the usage of sniper rifles

1. ‫ققققق‬‫قققققققق‬
Sniper rifle
‫قققق‬‫ققققق‬‫ققققق‬‫قققققققق‬‫ققق‬‫ققققققق‬‫ققق‬‫ققققق‬‫ققققققق‬
‫ققققققق‬‫ققق‬‫ققق‬‫قققققق‬‫قق‬‫قققققق‬‫قققققق‬‫ققق‬‫ققققققق‬‫ققق‬
‫قققققق‬‫ققققق‬‫قققق‬‫قق‬‫ققققققق‬‫ققققققق‬‫قققق‬‫قققق‬.‫قققق‬
‫قققق‬‫ققققق‬‫قققققققق‬‫قققق‬‫قققق‬‫ققق‬‫قققق‬‫ققققق‬‫قق‬‫ققققق‬‫قققق‬‫قق‬
‫ققققق‬‫ققققق‬‫قققق‬‫ققققق‬‫ققق‬‫قققققققق‬‫قققققق‬‫قققققق‬‫ققققققق‬
‫ققق‬‫قققققق‬.‫ققققققق‬
‫قققققق‬‫ققق‬‫ققققققق‬"‫ققققق‬‫قققققققق‬‫قق‬ "‫ققققققق‬‫قققققققق‬
‫قققق‬‫قق‬‫ققق‬‫قق‬‫ققققققق‬‫ققق‬‫قققققق‬‫قققق‬‫قققق‬‫ققق‬‫ققققق‬
‫ققققققققق‬‫ققققققق‬‫ققققققق‬.‫قققققققق‬
‫ققق‬‫قققق‬‫ققققققق‬‫قق‬‫ققققق‬‫قققققق‬‫ققق‬‫قققق‬‫ققققق‬‫قققققققق‬
‫ققققققق‬‫قققق‬‫ققققققق‬‫ق‬‫ق‬‫قققق‬‫قق‬‫قققققق‬‫قققققق‬‫ققق‬‫قققققققق‬
‫ققققققق‬‫قققققققق‬‫قققققق‬‫قققققق‬‫قققققققق‬‫ققققققق‬‫قققققققققق‬
‫ققق‬‫قققق‬‫قققققق‬‫قققققق‬‫قققققق‬‫ققق‬‫ققققققق‬‫ققق‬‫ققققققق‬
‫ققققققق‬‫ققققققق‬‫ققق‬‫ققققق‬‫ققققققق‬‫قققق‬‫قققققق‬‫قققق‬‫قق‬
‫ققققققق‬‫ققققققققق‬‫قق‬‫ققققق‬‫قققققق‬‫ققققق‬ .‫قققققققق‬‫ققققققق‬
‫قققققق‬‫قق‬‫ققققق‬‫ققققق‬‫قققققققق‬‫ققققق‬‫ققققق‬‫قق‬‫قققق‬‫)ققق‬
‫ققققق‬‫ققققق‬‫قققق‬ (‫ققققققق‬‫ققق‬‫ققققق‬‫ققققققق‬‫قققققق‬‫قققق‬
‫قققققق‬.‫قققققق‬
‫ققققق‬‫ققققق‬‫قققققققق‬
‫ققق‬‫ققققققق‬‫قققققققق‬)Mosin-Nagant‫قققق‬ ()7.62x54mmR‫ققق‬ (
‫قق‬ ‫قققققق‬‫ققق‬ ‫قق‬‫ق‬ ‫ق‬‫قق‬ ‫ققق‬‫ق‬ ‫ققققققق‬‫ق‬ ‫قققققق‬.
2013
)‫ل‬‫ل‬‫ل‬‫ل‬‫ل‬1:(M40‫ل‬‫ل‬‫ل‬‫ل‬
7.62×51mm
)‫ل‬‫ل‬‫ل‬‫ل‬‫ل‬2:(Mosin-Nagant‫ل‬‫ل‬‫ل‬‫ل‬
7.62×54mmR
1

