This document provides information about gender and sexuality as a subject of inquiry. It begins by defining gender studies and discussing its historical origins and importance in society. It then discusses how gender roles are socially constructed rather than innate. The document also covers the anatomy and physiology of the male and female reproductive systems, including external and internal structures. It explains the menstrual cycle, signs of puberty, and how pregnancy occurs through the process of fertilization and implantation. Potential complications of early pregnancy in adolescent girls are also mentioned. The document provides information on contraception and its role in preventing teenage pregnancy.

1. Lesson 3: GENDER AND SEXUALITY AS A SUBJECT OF INQUIRY
• Define gender studies;
• Discuss its historical origins, and
• Explain its importance in society

2. Introduction
• Gender role or sex role are “ sets of culturally
defined behaviors such as masculinity and
femininity” according to encyclopedia of sex
and gender (2019)
• Gender studies are not just for women or all
about women, it is about everyone.

3. DIVERSITY AND INCLUSION
• Gender roles are socially constructed and are
not something that we are “born with”. Society
through a lifelong process of normalization,
encourages or reprimands behaviors to make
a child adapt to these social expectations.

4. UNIT II: BIOMEDICAL PERSPECTIVE IN
GENDER AND SEXUALITY

5. Lesson 4: ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION
• Differentiate the female and the male reproductive systems ;
and
• Understand the basis for physiologic processes in the
female and males.

6. Introduction
• Each person has a pair of gonads:
Ovaries are female gonads and;
Testes are the male gonads.
• The gonads produce germ cells and sex
hormones.
• The female germ cells are ova (egg) and the male
cells are sperm. Ova and sperm, are the basic
units of reproduction; their union can lead to the
creation of a new life

7. THE BIOLOGICAL FEMALE
A.The female external genitalia consist of the following:
• Vulva-all the external genital structures taken together.
• Mons veneris-pads of fatty tissue between public bone and
skin.
• Labia majora-outer lips surrounding all other structures.
• Prepuce- clitoral hood (foreskin above and covering clitoris)
• Clitoris- glans(head),shaft, and crura (root); sensitive to
stimulation.
• Labia minora- inner lips surrounding the vestibule.
• Vestibule- area surrounding the urethral opening and vagina.
• Urethral opening-end of tube connecting to bladder and used
for urination.
• Vaginal opening- also called introitus; and
• Perineum area of skin separating the genitalia from the anus;
distance is less in females than males.
Clitoris
Bulbocavernosus
Gluteus maximus
Transverse perineal
muscles
External anal sphincter
Levator ani
Coccyx
Anus
Vagina
Ischiocavernosus
Urethra

8. THE BIOLOGICAL FEMALE
B. The female internal reproductive structures consist of
the following:
• Vagina-collapsible canal extending from vaginal
opening back and upward into body to cervix and
uterus. During arousal it is engorged with blood.
• Cervix-small end of uterus to which vagina leads. It is
opening in cervix leading to interior of uterus.
• Uterus-womb, organ within pelvic zone where fetus is
carried.
• Fallopian tube- carry egg cells from ovaries to
uterus, this is where fertilization occurs; and
• Ovaries- produce estrogen and progesterone.
Fallopian tube
Uterus
Internal Os
Broad ligament
Endomentrium
Myometrium
Vagina
Ovary
Cervix
External Os

9. PUBERTY
• The menstrual cycle marks the beginning of puberty in
females. The first episode occurs between 11 to 15
years of age referred to as menarche. Menstruation
pertains to the sloughing off of the uterine lining if
conception has not occurred. It may last within two to
six days which follows a cycle ranging from 24 to 42
days. Regardless of the length of the cycle,
menstruation begins about 14 days after ovulation
(plus or minus 1-2days). The overall cycle is governed
by the hypothalamus as it monitors hormone levels in
the bloodstream.

10. Signs of Puberty in Boys

11. It involves changes in the endometrium in response to the fluctuating
blood levels of ovarian hormones.
There are three phases as described and
shown in the figure below
1. Menstrual phase
2. Proliferative phase
3. Secretory phase

13. THE BIOLOGICAL MALE
A. The male external genitalia consist of the following structures:
• Prepuce- foreskin covering head of penis, removed in male
circumcision;
• Penis- glans (head), shaft, and root.
• Corona- rim of glans where it arises from shaft;
• Frenulum- thin strip of skin connecting glans and shaft on
underside of penis;
• Scrotum- sac that encloses the two compartments housing
the testes;
• Urethral opening- found on head of penis this is the end of
tube connected to bladder and used for urination.
• Perineum- area of skin separating the genitalia from the
anus, distance is greater in males than females.
Uncircumcised Circumcised
Foreskin
Glans
SPOT THE DIFFERENCE:
What is the difference between an
uncircumcised and a circumcised
penis? It is necessary to undergo
circumcision in males? Why or Why
not?

14. THE BIOLOGICAL MALE
A. The male internal reproductive organs:
• Testes- produce androgen, particularly large
quantities of testosterone, which greatly influence
male development and drive sexual motivation
• Vas deferens- travels from testicle toward urethra
carrying sperm;
• Seminal vesicles- two glands that produce alkaline
fluid rich in fructose sugar, comprising some 70% of
semen volume.
• Ejaculatory duct- connect vas deferens to
urethra
• Prostate- gland producing alkaline secretions that
account for about 30% of semen volume
• Urethra- tube within penis that carries sperm and
semen the rest of the way to the opening of the penis.
Sigmoid
colon
Rectum
Seminal vesicle
Ejaculatory duct
Prostate gland
Cowper’s gland
Anus
Vas deferens
epididymis
testis
scrotum
Suspensory
ligament of penis
Public bone
bladder
cavernosum
penis
corpus
Glans penis
foreskin
External urethral
sphincter
Puboprostatic ligament
Perineal membrane
Urethral opening

15. Lesson 5: THE PROCESS OF REPRODUCTION
• Define fertilization , conception and pregnancy;
• Explain how pregnancy occurs and its prevention; and
• Identify the complications of early pregnancy in the growing
adolescent.

16. How does one ovulate?
• Normally, it lasts around 28 days, on the
average, but can be as short as 21 or as long
as 40. Whatever the length, ovulation will
happen about 10-16 days before the start of
the next period.

17. How does pregnancy occur?
• For pregnancy to proceed, the sperm need to
meet up with an egg. Pregnancy officially
starts when a fertilized egg implants in the
lining of the uterus. Pregnancy happens
2-3weeks after sexual intercourse.
• Conception is the process that begins with
fertilization of an egg by the sperm and ends
with implantation.

18. What can be done to prevent teenage
pregnancy?
• Equipping the youth with the knowledge, skills
and attitudes necessary to protect themselves
against unwanted pregnancy and provide
them access to reproductive healthcare are
needed.

19. Contraception
• Male condom
• Implantable Hormone Device
• Calendar method
• Birth control pill
• Sterilization
• Birth Control Injection
• Withdrawal
• Intra Uterine Device

20. What are the health effects of early
pregnancy in the growing adolescent?
• There are serious health risks associated with early pregnancy
because a young woman’s body is not mature enough to handle
bearing a child;
-Obstructed labor is dangerous to both mother and child and
requires the help of trained medical professionals.

21. THANK YOU ! ☺☺☺