The document discusses several key socioeconomic factors that influence child mortality rates, including health, nutrition, poverty, gender, and education. Poverty is associated with higher risks of issues like low birth weight, chronic diseases, obesity, injuries, and lack of school readiness. Maternal health, literacy, breastfeeding practices, and access to healthcare services are also important determinants of child mortality. Addressing socioeconomic inequalities through interventions like nutrition programs, healthcare access, and women's empowerment can help reduce under-five mortality rates in developing nations.
Adolescent Pregnancy one of the concerns in Pediatric Nursing that is underrated. Included is also the accompanying nutritional issues in this condition.
Adolescent Pregnancy one of the concerns in Pediatric Nursing that is underrated. Included is also the accompanying nutritional issues in this condition.
Prevalence of malnutrition among under five children of RukaminiNagar, BelgaumSawan Kumar
synopsis of prevalence of malnutrition among under five years children in Rukmini Nagar, Belgaum
Reaserche:- Mr. Sawan Kumar Yadav
Guide:- Dr. Mubashir Angolkar,
Coordinator and Assistant Professor
Department of Public Health,
J.N. Medical college, Belgaum, Karnataka, India
Definition and components of reproductive health?
Demographic trends and fertility determinants
Family planning
Impact of reproductive patterns on child health
Impact of reproductive patterns on women health
Mechanisms to reduce morbidity and mortality
eenage pregnancy, also known as adolescent pregnancy, is pregnancy in a female under the age of 20. Pregnancy can occur with sexual intercourse after the start of ovulation, which can be before the first menstrual period (menarche) but usually occurs after the onset of periods.
Ch. 2 Comparing Vulnerable Groups
Learning Objectives
After reading this chapter, you should be able to:
Explain the difference between curative and preventive approaches to health care.
Identify common factors among vulnerable populations.
Examine age as it relates to the concept of vulnerability.
Determine the ways in which gender contributes to vulnerability.
Discuss how culture and ethnicity affect vulnerability on both personal and population levels.
Explain the relationship between education and income levels, and vulnerability.
Introduction
The United States boasts one of the most robust health care systems in the world. It is statistically credited with the longer healthy lifetimes enjoyed by a majority of the American population. Advances in medical science and technology certainly improve medical interventions, but a recent change in the philosophy of medical care is credited with improving the population's health on a macro level. As the cost of health care in America soared during the 1990s and 2000s, the health care community's focus shifted from curative care to preventive medicine.
Curative medicine focuses on curing existing diseases and conditions. In contrast, preventive medicine works by educating the community on healthy lifestyle habits, such as regular exercise, nutritious food choices, and abstention from smoking. The idea is to prevent or forestall disease rather than wait until someone falls ill before providing treatment; however, living healthy lifestyles is still a personal choice. Studies indicate that preventive health care reduces morbidity, and that a preventive approach not only thwarts diseases that are associated with unhealthy choices, such as diabetes, heart disease, and cancer, but also creates strong immune systems to fight common illnesses like flu and cold viruses. Furthermore, people who do not get sick are more productive workers because they do not have as many sickness-related absences. This point is particularly important when considering vulnerable populations. For many people, especially those in the most at-risk groups, workdays lost to illness means days without pay. Financial instability detracts from a person's social status, which is a nonmaterial resource that contributes to vulnerability. Less social status means less access to community resources, such as health care and fresh foods. Lack of resource access leads to more illness, and so the cycle continues.
Many individuals have limited access to health care, which includes the inability to access medical clinics for reasons of proximity, the lack of insurance coverage, and financial constraints such as inability to pay for medical treatments. Preventive medicine focuses on educating people before they become ill, but resource accessibility restricts preventive medicine programs and responsive health care programs from reaching the most at-risk populations. Evidence of this is seen in data on topics like bre ...
Prevalence of malnutrition among under five children of RukaminiNagar, BelgaumSawan Kumar
synopsis of prevalence of malnutrition among under five years children in Rukmini Nagar, Belgaum
Reaserche:- Mr. Sawan Kumar Yadav
Guide:- Dr. Mubashir Angolkar,
Coordinator and Assistant Professor
Department of Public Health,
J.N. Medical college, Belgaum, Karnataka, India
Definition and components of reproductive health?
