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IM – 7 | 1
CHAPTER
7 DEVIANCE, CRIME, AND
SOCIAL CONTROL
CHAPTER OUTLINE
MODULE 23: SOCIAL CONTROL
Conformity and Obedience
Informal and Formal Social Control
Law and Society
MODULE 24: WHAT IS
DEVIANCE?
Deviance and Social Stigma
Deviance and Technology
Sociological Perspectives on Deviance
MODULE 25: CRIME
Types of Crime
Crime Statistics
Boxes
Sociology on Campus: Binge Drinking
Trendspotting: Incarceration Nation
Research Today: Does Crime Pay?
Sociology on Campus: Campus Crime
Taking Sociology to Work: Stephanie
Vezzani, Special Agent, U.S. Secret
Service
Social Policy and Social Control: The
Death Penalty in the United States and
Worldwide

IM – 7 | 2
LEARNING OBJECTIVES WHAT’S NEW IN CHAPTER 7
1. Define and discuss the elements of social
control.
2. Discuss the classic Milgram experiment and
its implications for obedience and
conformity.
3. Discuss what is meant by informal and
formal social control.
4. Define deviance and social stigma.
5. Discuss the various functionalist concepts
and views explaining deviance.
6. Discuss the various interactionist concepts
and views explaining deviance.
7. Discuss the explanations of deviance from
the conflict and feminist perspectives.
8. Describe the various types of crime.
9. Discuss the nature and extent of crime in the
United States.
Module 25: Crime
• Subsection on hate crime, with figure,
“Categorization of Reported Hate
Crimes”
• Reorganized section on crime statistics,
with subsections on (a) index crimes and
victimization surveys, (b) crime trends,
and (c) international crime rates.
• Social Policy section on the death
penalty, with Mapping Life Worldwide
map, “Death Penalty Status by Country”
CHAPTER SUMMARY
The term social control refers to techniques and strategies for preventing deviant human behavior. Social
control occurs in families, peer groups, and bureaucratic organizations. Members of society are expected
to act in accordance with social norms. Sanctions, which may be either penalties or rewards, help to
induce behavior consistent with social norms.
Conformity is defined as going along with one’s peers even though they have no special right to direct
our behavior. Obedience is defined as compliance with higher authorities in a hierarchal structure. Social
controls may occur casually and informally through such means as smiles, laughter, and ridicule.
Authorized agents, such as police officers, physicians, school administrators, employers, and military
officers, carry out formal social control. Law is defined as governmental social control and reflects
continually changing standards of what is right and wrong.
Sociologists define deviance as behavior that violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group
or society. Deviance involves the violations of group norms that may or may not be formalized into law.
It is a comprehensive concept that includes not only criminal behavior, but also many actions not subject
to prosecution. Deviance can be understood only within its social context. The term stigma was coined by
Erving Goffman to describe the labels society uses to devalue the members of certain social groups.
People are often stigmatized for deviant behaviors they may no longer engage in.