2. ‫قق‬‫ققققق‬‫ققق‬‫قققققق‬‫ققققققققق‬‫ققققق‬‫قققققققق‬)XM21(
‫ققققققققق‬)M40.(
‫قققق‬‫قققققق‬‫قققققققققققق‬‫قققق‬‫ققققق‬‫ققققققق‬‫ققققققققق‬
‫ققققققق‬‫قققققققق‬‫قققققققققق‬‫ققققق‬)Whitworth rifle‫ققققققق‬ (
‫ققققققق‬‫ققققق‬‫قققققق‬‫قققق‬‫ققققق‬‫ققققققق‬‫ققق‬‫ققق‬‫ققق‬‫قققققق‬
‫ققق‬‫ققق‬‫قققق‬‫قققققق‬‫ققققققققق‬‫ققق‬‫قققققق‬‫ققققق‬‫قق‬730‫ق‬‫ق‬‫ققق‬
‫قققق‬‫قق‬‫قققق‬‫ققق‬‫قق‬‫ققق‬.‫ققققق‬
‫ققققق‬‫قققققققق‬‫قققق‬‫قققق‬‫قق‬‫ققققققق‬‫ققق‬‫ققققققق‬‫قققققققق‬
‫ققققققق‬)peep sights‫ققققققققق‬ (‫ققققققق‬‫ققققققققق‬ (‫)قققققق‬
‫قققققققق‬‫قققققققق‬‫ققققققق‬‫ققققق‬‫ققق‬‫ققق‬‫قققق‬ .‫ققققق‬‫قق‬‫ققققق‬
‫ققققق‬‫قققققققق‬‫قققققق‬‫ققق‬‫ق‬‫قققققق‬‫ققققق‬‫قققققققق‬‫ققققق‬‫ققققق‬
‫قق‬‫ققققققق‬‫ققققققق‬‫قق‬‫ققققققق‬.‫قققققققققققق‬
‫ققق‬‫قققق‬‫ققققق‬‫قققققققق‬‫ققققققق‬‫قققققق‬‫ققققق‬‫ققققق‬‫قققققققق‬
‫قق‬‫ققققق‬‫ققققق‬‫قق‬‫ققققققق‬‫ققققق‬‫ققققققق‬‫قق‬‫قققققققققق‬‫ققق‬
‫قققق‬2.5x‫قق‬3x‫ققققق‬‫قققققق‬‫قققققق‬‫ققققققق‬‫ققق‬‫ققققققق‬‫ققققق‬
‫قققققققق‬‫قققق‬.‫ققققق‬
‫ققققق‬‫ققققق‬:‫قققققققق‬
‫ققق‬‫ققققق‬‫ققققق‬‫قققققققق‬‫قق‬‫ققققق‬‫قق‬‫ققققققق‬‫ققق‬:‫ققق‬
)1(‫قققق‬‫قققققققق‬‫قققققق‬
)2(‫قققق‬‫قققققق‬‫قققققققق‬‫قققق‬‫قق‬‫ققققققق‬‫قققققق‬‫قق‬.‫ققققققق‬
)3(‫قققق‬‫ققق‬‫قققق‬.‫ققققق‬
)4(‫قققق‬‫ققق‬‫ققققق‬‫ققققق‬‫ققق‬‫قققققق‬‫قق‬‫ققققق‬.‫قققققققق‬
)5(‫قققق‬‫قققق‬‫ققققققق‬‫قق‬‫ققققق‬‫قققققققق‬)Prone position.(
‫ققققق‬‫ققققق‬:‫قققققققق‬
)1(‫ققققق‬‫ققققققق‬)Anti-personnel(
)2(‫ققققق‬‫ققققققق‬)Anti-material Rifle‫ققققق‬ (‫ققق‬‫ققققق‬‫ققق‬
:‫ققققق‬
.‫ق‬‫ققققق‬‫قققق‬.50BMG.
2013
)‫ل‬‫ل‬‫ل‬‫ل‬‫ل‬3:(XM21 ‫ل‬M40
)‫ل‬‫ل‬‫ل‬‫ل‬‫ل‬4:(Whitworth rifle
2

3. .‫ق‬‫ققققق‬‫قققق‬20mm.
‫ققققققققق‬‫ققققق‬‫قققققققق‬‫ققققققق‬:‫ققققققق‬
)1(‫قققققققق‬‫ققق‬‫ققققققق‬)Parked Aircraft.(
)2(‫ققققققق‬‫ققققققققق‬)TelecommunicationMasts.(
)3(‫قققق‬‫قققققق‬)Power Lines.(
)4(‫ققققق‬‫ققققق‬‫قققققققق‬)Missile Sites.(
)5(‫ققققق‬‫ققققققققق‬)Radar Installations.(
)6(‫ققققق‬‫ققققققق‬)Refineries.(
)7(‫قققق‬‫ققققققق‬‫قققققققققق‬)Satellite Dishes.(
)8(‫ققققق‬‫ققققققق‬)Gun Emplacements.(
)9(‫ققققققق‬‫قققققققق‬)Bunkers and Personnel.(
)10(‫قق‬‫ققققققق‬)Counter Sniping.(
)11(‫ققققققق‬‫ققققققق‬)Ordnance Disposal.(
‫ققققق‬‫ققققققق‬‫ققق‬‫ققققق‬:‫قققققققق‬
‫ققق‬‫قق‬‫قققق‬‫قققققق‬‫ق‬‫ق‬‫قققققق‬‫ققققق‬‫ققققققق‬‫ققق‬‫ققققق‬‫قققققققق‬
‫قققق‬‫قققق‬‫ققققق‬‫ق‬‫ق‬‫قققق‬‫ققق‬‫ققققق‬‫قققققق‬‫قققققق‬‫ققققق‬‫قققققق‬
‫ققققق‬)Prone position.(
‫ققققق‬‫ققققق‬:‫قققققققق‬
.‫ق‬‫ققققق‬‫قققققققق‬)‫قققققققق‬Military:(
‫ققققق‬‫ق‬‫ق‬‫قققق‬‫ققق‬‫ققققققققق‬:‫ققققققق‬
)1(‫ققققق‬‫قققق‬‫ققققققق‬.‫ققققق‬
)2(‫ققققق‬.‫ققققق‬
2013
)‫ل‬‫ل‬‫ل‬‫ل‬‫ل‬5‫ل‬‫ل‬‫ل‬‫ل‬‫ل‬‫ل‬‫ل‬‫ل‬‫ل‬‫ل‬‫ل‬‫ل‬‫ل‬‫ل‬‫ل‬ :(
‫ل‬‫ل‬‫ل‬‫ل‬‫ل‬‫ل‬‫ل‬‫ل‬‫ل‬‫ل‬‫ل‬‫ل‬‫ل‬
3