Demographic trends and fertility determinants
Family planning
Impact of reproductive patterns on child health
Impact of reproductive patterns on women health
Mechanisms to reduce morbidity and mortality
eenage pregnancy, also known as adolescent pregnancy, is pregnancy in a female under the age of 20. Pregnancy can occur with sexual intercourse after the start of ovulation, which can be before the first menstrual period (menarche) but usually occurs after the onset of periods.
Ch. 2 Comparing Vulnerable Groups
Learning Objectives
After reading this chapter, you should be able to:
Explain the difference between curative and preventive approaches to health care.
Identify common factors among vulnerable populations.
Examine age as it relates to the concept of vulnerability.
Determine the ways in which gender contributes to vulnerability.
Discuss how culture and ethnicity affect vulnerability on both personal and population levels.
Explain the relationship between education and income levels, and vulnerability.
Introduction
The United States boasts one of the most robust health care systems in the world. It is statistically credited with the longer healthy lifetimes enjoyed by a majority of the American population. Advances in medical science and technology certainly improve medical interventions, but a recent change in the philosophy of medical care is credited with improving the population's health on a macro level. As the cost of health care in America soared during the 1990s and 2000s, the health care community's focus shifted from curative care to preventive medicine.
Curative medicine focuses on curing existing diseases and conditions. In contrast, preventive medicine works by educating the community on healthy lifestyle habits, such as regular exercise, nutritious food choices, and abstention from smoking. The idea is to prevent or forestall disease rather than wait until someone falls ill before providing treatment; however, living healthy lifestyles is still a personal choice. Studies indicate that preventive health care reduces morbidity, and that a preventive approach not only thwarts diseases that are associated with unhealthy choices, such as diabetes, heart disease, and cancer, but also creates strong immune systems to fight common illnesses like flu and cold viruses. Furthermore, people who do not get sick are more productive workers because they do not have as many sickness-related absences. This point is particularly important when considering vulnerable populations. For many people, especially those in the most at-risk groups, workdays lost to illness means days without pay. Financial instability detracts from a person's social status, which is a nonmaterial resource that contributes to vulnerability. Less social status means less access to community resources, such as health care and fresh foods. Lack of resource access leads to more illness, and so the cycle continues.
Many individuals have limited access to health care, which includes the inability to access medical clinics for reasons of proximity, the lack of insurance coverage, and financial constraints such as inability to pay for medical treatments. Preventive medicine focuses on educating people before they become ill, but resource accessibility restricts preventive medicine programs and responsive health care programs from reaching the most at-risk populations. Evidence of this is seen in data on topics like bre ...
In any community, mothers and children constitute a priority group. In sheer numbers, they comprise approximately 71.14 per cent of the population of the developing countries. In India, women of the child bearing age(15-44 years) constitute 52.4 per cent of total female population, and children under 15 years of age about 26.5 per cent of the total population. Together they constitute nearly 57.5 per cent of the total population. By virtue of their numbers, mothers and children are the major consumers of health services, of whatever form.
Mothers and children not only constitute a large group, but they are also a "vulnerable" or special-risk group. The risk is connected with child-bearing in the case of women; and growth, development and survival in the case of infants and children. Whereas 50 per cent of all deaths in the developed world are occurring among people over 70, the same proportion of deaths are occurring among children during the first five years of life in the developing world. Global observations show that in developed regions maternal mortality ratio averages at 12 per 100,000 live births; in developing regions the figure is 232 for the same number of live births (1). From commonly accepted indices, it is evident that infant, child and maternal mortality rates are high in many developing countries. Further, much of the sickness and deaths among mothers and children is largely preventable. By improving the health of mothers and children, we contribute to the health of the general population. These considerations have led to the formulation of special health services for mothers and children all over the world.
The problems affecting the health of mother and child are multifactorial. Despite current efforts, the health of mother and child still constitutes one of the most serious health problems affecting the community, particularly in the developing countries. The present strategy is to provide mother and child health services as an integrated package of "essential health care", also known as primary health care which is based on the principles of equity, intersectoral coordination and community participation. The primary health care approach combines all elements in the local community necessary to make a positive impact on the health status of the population, including the health of mothers and children.