IM – 7 | 3
According to the functionalist view, deviance is a normal part of human existence. Functionalists suggest
that deviance helps to define the limits of proper behavior. Robert Merton adapted Émile Durkheim’s
notion of anomie to explain why people accept or reject the goals of a society. Merton’s theory posits five
basic forms of adaptations: (1) conformity, (2) innovation, (3) ritualism, (4) retreatism, and (5) rebellion.
Merton’s anomie theory, though popular, has had relatively few applications.
The interactionist perspective is reflected in theories based on cultural transmission, social
disorganization, and labeling. Cultural transmission, associated with criminologist Edwin Sutherland,
suggests that criminal behavior is learned through interactions with others. He used the term differential
association to describe the process through which exposure to attitudes favorable to criminal acts leads to
violation of rules. Social disorganization theory suggests that deviance increases when communal
relationships in neighborhoods and social networks are weakened or absent. Labeling theory emphasizes
how a person comes to be labeled as deviant or to accept the label. Labeling theory is also referred to as
the societal-reaction approach. The popularity of labeling theory is evident in the emergence of the social
constructionist perspective, which purports that deviance is the product of the culture in which we live.
Social constructionists focus on the decision-making process that creates the deviant identity.
The conflict view of deviance suggests that people with power protect their own interests and define
deviance to suit their own needs. Relating to differential justice, Richard Quinney argues that lawmaking
is often an attempt by the powerful to coerce others into their own brand of morality. Akin to the roots of
conflict theory, the feminist perspective suggests that deviance, including crime, tends to flow from
economic relationships. Feminists suggest that cultural views and attitudes toward women influence how
women are perceived and labeled.
Crime represents a deviation from formal social norms administered by the state. Types of crime include
professional crime, organized crime, white-collar and technology-based crime, corporate crime,
transnational crime, and victimless crime. There has been a significant decline in violent crime in the
United States. The accuracy of measuring crime and tabulating crime statistics varies widely. The
National Crime Victimization Survey was initiated in 1972 to question ordinary people about crime
victimization.
RESOURCE INTEGRATOR
Focus Questions Resources
1. What are the various
means of social control?
IN THE TEXT
Key Terms: social control, sanctions, conformity, obedience, informal
social control, formal social control, law, control theory
Boxes: Sociology on Campus: Binge Drinking
IN THE INSTRUCTOR’S MANUAL
Additional Lecture Ideas: Ethical Implications of Milgram’s Research
(7-1); Social Control on the Streets (7-2)
Classroom Discussion Topics: Group Pressure (7-2); The Power of
Authority (7-3); Field Trip to Prison (7-4); Public Opinion on Death
Penalty (7-9)

IM – 7 | 4
Student Research and Assignments: Obedience—Another Look;
Labeling of People with AIDS; Labeling; Community Crime Watch
Video Resources: Asylum; Bowling for Columbine; Death Devices;
Deviance and Social Control; Obedience to Authority
REEL SOCIETY VIDEO
Topic Index: Conformity; Sanctions
2. How do sociologists
define deviance?
IN THE TEXT
Key Terms: deviance, stigma
Additional Lecture Ideas: Deviance or Sport (7-3); Primary and
Secondary Deviance (7-4)
Classroom Discussion Topics: Wallbangin (7-1); Conversing with
Deviants (7-5); Deviance Is in the Eye of the Beholder (7-6); Which Acts
are Deviant? (7-7); Positive Deviance (7-8)
Student Research and Assignments: Labeling of People with AIDS;
Labeling
Video Resources: Deviance
REEL SOCIETY VIDEO
Topic Index: Deviance
3. How do functionalists,
conflict theorists,
feminists, and
interactionists explain
deviance?
IN THE TEXT
Key Terms: anomie, anomie theory of deviance, cultural transmission,
differential association, social disorganization theory, labeling theory,
societal-reaction approach, social constructionist perspective, differential
justice
Boxes: Research Today: Does Crime Pay?
Additional Lecture Ideas: Discretionary Justice (7-5); Controversies
about Campus Crime (7-6); Being a Hit Man (7-7)
Classroom Discussion Topics: Wallbangin (7-1); Conversing with
Deviants (7-5); Deviance Is in the Eye of the Beholder (7-6); Which Acts
Are Deviant? (7-7); Positive Deviance (7-8)
Student Research and Assignments: Labeling of People with AIDS;
Labeling; Crime and Violence within the Hispanic Community; Blacks in
Prisons; Race and Criminology; Rape Education Videos; White-Collar
Crime
Video Resources: Bowling for Columbine; Cops on Trial; Deadline; Race
on Trial
REEL SOCIETY VIDEO
Topic Index: Anomie Theory of Deviance

