Community Transformation Through Social Entrepreneurship Kampung Sungai Latoh, Masai, Johor, 2015.

1. Social mapping
COMMUNITY TRANSFORMATION THROUGH SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP

2.  Social Mapping used for identify social condition in
community. By using social mapping we can obtain
people behaviour as tradition, people relationship
and the people problem. Social mapping
methodology consisted in using ethnography, Social
Network Analysis, and Focus Group Discussion among
community.

3.  Ethnography for grapping behaviour of people in
daily life as tradition, Social Network Analysis for
grapping stakeholder relationship, dominant person,
patron client relationship, and Focus Group
Discussion for grapping people’s problem and the
history of social problem those happened in
community and also how they solved those problems.

4. 1. Ethnography

5.  Ethnography is implemented using a qualitative
approach, through participant observation
techniques with informants, who were randomly
selected based on its social network to get the data.
Ethnography carried out through the following
stages:

6. 1. Creating a map of the villages adjacent to the business activities.
2. Describe and define the Ring 1, 2, 3, and so on. The ring means 1st as the
center for activity those are used by people as the main activity, there are
down town, market, or social institution that is used by people for meeting
in economic activity. The 2nd ring means the area or activity those are
affected by activity in ring 1. The 3rd ring used for identifying social linkage
among people who has relationship in economic institution.
3. Using observations approach for looking and identifying the activities of
the population in each village.

7. Place Activity Actors
Place
(1) Describe all the
places of the
research sites
(2) Describe
all activities
that occur on
the site
(3) Describe the
actors who are
on the spot
Activity
(4) Describe the
places that gave
rise to this activity
(5) Describe
all activities
conducted at
research sites
(6) Describe the
actors involved
in an activity
actors
7) Describe the
places where
certain actors
(8) Describe
the specific
offender's
involvement
in its
activities
(9) Describe the
actors of the
research

8.  (1) Describe the places or atmosphere - social
atmosphere that is found in the study area in detail - for
example, markets, homes, farms, plantations, places of
work, terminals, etc. - which involves individuals. Identify
the places that exist in the area of research is very
important to describe the physical and social
circumstances prevailing in the region, and will show the
differences of rules, norms, values, and knowledge
associated with these places. The depiction is
made concerning the natural environment, cultural, and
social.

9.  (2) Describe the activities realized by the
individuals that exist in places that have been
identified. As an example, when explaining
market - researchers and their trading activity
will describe the model and the shape of the
existing trading systems, such as the description
of a bargain, how to peddle merchandise, forms
between traders money changers, and so on .

10.  (3) Each of these places will describe activities
and those activities that appear to involve the
roles that exist, so that the status and activity of
a particular place must be described. For
example, in the market there are drug trafficking
activity, then there are drug dealers and buyers,
how to sell and buy goods. This metaphor
describes the role and behavior in realizing that
there are roles.

11.  (4) In this context there are certain activities, such as
trade. Of course, not only in the trade market, but also in
other place. Recording or descriptions need to be done on
trading activity and place that may be the emergence of
arena activity needs to be done.

12.  (5) All activities contained in the study site
should be described, because it is specific and
may differ from similar activities in other
communities, for example how to trade, do
livelihood, mutual cooperation, and so on.

14.  (6) An activity necessarily involves individuals who
are expected to bring a particular action
associated with the event in question. In this
context the status and role in each activity needs
to be described. A status that carried by an
individual must be accompanied by a set of roles
that need to accomplishment with respect to its
position in the society or community.

15.  (7) Actors in society certainly have a position in
the social strata in force, which limited the space
and the role of actors in visible places. As an
example, the presence of a cleric can be
expected place. And carry out its role as a cleric
at the mosque, study, or an orphanage. When in
the field, scholars serve targeted not act as a
cleric.

16.  (8) Actors with a certain status will carry out its
role in accordance with the status, so that the
activity associated with the realization of its
status needs to be described, for example,
scholars conduct lectures, recitals, led the
prayers, and so on .

17.  (9) The individuals in the community or
communities will certainly occupy a certain status
that is based on the culture of the community or
the community. The statuses of the research sites
must be described. As an example, in a
community with a status that is identified as
cultivators, dealers, traders, laborers, farmers
fields, tea picker; certainly will not be found
forex trader status, a computer expert, and so
on.

18.  From observation and interview to the local
community leaders then obtained an overview of
the daily habits of the people who are often
referred to as the traditions prevailing in society.
How do community members meet life, how
community members relate to each other and
how people cope with problems affecting their
lives?