Mother and child - one unit
Mother and child must be considered as one unit. It is because:
(1) During the antenatal period, the foetus is part of the mother. The period of development of foetus in mother is about 280 days. During this period, the foetus obtains all the
(2) Child health is closely related to maternal health. A healthy mother brings forth a healthy baby; there is less chance for a premature birth, stillbirth or abortion.
(3) Certain diseases and conditions of the mother during pregnancy (e.g., syphilis, german measles, drug intake) are likely to have their effects upon the foetus.
(4) After birth, the child is
Child Mortality among Teenage Mothers in OJU Metropolisiosrjce
This study was designed to identify child mortality among teenage mothers in Oju metropolisin
Benue State, Nigeria, specifically, the study determined (i) the cause of child mortality among teenage mothers,
and (ii) rate of child mortality among teenage mothersand (iii) possible ways of reducing child mortality rate,
and it answered three research questions to guide the study. The population of the study comprised of all
medical personnel in Oju metropolis. The sample was purposively selected from medical personnel in the area
of study (Oju metropolis). The instrument of the study was a four-point scale questioner which was dully
validated prior to utilization. Mean was used for data analysis, the findings include seven causes of child
mortality, seven rates of child mortality and eleven possible ways of reducing child mortality rate, based on the
findings, six recommendations were made, which include among others, parent should be made to be aware of
the crisis associatedwith early motherhood through public enlighten programmessuch as counseling agents,
workshops, seminars and radio jingles.
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1 DQ 1When a baby is born, one of the first concerns is thei.docxcuddietheresa
1 DQ 1
When a baby is born, one of the first concerns is their weight. A baby with an extremely low birth weight (ELBW) alerts the physician to a possible problem. The extremely low birth weight infants are those born with less than 1,500g (James, Wood, Nair, & Williams, 2018). According to Robbins, Hutchings, Dietz, Kuklina, & Callaghan (2014), about 40% of babies born with extremely low birth weight end up with a fairly significant disease. The diseases are cerebral palsy, mental retardation, blindness in both eyes, hearing loss, significant chronic disease that requires special medication, and often frequent hospitalization. Getting prenatal care before and during pregnancy ensures the well-being of the mother and a healthy baby.
Effect of Extremely Low Birth Weight Babies on Family and Community
Babies born with extremely low birth weight have various health and developmental complications. The birth of a baby with ELBW can result in substantial emotional and economic costs to the families. Also, the public sector services can be strained as a result. These services include social support systems, educational, and health insurance services. In the short term, the babies may require life support in the neonatal care unit because readmission risk is high. Often, the babies have immature brains and respiratory distress that will need ventilators.
Premature babies may have long-term impacts like poor health and growth, mental retardation, visual and hearing impairments, and cerebral palsy. The majority of the babies will have issues relating to breathing and feeding. The more premature the baby is, the system in the baby is premature. They will therefore have unique and life-threatening problems with each one of those systems. The babies born premature may exhibit learning difficulties, high risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, high risk of Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder, socioemotional and behavioral problems. The loss of an infant is a demoralizing experience for a family.
There are significant disparities in premature and low birth weights of infants. Minority groups, the marginalized, and the poor are at a greater risk of premature and extremely low birth weight. An example of the disparities among minority populations is native Americans and African Americans to non-Hispanic white births. According to Martin, Hamilton, Osterman, and Driscoll (2019), the preterm birth rate was 10.23 in 2019. In the same year, the preterm birth rate for non-Hispanic black mothers was 14.39% as compared to 8.72% of non-Hispanic Asian mothers and 11.51% for the Hispanic subgroups. Infants born of mothers of low socioeconomic rank are more likely to be born prematurely. African Americans are at a higher risk due to a higher population of low socioeconomic status.
Prematurity is associated with increased risks for developmental delay, vision problems, hearing problems, and family stress. To assist with the problem of preterm infants in both f.
A case study about Teenage pregnancy which is a widespread problem all over the world. Teen pregnancy and childbearing bring substantial social and economic costs through immediate and long-term impacts on teen parents and their children.
