechnical Engineering
Solution: Example #8
Then, the ultimate bearing capacity is
2
3
3
ult
kN/m
2230.22
50
.
0
1
6
.
0
15
.
31
m
2
kN/m
8
.
20
2
1
)
79
.
0
26
.
1
67
.
1
29.44
m
2
kN/m
8
.
20
(
2
1
q
=
÷
ø
ö
ç
è
æ
´
´
´
´
´
´
+
´
´
´
´
´
=
+
= g
g
g
g
g
g i
d
s
BN
i
d
s
N
D q
q
q
q
f
77. By: ANK
EAT314/4 Geotechnical Engineering
Solution: Example #8
With safety factor, Fs = 4
The allowable load is
( )
kN
2230.22
m
2
m
2
4
kN/m
2230.22
footing
the
of
Area
footing
the
of
Area
Q
2
all
=
´
÷
÷
ø
ö
ç
ç
è
æ
=
´
=
´
=
Fs
q
q
ult
all