IM – 7 | 5
4. What are the different
types of crime?
IN THE TEXT
Key Terms: crime, index crime, victimless crime, professional criminal,
organized crime, white-collar crime, transnational crime, victimless crime
Boxes: Sociology on Campus: Campus Crime
Additional Lecture Ideas: Controversies about Campus Crime (7-6);
Being a Hit Man (7-7)
Classroom Discussion Topics: Violent Juveniles (7-10); Ranking Crimes
(7-11); Teaching about Sexual Assault (7-12); Campus Crime Statistics
(7-13)
Student Research and Assignments: White-Collar Crime
Video Resources: State-Sponsored Terrorism; Terrorism; The Tarnished
Shield
5. What are the major trends
in crime statistics?
IN THE TEXT
Key Terms: victimization survey
Boxes: Taking Sociology to Work: Stephanie Vezzani: Special Agent, US
Secret Service
Classroom Discussion Topics: Campus Crime Statistics (7-13)
Topics and Sources for Student Research: U.S. Department of Justice
LECTURE OUTLINE
I. Social Control
• Social control refers to the techniques and strategies for preventing deviant human behavior in
any society.
• Family and peers socialize individuals to social norms. Example: Dress codes mandate specific
forms of dress for persons of different ages, social classes, etc.
• Government legislates and enforces social norms.
• Sanctions are penalties and rewards for conduct concerning a social norm.
• Functionalists contend that people must respect social norms for society to function. By
contrast, conflict theorists maintain that the functioning of society benefits the powerful and
that social norms reflect the interests of the dominant class.
A. Conformity and Obedience
• Stanley Milgram defined conformity as going along with peers who have no particular right
to direct our behavior. Milgram defined obedience as compliance with higher authorities in
a hierarchal structure. Example: A military recruit who must follow the orders given by his
or her commander.

IM – 7 | 6
• In some circumstances, conformity and, especially, obedience can cause immense damage.
Example: Milgram’s electric shock experiment: “Behavior that is unthinkable in an
individual…acting on his own may be executed without hesitation when carried out under
orders.”
B. Informal and Formal Social Control
• Informal social control is carried out casually by ordinary people through such means as
laughter, smiles, and ridicule. Example: Parents may use spanking or verbal reprimands as
punishment.
• Formal social control is carried out by authorized agents, such as police officers, judges,
school administrators, and employers. Example: Imprisonment, speeding tickets, the death
penalty.
C. Law and Society
• Law is defined as governmental social control.
• Some laws are directed at all members of society. Example: Laws prohibiting murder.
Some laws affect particular categories of people. Example: Hunting and fishing
regulations. Others govern social institutions. Example: Corporate laws.
• Creation of law is a social process in response to perceived needs for formal social control.
Example: Laws against gay marriage; laws against prostitution.
• Hirschi’s control theory suggests that our connection to members of society leads us to
systematically conform to society’s norms.
II. Deviance
A. What Is Deviance?
• Deviance is defined as behavior that violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a
group or society. Examples: Criminals, alcoholics, compulsive gamblers, and the mentally
ill.
• Deviance involves violation of group norms.
• Deviance is not always negative. Example: Whistle blowers.
• Deviance is subject to social definition within a particular society and at a particular time.
1. Deviance and Social Stigma
• Erving Goffman coined the term stigma to refer to a label used to devalue members of
certain social groups. Example: Redheads or short people.
• People may be stigmatized for past behaviors. Examples: Ex-con, recovering alcoholic.
2. Deviance and Technology
• Some socially tolerated forms of deviance can be found in the world of high
technology.
• Anonymity of the Internet allows for uncivil behaviors. Example: Hate speech.
• Some deviant uses of technology are criminal. Examples: Software piracy and other
black-market activities such as the possession or distribution of child pornography.
B. Explaining Deviance
• Early explanations centered on supernatural or genetic factors.
• Sociologists reject any emphasis on genetic roots of crime and deviance.
1. Functionalist Perspective
• Deviance is a common part of human existence.