4. )3(‫قققق‬‫قق‬‫قققققق‬‫قققققق‬.‫قققققققق‬
)4(‫قققق‬‫ققققققق‬.‫قققققققق‬
)5(‫ققققق‬.‫ققققققق‬
)6(‫ققققق‬.‫ققققق‬
)7(‫قققققق‬.‫ققققق‬
.‫ق‬‫ققققق‬‫قققققق‬‫قققققق‬)Law enforcement:(
)1(‫ققق‬‫ققققق‬‫ققققق‬.‫ق‬‫ق‬‫قق‬
)2(‫ققق‬.‫ققققق‬
‫ققققققق‬)‫قققققق‬Telescopic sight:(
‫ققققق‬‫ققققققق‬‫قققققق‬‫ققق‬‫قق‬‫قققق‬‫ققققق‬‫قققققققق‬‫قق‬‫ققققق‬‫قق‬
‫ققققققق‬‫قققققق‬‫ققققق‬‫قققق‬‫قققققق‬‫قق‬‫ققققق‬‫ققققققق‬‫ققققققق‬‫قققققق‬
‫قققق‬‫قققققق‬‫قق‬‫قققققق‬‫قققققققق‬‫ققققق‬‫قققققق‬‫ققققققق‬‫قققق‬‫ققققققق‬
‫ققق‬‫قققققق‬.‫ققققق‬
‫ققققق‬‫ققققققق‬‫قققققق‬‫قققق‬‫قققق‬‫ققق‬‫ققققق‬‫قققققققق‬‫ققق‬‫قق‬‫ققق‬
‫ققققق‬‫قققق‬‫ققق‬‫قققق‬‫قق‬)4‫قققق‬ (‫ققق‬)40‫ققق‬ (‫قققققق‬‫ققققققق‬‫قققق‬
‫ققققق‬‫ققق‬‫قققققق‬‫ققق‬‫ققققققق‬‫ققق‬40‫ققق‬‫ققق‬50‫ققق‬‫قق‬‫قققق‬‫قققققق‬
‫قققق‬‫قققق‬.‫قققققق‬
2013
)‫ل‬‫ل‬‫ل‬‫ل‬‫ل‬6‫ل‬‫ل‬‫ل‬‫ل‬‫ل‬‫ل‬‫ل‬‫ل‬‫ل‬ :(
4

5. ‫ققق‬‫ققق‬‫قققق‬‫ققققق‬‫ققق‬‫ققققق‬‫ققققققق‬‫قققق‬‫قققققق‬‫قق‬‫ققققققق‬
‫قققققق‬‫ققققق‬‫ققققققق‬‫قق‬‫قققق‬‫ققققققق‬‫ققق‬‫ققققق‬‫ققق‬‫قق‬‫قق‬‫ققققق‬‫ققق‬
)7‫قققق‬ (‫قققق‬‫قققق‬‫ققققققق‬‫قققققق‬PSO-1‫قققق‬‫قققق‬‫ققق‬‫قققققق‬
‫قققققققق‬)Dragonov‫قققققق‬ (‫قق‬‫قققققققق‬:‫ققققققق‬
1‫قققق‬ .‫قققققققق‬
2‫.قققق‬‫ققققق‬‫ققققققق‬
3‫.قققق‬‫قققق‬‫قققققق‬
4‫.قققق‬‫ققققق‬
‫قققق‬‫ققق‬‫ققققق‬:‫قققققققق‬
‫قققق‬‫ققققق‬‫قققققققق‬‫قققق‬:‫قققققققق‬
‫قققققق‬‫قققق‬ :‫ققققققق‬)bolt-action‫قققققق‬ .(‫ققق‬‫ققق‬:
)1(‫قققق‬‫قق‬‫ققق‬‫ققققققق‬.‫قققققققق‬
)2(‫ققققققق‬.‫ققققق‬
)3(‫ققق‬‫ق‬‫ق‬‫ققق‬‫قققق‬‫ققققق‬‫ققق‬‫ققققق‬‫قق‬‫ققققققق‬.‫قققققق‬
)4(‫ققققق‬‫ققق‬‫قققققق‬‫قققق‬‫ققققققق‬‫قققققق‬‫ققق‬‫قققق‬.‫ققققق‬
2013
)‫ل‬‫ل‬‫ل‬‫ل‬‫ل‬7‫ل‬‫ل‬‫ل‬‫ل‬‫ل‬‫ل‬‫ل‬‫ل‬‫ل‬‫ل‬‫ل‬‫ل‬‫ل‬‫ل‬‫ل‬‫ل‬ :(
5

6. ‫ققققققق‬‫ققق‬ :‫ققققققققققق‬)semi-automatic‫قققققق‬ .(‫ققق‬‫ققق‬:
)1(‫قققق‬‫ققققققققق‬‫ققققققق‬‫قققققق‬‫قققققققق‬‫قققق‬.
)2(‫قققق‬‫قققق‬‫ققق‬‫قققق‬‫ققققق‬‫ققققق‬.‫ققققق‬
)3(‫قققق‬‫ققققققق‬‫ققققق‬‫ققققق‬‫ققق‬‫قق‬‫ققققققق‬‫ققققققق‬‫ققققققق‬)
Anti-material Rifle.(
)4(‫قققق‬‫ققققققق‬‫ققققق‬‫ققققق‬‫ققق‬‫قق‬‫ققققق‬‫قققققققق‬‫قق‬‫قققققققق‬
‫قققق‬‫قققق‬‫قققق‬‫ققققققق‬)target-rich environments.(
‫ققققققق‬‫ققققققققق‬‫قققققق‬‫قققققققق‬
‫قققق‬‫قققققق‬‫ققققققق‬‫ققققققق‬‫ققققققققق‬‫قق‬‫ققققق‬‫قققققققق‬‫قققققق‬
‫قق‬‫ققققققق‬‫قق‬‫ققق‬‫ققققققق‬‫قققق‬‫ققققق‬‫ققققققق‬‫ققققققققق‬‫ققققق‬
‫قققققق‬‫ققققققققق‬‫ققققق‬‫ق‬‫ق‬‫ققققق‬‫قق‬‫ققققق‬‫قققق‬‫قققققق‬‫ققق‬‫ققققققق‬
‫قققق‬‫قققققققق‬‫قققققق‬‫ققققق‬‫قققق‬‫قق‬‫قققققق‬‫قق‬‫قققق‬‫ققققققق‬.‫ققققق‬
‫قققققق‬‫قققققق‬‫قققق‬‫ققق‬‫ققققققق‬‫ققققققققق‬‫قققققق‬‫قققققققق‬‫ققق‬
:‫قققققق‬
‫ققق‬
‫ققققققق‬
‫قققققق‬
‫ققققققق‬
‫قق‬
‫قققققق‬
‫ققق‬
‫ققققق‬
‫ققققققق‬
‫قق‬
‫ققققق‬
‫قققققق‬
‫ققق‬
‫ققققق‬
‫ققققققق‬
‫ققققق‬
‫قق‬
30-06
Springfield
7.62×63mmAnti-
personal
USA1906-1970
&
‫ققق‬‫ققققق‬
M1903springfield
M1917enfield
Browning Automatic
Rifle (BAR(
8mm
Mauser
7.92×57mmAnti-
personal
Germany1905‫ققق‬
‫قققق‬
Zastava M76
MG 42
Gewehr 43
.303British7.7×56mmRAnti-
personal
United
Kingdom
1889-1950Lee-Metford
Lee Enfield
.307.62×54mm RAnti-
personal
Russia1891Mosin-Nagant
Dragunov sniper
rifle
.308
Winchester
7.62×51mm
NATO.
Anti-
personal
USA1950M14 rifle
M60 machine gun
7mm
Remington
Magnum
7.2×64mmAnti-
personal
USA1962–
Present
Remington Model
700
2013 6