19. 2 Social Networks

20.  Step 1: Determine the main groups of the
community to represent the social
institutions that would be observed in a
society.

21.  Make the point that previously has been observed in the area concerned. In this
context, the subject matter is very relevant to the local community perspective
on social phenomena that it faces, so that the principal issue presented by the
researchers is the principal problems experienced by community members.
Principles of the problem is basically with respect to the economic problems that
exist in the community, because the most basic things of life is associated with an
economic standpoint, including livelihoods, businesses get a livelihood, and all
things related to livelihood. Of the economy, the problem can be elaborated or
expanded into politics, religion and religious customs that exist in the community
such as the implementation of religious activities, and also the problems of
kinship. The problems are then inventoried in the notes on the papers that have
been provided previously by researchers.

22. Step 2: Determine the limits of the
community into the research area. Mark the
boundaries of observation.

23.  Discuss with population figures are most
knowledgeable subject matter. Main points that have
been written in the papers are then distributed to
the participants to the discussion. Based on the
records provided by the researchers, the participants
are expected to provide the names of the people in
the village who know the problems that have been
written, such as the person most responsible for the
emergence of agriculture and the role of time:
harvesting, planting, and so on. Then write also the
people who are usually involved in the subject
matter, because each issue will certainly involve
some individual as the people who are often involved
in the same issue, and the process of settlement of
the issue.

24. Step 3: Ask and observe the shape of the
relationship between them, the things they
exchanged (material or information). Make a
list of the types of resources that are
exchanged based on gender and age.

25.  Create social relations symbolized by arrows for
dependence, the dashed line for occasional and transverse
lines with little to close relationships. In this context the
symbols are used to describe the social relationships
between people that exist in a particular context may only
be understood by the researchers themselves. Each subject
matter is created in the same model, so that the
difference between the interpretations of the problem
does not occur with other problems. This rationale is the
fact, that social issues are not a cracked picture of one
point of view, but also can be seen from all angles of view
(holistic).

27.  Step 4: Describe the relationship in a paper, use
colored pencils or markers to distinguish the form
of an exchange or a particular relationship that
occurs between communities or the observed
object.

28.  Create an asterisk to the person in the picture as a
destination of a lot of arrows. People marked with an
asterisk are a patron in problem solving and the others are
the client.
 The picture shows the distribution of power in the
community. Thus it can be seen, that the community has
the solution to the social problems that exist in the
community, according to an overview of the power lines
and distribution lines of power that exist and are in the
community.

29.  Individuals with lines surrounding arrows signifying, that the individual is a
person who plays a role in the field of the flagship or individual who
dominate social institutions into the field. Social problems associated with
these fields can be solved through individual who dominates. When solving
social problems in the complicated field, then the comparison through social
institution discussions with other individuals that dominate other areas do.
Social institution discussion with people of different fields indicate that
individuals dominate the social institutions are at the level (level) are equal,
so that the discussion can go well. Conversely, if the person involved is
different capabilities - for example, those with the same fields but one is
dominant, then the minority will think or clam up when people talk
dominates, so the discussion will seem lame. Social problems that exist in
the community are likely to be resolved through discussion by the people
who dominate their respective fields.

30. Through social network analysis it is known
members of the community who have been
dominant in each of the existing
social institutions. Social status of actors in a
particular institution can be identified in this
way. The data obtained can also be
an attempt to verify the data obtained from
official records in the community.

31. 3 Focus Group Discussions

32.  Inviting some persons who got from social networking analysis for identifying
social problem and also solving their problem together. In this discussion
there are 15 until 20 persons who is the dominant person in their area (social
institution), as the trader, supplier, or producer. On person could explain his
ability or his concern at about 10 minute, so for 15 to 20 participants so that
discussion can run 150 to 200 minutes. If the results of research social
network gained more than 20 people, then the discussion can be carried out
two times with different participants. Besides participants drawn from the
population that has been selected based social networks, in the arena of the
discussion also led by one researcher, then one reporter and one person as
'participants'. Researchers involve in the meeting and also giving some ideas
connected with data those already found from field through ethnography.

33. From the focus group discussions were
obtained data about the problems that
occurred in the village and
also how members of the community to
solve the problem. In addition, the data
obtained in the history of how people
solve problems.

34. Reference:
Bambang Rudito, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia
SEED, Asean Learning Network