IM – 7 | 7
a. Durkheim’s Legacy
• Durkheim viewed social control mechanisms as necessary to define acceptable
behavior and contribute to social stability. Introduced the term anomie to
describe a feeling one experiences when losing direction in society. Example:
During periods of profound social change such as during the Industrial
Revolution.
• Kai Erikson’s study of Puritans illustrated boundary-maintenance functions of
deviance.
b. Merton’s Theory of Deviance
• Adapted Durkheim’s notion of anomie to explain why people accept or reject
the goals of society, and/or the socially approved means for fulfilling their
aspirations.
• People adapt in certain ways by either conforming to or deviating from cultural
expectations.
• Merton’s anomie theory of deviance posits five basic forms of adaptation. See
Table 7-1.
• Merton’s theory has had relatively few applications.
2. Interactionist Perspective
• Emphasis on everyday behavior that is the focus of the interactionist perspective offers
two explanations of crime: cultural transmission theory and routine activities theory.
a. Cultural Transmission
• Humans learn how to behave in social situations.
• Edwin Sutherland’s differential association describes the process through
which exposure to attitudes favorable to criminal acts leads to violation of
rules.
• Whether a person engages in an activity deemed proper or improper depends
on frequency, duration, and importance of two types of social interaction (those
endorsing deviant behavior and those promoting acceptance of social norms).
People are more apt to engage in norm-defying behavior if they belong to a
group or subculture that stresses deviant values (e.g., a street gang).
• Critics charge Sutherland’s theory fails to explain first-time, impulsive
deviance.
b. Social Disorganization Theory
• Contends that deviance and crime increase due to a breakdown in or
absence of communal relationships and other social institutions such as
the family, school, church, and local government. Example: Higher rates
of social problems in areas with declining population and deteriorating
buildings.
• The theory does not account for viable, healthy organizations that persist
in many troubled neighborhoods and appears to “blame the victim.”
c. Labeling Theory
• Seeks to explain why certain people are viewed as deviant, while others
engaging in the same behavior are not. Example: Chambliss study of the Saints
and Roughnecks.

IM – 7 | 8
• Also called the societal-reaction approach. It is the response to an act, not the
behavior itself, that determines deviance. Example: Assigning a “trouble-
maker” to a program for the learning disabled; labeling someone an “addict,”
or a “slow learner.”
• Labeling theory focuses on regulatory agents (police, probation officers,
psychiatrists, judges, teachers, etc.), who play a significant role in creating the
deviant identity by designating certain people as deviant. Example: Racial
profiling; laws which designate certain persons as “illegal” (i.e., laws
regulating undocumented citizens).
• Labeling does not fully explain why some people accept a label and
others do not.
• Labeling theory influenced the emergence of the social constructionist
perspective, which suggests deviance is the product of the culture we live in.
Examples: Being a “deadbeat dad” or a “single mother.”
3. Conflict Theory
• People with power protect their own interests and define deviance to suit their own
needs.
• Richard Quinney suggests the criminal justice system serves the interests of the
powerful. Lawmaking is an attempt by the powerful to coerce others into their own
morality. Example: Victimless crimes.
• Differential justice: Conflict theory suggests criminal suspects are treated differently on
the basis of race, ethnicity, or social class. African Americans and Latinos are at a
disadvantage in the justice system, both as juveniles and as adults. See Social Policy
Section on application of the death penalty.
• Differential justice may lead to increased violence and crime, as those who view
themselves as victims of unfair treatment strike out, not against the powerful so much
as against fellow victims.
4. Feminist Perspective
• Some suggest that existing approaches to deviance and crime developed with only men
in mind. Example: Earlier legal views on spousal rape, reflecting overwhelming male
composition of state legislatures at the time.
• Society tends to treat women in a stereotypical fashion. Cultural views and attitudes
toward women influence how they are perceived and labeled. Example: Women with
numerous/frequent sexual partners are subjected to greater scorn than promiscuous
men.
• Deviance, including crime, flows from economic relationships. Example:
Traditionally, men have greater opportunity to commit crimes such as embezzlement
and fraud.
• As women assume more active and powerful roles, gender differences in deviance and
crime are narrowing.
III. Crime
• Crime is a violation of criminal law for which some governmental authority applies formal penalties.
• Index crimes are the eight types of crime that are tabulated each year by the FBI. They include murder, rape, robbery, and assault
(all of which are violent crimes committed against people) and property crimes of burglary, theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson.
A. Types of Crime