7. ‫ععع‬
‫ععععععع‬
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‫عع‬
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.338Lapua
Magnum
8.6×70mmAnti-
personal
Finland
.50BMG12.7×99mm
NATO
Anti-
material
Rifle
USA1921M2 Browning
Accuracy
International
AS50
Barrett
M82/M107
12.7×
108mm
Russian
14.5×
114mm
Russian
Certain commercial cartridges designed with only performance in mind, without the logistical
constraints of most armies, have also gained popularity in the 1990s. These include the 7 mm
Remington Magnum (7.2×64mm), .300 Winchester Magnum (7.8/7.62×67mm), and the .338 Lapua
Magnum (8.6×70mm). These cartridges offer better ballistic performance and greater effective
range than the 7.62×51mm. Though they are not as powerful as .50 caliber cartridges, rifles
chambered for these cartridges are not as heavy as rifles chambered for .50 caliber ammunition, and
are significantly more powerful than rifles chambered for 7.62×51mm.
Jaguar AMR of Bolivian origin.
M82A1 SASR (Special Applications Scoped Rifle or Semi-Automatic Sniper Rifle), a .50 caliber
sniper rifle used as an anti-materiel rifle.
Snipers may also employ anti-materiel rifles in sniping roles against targets such as vehicles,
equipment and structures, or for the long-range destruction of explosive devices; these rifles may
also be used against personnel.
2013 7

8. Anti-materiel rifles tend to be semi-automatic and of a larger caliber than anti-personnel rifles,
using cartridges such as the .50 BMG, 12.7×108mm Russian or even 14.5×114mm Russian and
20mm. These large cartridges are required to be able to fire projectiles containing payloads such as
explosives, armor piercing cores, incendiaries or combinations of these, such as the Raufoss Mk211
projectile. Due to the considerable size and weight of anti-materiel rifles, 2- or 3-man sniper teams
become necessary.
Most telescopic lenses employed in military or police roles have special reticles to aid with
judgment of distance, which is an important factor in accurate shot placement due to the bullet's
trajectory.
Sniper rifle
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from World war 1 sniper rifles)
Jump to: navigation, search
The 7.62×51mm M40, United States Marine Corps standard-issue sniper rifle.
The Accuracy International Arctic Warfare series of sniper rifles is standard issue in the armies of
many countries, including those of Britain and Germany (picture shows a rifle of the German
Army).
Bor – the 7.62×51 mm Polish bolt-action sniper rifle.
In military and law enforcement terminology, a sniper rifle is a precision-rifle used to ensure more
accurate placement of bullets at longer ranges than other small arms. A typical sniper rifle is built
for optimal levels of accuracy, fitted with a telescopic sight and chambered for a military centerfire
cartridge. The term is often used in the media to describe any type of accurized firearm fitted with a
2013 8
‫ععععع‬)1:(Mosin-Nagant

9. telescopic sight that is employed against human targets, although "sniping rifle" or "sniper's rifle" is
the technically correct term for such a rifle.
The military role of a sniper (a term derived from the snipe, a bird which was difficult to hunt and
shoot) dates back to the turn of the 18th century, but the true sniper rifle is a much more recent
development. Advances in technology, specifically that of telescopic sights and more accurate
manufacturing, allowed armies to equip specially trained soldiers with rifles that enable them to
deliver precise shots over greater distances than regular infantry weapons. The rifle itself could be
based on a standard rifle (at first, a bolt-action rifle); however, when fitted with a telescopic sight, it
becomes a sniper rifle.
Contents
[hide]
• 1 History
• 2 Classification
o 2.1 Military
o 2.2 Law enforcement
• 3 Distinguishing characteristics
o 3.1 Telescopic sight
o 3.2 Action
o 3.3 Cartridge
o 3.4 Barrel
o 3.5 Stock
o 3.6 Accessories
• 4 Capabilities
o 4.1 Accuracy
o 4.2 Maximum effective range
• 5 See also
• 6 Notes
• 7 References
• 8 External links
[edit] History
During World War II, the (7.62×54mmR) Mosin-Nagant rifle mounted with a telescopic sight was
commonly used as a sniper rifle by Russian snipers.
Vietnam War era sniper rifles, US Army XM21 (top) and USMC M40 (bottom)
2013 9