Vital statistics related to maternal health in indiaPriyanka Gohil
This topic contains introduction of vital statistics, list of important statistics, birth rate, death rate, specific death rates, infant mortality rate, neonatal mortality rate, under five mortality rate, maternal mortality rate (detailed), perinatal mortality rate (detailed), expectation of life, general fertility rate and still births.
isang norse mythology ang kwento na tungkol kay thor at loki sila ay nais maglakbay sa lupain ng mga higante at sa pag lalakbay nila ay nakasama nila ang isang higante na nag ngangalang skrymir pag dating nila sa lupain ng mga higante ay hinamon sila ni utgaro loki na makipag laban sa kanya gamit lamang ang kaniyang mga mahika, at pumayag naman si thor at nakipag laban kasma sina loki at thjalfi. at ng matapos ang laban ay maraming nalaman si thor sa mga ginawang mahika ni utgaro loki. at pagkatapos noon ay pinaalis ni utgaro loki sina thor sa kanilang lupain
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
We understand the unique challenges pickleball players face and are committed to helping you stay healthy and active. In this presentation, we’ll explore the three most common pickleball injuries and provide strategies for prevention and treatment.
Leading the Way in Nephrology: Dr. David Greene's Work with Stem Cells for Ki...Dr. David Greene Arizona
As we watch Dr. Greene's continued efforts and research in Arizona, it's clear that stem cell therapy holds a promising key to unlocking new doors in the treatment of kidney disease. With each study and trial, we step closer to a world where kidney disease is no longer a life sentence but a treatable condition, thanks to pioneers like Dr. David Greene.
CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
Navigating the Health Insurance Market_ Understanding Trends and Options.pdfEnterprise Wired
From navigating policy options to staying informed about industry trends, this comprehensive guide explores everything you need to know about the health insurance market.
India Clinical Trials Market: Industry Size and Growth Trends [2030] Analyzed...Kumar Satyam
According to TechSci Research report, "India Clinical Trials Market- By Region, Competition, Forecast & Opportunities, 2030F," the India Clinical Trials Market was valued at USD 2.05 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.64% through 2030. The market is driven by a variety of factors, making India an attractive destination for pharmaceutical companies and researchers. India's vast and diverse patient population, cost-effective operational environment, and a large pool of skilled medical professionals contribute significantly to the market's growth. Additionally, increasing government support in streamlining regulations and the growing prevalence of lifestyle diseases further propel the clinical trials market.
Growing Prevalence of Lifestyle Diseases
The rising incidence of lifestyle diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer is a major trend driving the clinical trials market in India. These conditions necessitate the development and testing of new treatment methods, creating a robust demand for clinical trials. The increasing burden of these diseases highlights the need for innovative therapies and underscores the importance of India as a key player in global clinical research.
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair A New Horizon in Nephrology.pptxR3 Stem Cell
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair: A New Horizon in Nephrology" explores groundbreaking advancements in the use of R3 stem cells for kidney disease treatment. This insightful piece delves into the potential of these cells to regenerate damaged kidney tissue, offering new hope for patients and reshaping the future of nephrology.
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair A New Horizon in Nephrology.pptx
Socio medical determinants of child health
1.
2. Sensitive indicators/ Socio economic factors of
children are:
1. The state of Health
2. Nutrition
3. Mortality
The Under –Five Mortality Rate (U5MR) is
considered to have close correlation with
these socio economic factors
3. Of the U5MR of 85, deaths within the first
year (IMR) comprise about 60
Of these 60, about 40 happens within the
first month of life (NMR).
Child mortality refers to the deaths of
children between the ages of 1 year and 5
years (i.e., excluding IMR)
4. Poverty
Children from poor families or neighborhoods are more likely
than other children to have serious health problems.
Low birth weight
Poor nutrition and smoking during pregnancy are common
causes of low birth weight.
These babies have higher rates of rehospitalization, growth
problems, child sickness, learning problems,
and developmental delays.
Babies born with a low birth weight are at increased risk of
dying in the first year of life.
Chronic diseases such as asthma
Poor housing quality and exposure to secondhand smoke are
contributing factors.
5. Obesity and high blood pressure
Poor neighborhoods may not have safe playgrounds, parks, or
organized sports for children. All of these things are barriers to
a healthy body weight.
Increased accidental injuries
Living in a home that is not safe and in a dangerous
neighborhood puts children at greater risk of violence.
Lack of school readiness
Poor children are less likely to participate in organized
activities and often do not have enough supplies or books in
the home.
Low parental education and single parent families are complex
factors that may interfere with school readiness.