IM – 7 | 9
1. Victimless Crimes
• The willing exchange among adults of widely desired, but illegal, goods and services.
Examples: Prostitution, drug abuse, gambling.
• Proponents of decriminalization are troubled by attempts to legislate a moral code for
adults. These crimes are impossible to prevent, and an overburdened criminal justice
system should concentrate on offenses with real victims.
• Critics of decriminalization object to the notion that these crimes are “victimless.”
Examples: Over-drinking, compulsive gambling, and illegal drugs cause personal and
property damage. Prostitution reinforces idea that women are “toys” or objects to be
used for men’s pleasure. Alcohol and drug abuse can lead to drunk driving, etc.
2. Professional Crime
• Professional criminal (career criminal) is a person who pursues crime as a day-to-day
occupation. Example: Burglary or safecracking.
• They devote their entire working time to planning and executing crimes. They develop
skilled techniques and enjoy a certain degree of status among other criminals.
• Edward Sutherland (1937) offered pioneering insights into behavior of professional
criminals by publishing an annotated account written by a professional thief.
3. Organized Crime
• The work of a group that regulates relations between various criminal enterprises
involved in illegal activities, including smuggling and sale of illegal drugs, prostitution,
and gambling.
• Organized crime is a secret activity that evades law enforcement. It takes over
legitimate business, gains influence over labor unions, corrupts public officials,
intimidates witnesses, and taxes merchants for protection services.
• The global nature of organized crime can be found in the acts of transnational
organized crime affiliates, whose criminal activities include drug and arms smuggling,
money laundering, and trafficking in illegal immigrants and stolen goods.
4. White-Collar and Technology-Based Crime
• White-collar crime: illegal acts committed in the course of business activities by
affluent, “respectable” people. Examples: Income tax evasion, embezzlement, bribery.
• Edwin Sutherland coined the term white-collar crime in 1939 in reference to
individuals. The term has been broadened to include offenses by businesses and
corporations.
• Corporate crime is any criminal act by a corporation that is punishable by the
government. It takes many forms and includes individuals, organizations, and
institutions among its victims. Examples: Stock fraud and manipulation, accounting
fraud, production of unsafe goods, environmental pollution, anticompetitive behavior,
public health violations, and bribery and corruption.
• Computer crime: High technology allows criminals to carry out embezzlement or
electronic fraud, often leaving few traces. A 2009 study by the FBI White Collar
Crime Center found over 270,000 Internet crimes are reported every year.
• Convictions for such illegal acts do not generally harm a person’s reputation, status, or
career aspirations as much as conviction for a street crime.
5. Transnational Crime