10. In the American Civil War, Confederate troops equipped with barrel-length three power scopes
mounted on the exceptionally accurate British Whitworth rifle had been known to kill Union
officers at ranges of about 800 yards (731.5m), an unheard-of distance at that time.[1][2][3][4]
The earliest sniper rifles were little more than conventional military or target rifles with long-range
"peep sights" and Galilean 'open telescope' front and rear sights, designed for use on the target
range. Only from the beginning of World War I did specially adapted sniper rifles come to the fore.
Germany deployed military caliber hunting rifles with telescopic sights, and the British used Aldis,
Winchester and Periscopic Prism Co. sights fitted by gunsmiths to regulation SMLE Mk III and Mk
III* or Enfield Pattern 1914 rifles; the Canadian Ross rifle was also employed by snipers after it had
been withdrawn from general issue.
Typical World War II-era sniper rifles were generally standard-issue battle rifles, selected for
accuracy, with a 2.5× or 3× telescopic sight and cheek-rest fitted and the bolt turned down if
necessary to allow operation with the scope fitted. Australia's No.1 Mk III* (HT) rifle was a later
conversion of the SMLE fitted with the Lithgow heavy target barrel at the end of WW2. By the end
of the war, forces on all sides had specially trained soldiers equipped with sniper rifles, and they
have played an increasingly important role in military operations ever since.
[edit] Classification
Modern sniper rifles can be divided into two basic classes: military and law enforcement.
[edit] Military
U.S. Marine Corps SRT sniper team with an M24 sniper rifle, during sniper training.
Macedonian special policeman holding a Zastava M76.
Sniper rifles manufactured for military service are often designed for very high durability, range,
reliability, sturdiness, serviceability and repairability under adverse environmental and combat
conditions, at the sacrifice of a small degree of accuracy. Military snipers and sharpshooters may
also be required to carry their rifles and other equipment for long distances, making it important to
minimize weight. Military organizations often operate under strict budget constraints, which
influences the type and quality of sniper rifles they purchase.
2013 10

11. [edit] Law enforcement
Sniper rifles built or modified for use in law enforcement are generally required to have the greatest
possible accuracy, more than military rifles, but do not need to have as long a range.
As law enforcement-specific rifles are usually used in non-combat (often urban) environments, they
do not have the requirement to be as hardy or portable as military versions; nevertheless they may
be smaller, as they do not need very long range.
Some of the first sniper rifles designed specifically to meet police and other law-enforcement
requirements were developed for West German police after the Munich massacre at the 1972
Summer Olympics. Many police services and law enforcement organizations (such as the U.S.
Secret Service) now use rifles designed for law enforcement purposes.
The Heckler & Koch PSG1 is one rifle specifically designed to meet these criteria and is often
referred to as an ideal example of this type of sniper rifle. The FN Special Police Rifle was built for,
and is marketed to, law enforcement rather than military agencies.
[edit] Distinguishing characteristics
Looking through a telescopic sight.
PSO-1 Sniper Scope Reticle
1 - Lead/deflection scale
2 - Main targeting chevron
3 - Bullet drop chevrons
4 - Rangefinder
The features of a sniper rifle can vary widely depending on the specific tasks it is intended to
perform. Features that may distinguish a sniper rifle from other weapons are the presence of a
2013 11

12. telescopic sight, unusually long overall length,[5]
a stock designed for firing from a prone position,
and the presence of a bipod and other accessories.
[edit] Telescopic sight
The single most important characteristic that sets a sniper rifle apart from other military or police
small arms is the mounting of a telescopic sight, which is relatively easy to distinguish from smaller
optical aiming devices found on some modern assault rifles and submachine guns. This also allows
the user to see farther.
The telescopic sights used on sniper rifles differ from other optical sights in that they offer much
greater magnification (more than 4× and up to 40×), and have a much larger objective lens (40 to 50
mm in diameter) for a brighter image.
Most telescopic lenses employed in military or police roles have special reticles to aid with
judgment of distance, which is an important factor in accurate shot placement due to the bullet's
trajectory.
[edit] Action
The choice between bolt-action and semi-automatic (more commonly known as recoil or gas
operation) is usually determined by specific requirements of the sniper's role as envisioned in a
particular organization, with each design having advantages and disadvantages. For a given
cartridge, a bolt-action rifle is cheaper to build and maintain, more reliable, and lighter, due to fewer
moving parts in the mechanism. In addition, the absence of uncontrolled automatic cartridge case
ejection helped to avoid revealing the firer's position. Semi-automatic weapons can serve both as
battle rifle and sniper rifle, and allow for a greater rate (and hence volume) of fire. As such rifles
may be modified service rifles, an additional benefit can be commonality of operation with the
issued infantry rifle. A bolt action is most commonly used in both military and police roles due to
its higher accuracy and ease of maintenance. Anti-materiel applications such as mine clearing and
special forces operations tend to use semi-automatics.
A Marine manually extracts an empty cartridge and chambers a new 7.62×51mm round in his bolt-
action M40A3 sniper rifle. The bolt handle is held in the shooter's hand and is not visible in this
photo.
A designated marksman rifle (DMR) is less specialized than a typical military sniper rifle, often
only intended to extend the range of a group of soldiers. Therefore, when a semi-automatic action is
used it is due to its ability to cross over into roles similar to the roles of standard issue weapons.
There may also be additional logistical advantages if the DMR uses the same ammunition as the
more common standard issue weapons. These rifles enable a higher volume of fire, but sacrifice
some long range accuracy. They are frequently built from existing selective fire battle rifles or
assault rifles, often simply by adding a telescopic sight and adjustable stock.
2013 12