Note : NFHS II confirms that in households with low standard
of living, the neonatal mortality is two times, the post-neonatal
mortality is three times and 1-4 year child mortality is five times
that of households with high standard of living
6. Toxic stress
Being poor is stressful. It causes damage to the
brain and to a child's overall physical and
mental health into adulthood.
Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)
Violence in the home, having a parent in jail,
and emotional neglect increase the amount of
toxic stress children face.
Children in poverty are more likely to have
these experiences than those living above the
poverty line.
7. Gender
women are the bearers and main care-givers of
all children.
So the women’s own health and well being
pertains directly to the health of the new born as
well as her ability to give care in the vital initial
years of life when the child is most vulnerable
and sets the foundations for her entire future in
terms of growth and development.
The health of the woman before during and after
pregnancy relates directly to the birth weight of
the children she bears.
8. The prevalence of low birth weight in India is
close to 30 % and this in turn has a direct
bearing on neonatal morbidity and mortality as
well as adult chronic diseases like heart
diseases and diabetes.
It is well established that exclusive breast
feeding for a period of 6 months contributes
significantly to the normal growth and
development of the new born and also prevent
malnutrition and killer diseases like diarrhea
and pneumonia.
9. Breast feeding and weaning also play an
important role in child’s growth and
development but this need proper and full
time attention of mother as well as family
members.
10. Women’s literacy levels are known to be one of
the most important determinants with a positive
correlation with child survival.
The NFHS II confirms that all components of
child mortality are observed to decline with
increasing maternal education.
All child mortality rates are higher amongst
illiterate mothers compared to mothers who had
completed high school education.
11. The infant mortality rate for children of
illiterate mothers is one and a half times the
rate for children of mothers who are literate,
and is two and a half times the rate for
children whose mothers have at least
completed high school.
12. A major underlying factor of disease and death
amongst children is the situation of chronic
hunger and malnutrition.
Poverty and gender work mostly through the
creation of malnutrition.
About one third of our children are born already
compromised with low birth weight.
This combined with poor breast feeding
practices and complementary feeding practices
due to lack of support and information, results in
one in two children being malnourished and
stunted.
13. The resulting vulnerability to disease further
reinforces malnutrition which in turn creates
further vulnerability to disease setting up a
vicious cycle leading ultimately to death in
many cases.
More than 50% of deaths amongst children
have malnutrition as an underlying factor.
14. Not breast feeding can increase the risk of
death up to 6 times from diarrhea and up to
2.4 times from pneumonia in babies under 6
months and 2 times in babies aged 6-23
months.
According to the analysis by Child Survival
Series by Lancet (2003), breastfeeding was
identified as the single most effective
preventive intervention, which could prevent
13 % to 16 % of all childhood deaths.
15. Adequate complementary feeding between 6
months to 24 months could prevent an
additional 6 % of deaths.
16 % of neonatal deaths could be saved if all
infants were breastfed from day 1, and 22 %
if breastfeeding started within the first hour.
16.
17. To prevent children from dying, the health care
services provide and facilitate:
Adequate Antenatal Care
Safe Delivery
Immunization
Regular Growth Monitoring
Effective health education of care-givers
Management of common childhood
diseases.
18. Facilities for care of Grade III and Grade IV
malnutrition
Intensive care for sick child etc.
19. Systems for food security, integrated
systems of care such as the ICDS, system
for access to safe water and sanitation, all
have a major role in being able to prevent
child mortality.
20. Culture plays a significant role in all aspects
of child care and its impact is most obvious
in health and nutrition related practices
around child birth, infant and young child
feeding, and use of indigenous forms of
medicine.
Caste is one of the determinants of poverty
and lack of ‘power’ and children below 3
years of age in Scheduled tribes and
Scheduled castes are twice as likely to be
malnourished than children in other groups.
21. Regional insurgency (vidroh; against
government authority) also creates an
atmosphere of violence and insecurity in which
children survive.
Children who require special measures to
ensure protection and promotion of their rights:
1. Children of migrant families
2. Children of women in prison
3. Children without adult protection such as-
Street Children or children in post Disaster
situations.
22. Thus it is clear that while the immediate
cause of mortality in childhood is usually
disease, the underlying factors point to
serious issues of socio-economic
circumstances and inequalities.