IM – 7 | 10
• Crime that occurs across multiple national borders. Rather than concentrating on
specific countries, international crime spans the globe. Examples: terrorism, trafficking
in human beings (includes sex trade), trafficking in endangered species, drugs, and
stolen art/antiquities. See Table 7-3 for types of transnational crime.
• Not exclusive of other types of crime. Organized criminal networks are increasingly
global. Technology facilitates illegal activities. Example: child pornography.
B. Crime Statistics
• Crime statistics are not as accurate or reliable as social scientists would like.
1. Understanding Crime Statistics
a. Crime Rates
• There has been a significant decline in violent crime nationwide. Some suggest as
the reasons for the decline: a booming economy, community-oriented policing, gun
control laws, and an increase in the prison population.
• The proportion of major crimes committed by women has increased. Feminist
scholars draw our attention to one significant countertrend: the proportion of
major crimes committed by women has increased. However, violent crimes
committed by women, which have never been common, have declined.
b. Measuring Crime Rates
• Measuring of crime rates is conducted several ways.
• Crime Index: published annually by the FBI as part of the Uniform Crime Reports:
includes statistics on murder, rape, robbery, assault, burglary, larceny-theft, motor
vehicle theft, and arson. Disproportionately devoted to property crimes.
• Limitation of official crime statistics: They include only crimes actually reported to
law enforcement agencies.
• National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS). Initiated in 1972, it is an annual
report compiled by the Bureau of Justice Statistics. Based on interviews of over
84,000 U.S. households, asking ordinary people whether they were victims of
specific crimes during the preceding year.
2. International Crime Rates
• Violent crime rates are higher in the United States than in Western Europe. U.S. may
place a greater individual emphasis on economic achievement. And, culture of the U.S.
has long tolerated many forms of violence.
• England, Italy, Australia, and New Zealand have higher rates of car theft.
• Russia has experienced an increase in violent crime since the overthrow of the
Communist party rule.
IV. Social Policy and Social Control: The Death Penalty in the United States and Worldwide
A. The Issue
• Questions surrounding the death penalty, from supporters of capital punishment and critics,
include: How can the government prevent the execution of innocent men and women? Is it right
to resort to a punishment that imitates the crime it seeks to condemn? Is life in prison enough of a
punishment for a truly heinous crime?
B. The Setting

IM – 7 | 11
• Today, the death penalty is still on the books in most states in the U.S. In other parts
of the world, serious thought has been given to the ethical implications of the ultimate
penalty. As of late 2010, 95 nations had renounced capital punishment, and many
more use it only sparingly, if at all. Different sociological theories approach the issue
in different ways.
C. Sociological Insights
1. Functionalist Perspectice
o Viewed from Émile Durkheim’s functionalist perspective, sanctions against
deviant acts help to reinforce society’s standards of proper behavior.
Supporters of capital punishment insist that fear of execution will prevent at
least some criminals from committing serious offenses
2. Conflict Perspective
o Conflict theorists counter that the persistence of social inequality in today’s society
puts poor people at a disadvantage in the criminal justice system
D. Policy Implications
• Recently, policy initiatives have moved in two different directions.In several death penalty
states, legislators are considering broadening the range of offenses for which convicted
criminals may be sentenced to execution. In these states, child molesters who did not murder
their victims could become eligible for the death penalty, along with certain repeat offenders.
The countertrend, a movement away from the death penalty, is based on doubts about
whether an execution can be carried out humanely.
KEY TERMS
Anomie Durkheim’s term for the loss of direction felt in a society when social control of individual
behavior has become ineffective.
Anomie theory of deviance Robert Merton’s theory of deviance as an adaptation of socially prescribed
goals or of the means governing their attainment, or both.
Conformity Going along with one’s peers—individuals of our own status who have no special right to
direct our behavior.
Control theory A view of conformity and deviance that suggests that our connection to members of
society leads us to systematically conform to society’s norms.
Crime A violation of criminal law for which some governmental authority applies formal penalties.
Cultural transmission A school of criminology that argues that criminal behavior is learned through
social interactions.
Deviance Behavior that violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society.
Differential association A theory of deviance proposed by Edwin Sutherland that holds that violation of
rules results from exposure to attitudes favorable to criminal acts.
Differential justice Differences in the way social control is exercised over different groups.