13. A police semi-automatic sniper rifle may be used in situations that require a single sniper to engage
multiple targets in quick succession, and military semi-automatics such as the M110 SASS are used
in similar "target-rich" environments.
[edit] Cartridge
In a military setting, logistical concerns are the primary determinant of the cartridge used, so sniper
rifles are usually limited to rifle cartridges commonly used by the military force employing the rifle
and match grade ammunition. Since large national militaries generally change slowly, military rifle
ammunition is frequently battle-tested and well-studied by ammunition and firearms experts.
Consequently, police forces tend to follow military practices in choosing a sniper rifle cartridge
instead of trying to break new ground with less-perfected (but possibly better) ammunition.
Before the introduction of the standard 7.62×51mm NATO (.308 Winchester) cartridge in the
1950s, standard military cartridges were the .30-06 Springfield or 7.62×63mm (United States), .303
British (7.7×56mmR) (United Kingdom) and 7.92×57mm (8mm Mauser) (Germany). The .30-06
Springfield continued in service with U.S. Marine Corps snipers during the Vietnam War in the
1970s, well after general adoption of the 7.62×51mm. At the present time, in both the Western
world and within NATO, 7.62×51mm is currently the primary cartridge of choice for military and
police sniper rifles.
Worldwide, the trend is similar. The preferred sniper cartridge in Russia is another .30 caliber
military cartridge, the 7.62 × 54 mm R, which has similar performance to the 7.62×51mm. This
cartridge was introduced in 1891, and both Russian sniper rifles of the modern era, the Mosin-
Nagant and the Dragunov sniper rifle, are chambered for it.
Certain commercial cartridges designed with only performance in mind, without the logistical
constraints of most armies, have also gained popularity in the 1990s. These include the 7 mm
Remington Magnum (7.2×64mm), .300 Winchester Magnum (7.8/7.62×67mm), and the .338 Lapua
Magnum (8.6×70mm). These cartridges offer better ballistic performance and greater effective
range than the 7.62×51mm. Though they are not as powerful as .50 caliber cartridges, rifles
chambered for these cartridges are not as heavy as rifles chambered for .50 caliber ammunition, and
are significantly more powerful than rifles chambered for 7.62×51mm.
Jaguar AMR of Bolivian origin.
M82A1 SASR (Special Applications Scoped Rifle or Semi-Automatic Sniper Rifle), a .50 caliber
sniper rifle used as an anti-materiel rifle.
2013 13

14. Snipers may also employ anti-materiel rifles in sniping roles against targets such as vehicles,
equipment and structures, or for the long-range destruction of explosive devices; these rifles may
also be used against personnel.
Anti-materiel rifles tend to be semi-automatic and of a larger caliber than anti-personnel rifles,
using cartridges such as the .50 BMG, 12.7×108mm Russian or even 14.5×114mm Russian and
20mm. These large cartridges are required to be able to fire projectiles containing payloads such as
explosives, armor piercing cores, incendiaries or combinations of these, such as the Raufoss Mk211
projectile. Due to the considerable size and weight of anti-materiel rifles, 2- or 3-man sniper teams
become necessary.
[edit] Barrel
Barrels are normally of precise manufacture and of a heavier cross section than more traditional
barrels in order to reduce the change in impact points between a first shot from a cold barrel and a
follow-up shot from a warm barrel. Unlike many battle and assault rifles, the bores are usually not
chromed to avoid inaccuracy due to an uneven treatment.
When installed, barrels are often free-floated: i.e., installed so that the barrel only contacts the rest
of the rifle at the receiver, to minimise the effects on impact point of pressure on the fore-end by
slings, bipods, or the sniper's hands. The end of the barrel is usually crowned or machined to form a
rebated area around the muzzle proper to avoid asymmetry or damage, and consequent inaccuracy.
Alternatively, some rifles such as the Dragunov or Walther WA2000 provide structures at the fore-
end to provide tension on the barrel in order to counteract barrel drop and other alterations in barrel
shape.
External longitudinal fluting that contributes to heat dissipation by increasing surface area, while
simultaneously decreasing the weight of the barrel, is sometimes used on sniper-rifle barrels.
Sniper-rifle barrels may also utilise a threaded muzzle or combination device (muzzle brake or flash
suppressor and attachment mount) to allow the fitting of a sound suppressor. These suppressors
often have a means of adjusting the point of impact while fitted.
Military sniper rifles tend to have barrel lengths of 609.6 mm (24 inches) or longer, to allow the
cartridge propellant to fully burn, reducing the amount of revealing muzzle flash and increasing
bullet velocity. Police sniper rifles may use shorter barrels to improve handling characteristics. The
shorter barrels' velocity loss is unimportant at closer ranges; projectile energy is more than
sufficient.
2013 14

15. [edit] Stock
The most common special feature of a sniper rifle stock is the adjustable cheek piece, where the
shooter's cheek meets the rear of the stock. For most rifles equipped with a telescopic sight, this
area is raised slightly, because the telescope is positioned higher than iron sights. A cheek piece is
simply a section of the stock that can be adjusted up or down to suit the individual shooter. To
further aid this individual fitting, the stock can sometimes also be adjusted for length, often by
varying the number of inserts at the rear of the stock where it meets the shooter's shoulder. Sniper
stocks are typically designed to avoid making contact with the barrel of the weapon.
[edit] Accessories
An adjustable sling is often fitted on the rifle, used by the sniper to achieve better stability when
standing, kneeling, or sitting. The sniper uses the sling to "lock-in" by wrapping his non-firing arm
into the sling forcing his arm to be still. Non-static weapon mounts such as bipods, monopods and
shooting sticks are also regularly used to aid and improve stability and reduce operator fatigue.
[edit] Capabilities
[edit] Accuracy
2013 15