IM – 7 | 12
Formal social control Social control carried out by authorized agents, such as police officers, judges,
school administrators, and employers.
Index crimes The eight types of crime reported annually by the FBI in the Uniform Crime Reports:
murder, rape, robbery, assault, burglary, theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson.
Hate crime A criminal offense committed because of the offender’s bias against a race, religion, ethnic
group, national origin, or sexual orientation. Also referred to as bias crime.
Informal social control Social control carried out casually by ordinary people through such means as
laughter, smiles, and ridicule.
Labeling theory An approach to deviance that attempts to explain why certain people are viewed as
deviants while others engaged in the same behavior are not.
Law Governmental social control.
Obedience Compliance with higher authorities in a hierarchical structure.
Organized crime The work of a group that regulates relations among various criminal enterprises,
including prostitution, gambling, and the smuggling and sale of illegal drugs.
Professional criminal A person who pursues crime as a day-to-day occupation, developing skilled
techniques and enjoying a certain degree of status among other criminals.
Routine activities theory The notion that criminal victimization increases when motivated offenders and
vulnerable targets converge.
Sanction A penalty or reward for conduct concerning a social norm.
Social constructionist perspective An approach to deviance that emphasizes the role of culture in the
creation of the deviant identity.
Social control The techniques and strategies for preventing deviant human behavior in any society.
Social disorganization theory The theory that crime and deviance are caused by the absence or
breakdown of communal relationships and social institutions.
Societal-reaction approach Another name for labeling theory.
Stigma A label used to devalue members of certain social groups.
Transnational crime Crime that occurs across multiple national borders.
Victimization survey A questionnaire or interview given to a sample of the population to determine
whether people have been victims of crime.
Victimless crime A term used by sociologists to describe the willing exchange among adults of widely
desired, but illegal, goods and services.
White-collar crime Illegal acts committed by affluent, “respectable” individuals in the course of
business activities.

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indefinite numerals, p. 94.
ORTHOGRAPHICAL RULES: p. 114, 115.
PARTICIPLES: past, p. 30, 45, 66;
passive, p. 103.
PHONETICS: p. 14, 16, 21, 23, 26;
alphabet, p. 21;
diphthongs, p. 23.
PREFIXES: prepositional verbal prefixes, p. 97, 100, 101;
noun prefixes, p. 117, 118.
PREPOSITIONS: p. 49, 51.
PRONOUNS: p. 22, 44, 45;
demonstrative, p. 86;
indefinite, p. 88;
interrogative, p. 86;
personal, p. 73, 76;
possessive (declension of), p. 81;
use of possessive, p. 82;
reflexive, p. 74, 88;
relative, p. 87.
READING Exercises:
p. 18, 20, 25, 28, 36, 38, 40, 43, 44, 47, 52, 55, 58, 64, 76,
89, 91, 114 and 125 to 166.
SUFFIXES: noun suffixes, p. 117, 118;
adjective, p. 118;
verbal, p. 119.
VERBS: Conjugation—first, p. 66, 67;
second, p. 68;
third, p. 68, 69;
fourth, p. 69;
tenses—present, p. 15, 17, 19, 27, 41, 65, 67, 85;
past, p. 30, 85;
future, p. 34, 85;

voice—active (review), p. 85;
compound verbs, p. 43;
impersonal, p. 86;
perfect, p. 96;
irregular, p. 32, 45, 72, 73;
moods—imperative, p. 54, 66;
conditional, p. 70, 75, 77, 85;
indicative, p. 85;
participle—infinitive, p. 30, 65, 66, 85.
VOICE: active, p. 85;
passive, p. 103-105.

CONTENTS OF READING IN
BOHEMIAN PART III.
Dělený výdělek 127-128
Divotvorné dudy 146-150
Hodina z české mluvnice 142-146
Jarní 131
Jitro v září 129
Komár a lev 135
Král Ječmínek 153-158
Myší schůze 134-135
Nestejné dědictví 125
O blanických rytířích 151-153
O hloupém medvědovi 129-130
Pohádka o bídě jednooké 135-136
Pražské posvícení 130-131
Přástky 141
Přišla zima 126
Slavnost třešňového květu v Japonsku 132-133
Smrt kmotřička 164-165
Sníh 127
Štěstí a neštěstí 139-140

Trpaslíci a vejce 126-127
Ze staré Prahy 137-138
Zlatovláska 158-162

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