16. Comparison of 0.5, 1, and 3 MOA extreme spread levels against a human torso at 800 m (left) and a
human head at 100 m (right)
A military-issue battle rifle or assault rifle is usually capable of between 3-6 minute of angle
(MOA) (1-2 mrad) accuracy.[6]
A standard-issue military sniper rifle is typically capable of 1-3
MOA (0.3-1 mrad) accuracy, with a police sniper rifle capable of 0.25-1.5 MOA (0.1-0.5 mrad)
accuracy. For comparison, a competition target or benchrest rifle may be capable of accuracy up to
0.15-0.3 MOA (0.05-0.1 mrad).
A 1 MOA (0.3 mrad) average extreme spread for a 5-shot group (meaning the center-to-center
distance between the two most distant bullet holes in a shot-group) translates into a 69% probability
that the bullet's point of impact will be in a target circle with a diameter of 23.3 cm (9.2 in) at 800 m
(875 yd).[7]
This average extreme spread for a 5-shot group and the accompanying hit probability
are considered sufficient for effectively hitting a human shape at 800 m distance.
In 1982 a U.S. Army draft requirement for a Sniper Weapon System was: "The System will: (6)
Have an accuracy of no more than 0.75 MOA (0.2 mrad) for a 5-shot group at 1,500 meters when
fired from a supported, non-benchrest position".[8]
Actual Sniper Weapon System (M24) adopted in
1988 has stated maximum effective range of 800 meters and a maximum allowed average mean
radius (AMR) of 1.9 inches at 300 yards from a machine rest, what corresponds to a 0.6 MOA (0.5
mrad) extreme spread for a 5-shot group when using 7.62 × 51 mm M118 Special Ball cartridges.[9]
[10][11]
Precision Weapon Engagement Ranges & Dispersion according to the US Army.
2013 16

17. A 2008 United States military market survey for a Precision Sniper Rifle (PSR) calls for 1 MOA
(0.3 mrad) extreme vertical spread for all shots in a 5-round group fired at targets at 300, 600, 900,
1,200 and 1,500 meters.[12][13]
In 2009 a United States Special Operations Command market survey
calls for 1 MOA (0.3 mrad) extreme vertical spread for all shots in a 10-round group fired at targets
at 300, 600, 900, 1,200 and 1,500 meters.[14][15]
The 2009 Precession Sniper Rifle requirements state
that the PSR when fired without suppressor shall provide a confidence factor of 80% that the
weapon and ammunition combination is capable of holding 1 MOA extreme vertical spread. This
shall be calculated from 150 ten (10) round groups that were fired unsuppressed. No individual
group shall exceed 1.5 MOA (0.5 mrad) extreme vertical spread. All accuracy will be taken at the
1,500 meter point.[16][17]
In 2008 the US military adopted the M110 Semi-Automatic Sniper System
which has corresponding maximum allowed extreme spread of 1.8 MOA (0.5 mrad) for a 5-shot
group on 300 feet, using M118LR ammunition or equivalent.[9][10][18]
In 2010 maximum bullet
dispersion requirement for M24 .300 Winchester Magnum corresponds[9][10]
1.4 MOA extreme
spread for 5 shot group on 100 meters.[19]
Although accuracy standards for police rifles do not widely exist, rifles are frequently seen with
accuracy levels from 0.5-1.5 MOA (0.2-0.5 mrad).[20]
For typical policing situations, an extreme
spread accuracy level no better than 1 MOA (0.3 mrad) is usually all that is required. This is
because police typically employ their rifles at short ranges.[21]
At 100 m or less, a rifle with a
relatively low accuracy of only 1 MOA (0.3 mrad) should be able to repeatedly hit a 3 cm (1.2 inch)
target. A 3 cm diameter target is smaller than the brain stem which is targeted by police snipers for
its quick killing effect.[22]
[edit] Maximum effective range
Cartridge Maximum effective range[23]
7.62×39mm 600 m
5.56×45mm 800 m [24]
7.62×51mm (.308 Winchester) 800 m
7.62×54mm R 800 m
.30-06 Springfield 800 m
7 mm Remington Magnum 900–1,100 m
.300 Winchester Magnum 900–1,200 m
.338 Lapua Magnum 1,200-1,500 m
.50 BMG (12.7×99mm NATO)
12.7×108mm (Russian)
1,500–2,000 m
14.5×114mm 1,800–2,300 m
Unlike police sniper rifles, military sniper rifles tend to be employed at the greatest possible
distances so that range advantages like the increased difficulty to spot and engage the sniper can be
exploited.
The most popular military sniper rifles (in terms of numbers in service) are chambered for 7.62 mm
(0.30 inch) caliber ammunition, such as 7.62×51mm and 7.62×54mm R. Since sniper rifles of this
class must compete with several other types of military weapons with similar range, snipers
invariably must employ skilled fieldcraft to conceal their position.
.338Lapua Magnum.50BMG14.5×114mm
The recent trend in specialized military sniper rifles is towards larger calibers that offer relatively
favorable hit probabilities at greater range, such as the anti-personnel .338 Lapua Magnum cartridge
2013 17

18. and anti-materiel cartridges like the .50 BMG and the 14.5×114mm. This allows snipers to take
fewer risks, and spend less time finding concealment when facing enemies that are not equipped
with similar weapons.
Maximum range claims made by military organizations and materiel manufacturers regarding
sniper weapon systems are not based on consistent or strictly scientific criteria. The problem is only
the bullet interacts after a relatively long flight path with the target (can also be a materiel target for
a sniper bullet). This implies that variables such as the minimal required hit probability, local
atmospheric conditions, properties and velocity of the employed bullet (parts), properties of the
target and the desired terminal effect are major relevant factors that determine the maximum
effective range of the employed system.
[edit] See also
• Longest recorded sniper kills
Related military roles
• Sniper
• Scout Sniper
• Designated marksman
Related military weapons
• List of sniper rifles
• Assault rifle
• Battle rifle
• Carbine rifle
• Marksman rifle
• Anti-tank rifle
• Anti-materiel rifle
[edit] Notes
1. ^ Snipers in History
2. ^ Whitworth Rifle No. C529
3. ^ Whitworth Sharpshooter Rifle
4. ^ Artillery of the Civil War
5. ^ The Ultimate Sniper: an Advanced Training Manual for Military and Police Snipers, Maj. John L.
Plaster, 1993. The information about counter-sniper operations describes techniques for identifying snipers
amongst groups of other soldiers. The most easily recognizable feature of a sniper from a great distance is the
fact that the sniper's rifle is longer than all the others.
6. ^ T.W. Lee. Military Technologies of the World. p. 237.
7. ^ Statistical notes on rifle group patterns by Robert E. Wheeler
8. ^ AMSAA Technical report No. 461
9. ^ a b c
http://www.bobwheeler.com/guns/GroupStat.pdf Statistical notes on rifle group patterns
10. ^ a b c
http://enotus.blog.tut.by/2009/04/09/rasseivanie-vyistrelov-kuchnost-pokazateli-i-zavisimost/
(in Russian)
11. ^ MIL-R-71126(AR) at everyspec.com
12. ^ US Special Operations Considers A ".338" Sniper Rifle
13. ^ Precession Sniper Rifle - Solicitation Number: H92222-09-PSR
14. ^ Precision Sniper Rifle (PSR) - Solicitation Number: H92222-09-PSR2
2013 18

19. 15. ^ SOCOM PSR Contenders
16. ^ Precision Sniper Rifles Systems (PSR) Draft Go/No-Go Requirements
17. ^ Precision Sniper Rifle (PSR) Vendor Questionnaire
18. ^ http://www.everyspec.com/MIL-PRF/MIL-PRF+%28030000+-+79999%29/MIL-PRF-
32316_AMENDMENT-1_25025/
19. ^ M24 Sniper Weapon System Reconfiguration
20. ^ The FBI, a national-level policing organization, has recently specified an accuracy level of 0.5
MOA for 5 shots at 100 yd for sniper rifles issued to their SWAT teams: Johnson, D: Precision Pair, Guns &
Ammo, February 2005.[1]
21. ^ Minimum documented range is 5 yards, maximum documented range is 187 yards: Police Sniper
Utilization Survey, American Sniper Association, 2006, full report available to military and law enforcement
agencies only.[2] [3] Some information publicly available from The Ultimate Sniper: an Advanced Training
Manual for Military and Police Snipers, Major John Plaster, 1993.
22. ^ Police Sniper Training, Major John Plaster, 1990.[4]
23. ^ Approximate maximum effective ranges of common cartridges when used in an adequately accurate
rifle system with special long-range high accuracy ammunition at International Standard Atmosphere sea level
conditions Common Calibers Used by Snipers<references/>
24. ^ "Philippine MSSR - Marine Scout Sniper Rifle - Sniper Central.com".
http://www.snipercentral.com/mssr.htm. Retrieved 2009-05-22."Marine Scout Sniper Rifle".
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Scout_Sniper_Rifle. Retrieved 2011-09-19.]
[edit] References
• Tobias, Ronald (1981). They Shoot to Kill: A Psycho-History of Criminal Sniping. Boulder,
Colorado: Paladin Press. ISBN 0-87364-207-4.
• De Haas, Frank (1995). Bolt Action Rifles. Krause Publications. ISBN 0-87349-168-8.
[edit] External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Sniper rifles
• Modern Firearms list of sniper rifles
• SniperCentral list of sniper rifles
• Mcmillan Tactical Stocks — Images of tactical stocks from the world's leading supplier
manufacturer
• Tack Driving Tactical Rifle from Tac Ops — Detailed overview of the accurization process
for a .25 MOA rifle
• Detailed accuracy articles, by famous barrel maker Dan Lilja
• Detail of Russian snipers and sniper rifles of World War Two by Chris Eger, military
historian
• demigodllc.com: Practical long-range rifle shooting
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Sniper_rifle&oldid=532573927#History"
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‫ةةةةة‬‫ةة‬‫ةةةةة‬‫ةةةةةةةة‬
‫ةةةة‬‫ةةةةة‬‫ةة‬‫ةةةةة‬‫ةةةةةة‬‫)ةةةةةةة‬‫ةةةةةةةة(ةة‬3-6MOA
‫ةةةة‬‫ةةةةة‬‫ةةةةةةةة‬‫ةة‬‫ةةةةة‬‫ةةةةةةةة‬‫ةةةةةةةة‬‫ةة‬1-3MOA
‫ةةةة‬‫ةةةةة‬‫ةةةةةةةة‬‫ةة‬‫ةةةةة‬‫ةةةةةةةة‬‫ةةةةةة‬‫ةة‬0.25-1.5
MOA
‫ةةةة‬‫ةةةةة‬‫ةةةةةةةة‬‫ةة‬‫ةةةةة‬‫ةةةةةةةةة‬‫ةةةةةةةة‬‫ةة‬0.15-0.3
MOA
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