smoke and fire control

1. Prof. Yulianto S. Nugroho and Dr. Beline
HAEI and BRIN FGD on The Importance of Smoke Exhaust Technology for High-rise and Special Buildings in Indonesia
Jakarta 22 November 2023
Fire Smoke Control System of Building
Fire Safety Engineering Research Group
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Faculty of Engineering
Universitas Indonesia

2. CurriculumVitae
Name : Yulianto S Nugroho
Affiliation: Universitas Indonesia
• Head of Thermodynamics Laboratory
Department of Mechanical Engineering
• Professor in Fire Safety Engineering
Education:
• Ir. (UI), M.Sc. And Ph.D (Leeds University, UK)
• Various workshop and trainings
Experiences and Professional activities:
• Member of KKBG PUPR since 2022
• Member of TPIB – TABG - TPA in Mechanichal
and Electrical of DKI Jakarta since 2013
• Technical Committee 13-04 of BSN since 2016
• Professional Member of SFPE since 2021
• Life-time Member of IAFSS
• Scientific committee of AOSFST
Publikasi ilmiah:
• 74 publikasi internasional terindex Scopus;
h-index: 10; 495 citations.

3. 3
BACKGROUND

4. BACKGROUND

5. Pengertian dan Definisi
NFPA Glossary of Terms
5
Fire
• Fire is a rapid oxidation process with the evolution of light and heat in
varying intensities.
• Fire is any instance of destructive and uncontrolled burning, including
explosion, of combustible solids, liquids, or gases.
Disaster
Disaster is defined as any unusual occurrence or unforeseen situation that
seriously overtaxes or threatens to seriously overtax the routine capabilities of
a health care facility.

6. YULIANTO S NUGROHO
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=08R0Q0CHDQI

7. Ignition process
7

8. Flammability limits
8
Limits of Flammability and Premixed Flames 85
Table 3.1 Flammability data for gases and vapours
Lower Upper Minimum Minimum
flammability
L
Cst
flammability
U
Cst
Sb
u ignition quenching
limit (L)a
limit (U)a
energyb
distanceb
% Vol g/m3
kJ/m3
% Vol g/m3
(m/s) (mJ) (mm)
Hydrogen 4.0c
3.6 435 0.13 75 67 2.5 3.2 0.01 0.5
Carbon
monoxide
12.5 157 1591 0.42 74 932 2.5 0.43 – –
Methane 5.0 36 1906 0.53 15 126 1.6 0.37 0.26 2.0
Ethane 3.0 41 1952 0.53 12.4 190 2.2 0.44 0.24 1.8
Propane 2.1 42 1951 0.52 9.5 210 2.4 0.42 0.25 1.8
n-Butane 1.8 48 2200 0.58 8.4 240 2.7 0.42 0.26 1.8
n-Pentane 1.4 46 2090 0.55 7.8 270 3.1 0.42 0.22 1.8
n-Hexane 1.2 47 2124 0.56 7.4 310 3.4 0.42 0.23 1.8
n-Heptane 1.05 47 2116 0.56 6.7 320 3.6 0.42 0.24 1.8
n-Octane 0.95 49 2199 0.58 – – – – – –
n-Nonane 0.85 49 2194 0.58 – – – – – –
n-Decane 0.75 48 2145 0.56 5.6 380 4.2 0.40 – –
Ethene 2.7 35 1654 0.41 36 700 5.5 > 0.69 0.12 1.2
Propene 2.4 46 2110 0.54 11 210 2.5 0.48 0.28 –
Butene-1 1.7 44 1998 0.50 9.7 270 2.9 0.48 – –
Acetylene 2.5 29 1410 0.32 (100) – – 1.7 0.02
Methanol 6.7 103 2141 0.55 36 810 2.9 0.52 0.14 1.5
Ethanol 3.3 70 1948 0.50 19 480 2.9 – – –
n-Propanol 2.2 60 1874 0.49 14 420 3.2 0.38 – –
Acetone 2.6 70 2035 0.52 13 390 2.6 0.50 1.1 –

9. Critical Heat Flux
9
Methods to determine critical heat flux (CHF) - Quintiere, J. G., 2006.

10. Heat Release Rate
10
• Heat release rate (HRR) is the most important property
• HRR for furniture is shown below.

11. 11
Fire calorimeter
Open Calorimeter Room Calorimeter

12. 12

13. 13
Design Fires
• Most Important Property – Heat Release Rate (HRR)
• Other Properties (toxic gasses, reduced visibility, etc) – Tenability
Systems
• For Simplicity – Discuss Only HRR
• HRR Measurement: Oxygen Consumption Calorimeters
• HRR per Unit O2 Consumed – Almost Constant (13.1 MJ/kg O2)

14. [Illustration from Björn
Karlsson, James G. Quintiere,
2000]
Fire and
temperature
growth in
building fire
Smoke growth
Stage of Compartment Fire Development
14

15. 15
Release of Heat and Release of Smoke Gases

16. Room fire illustration
YULIANTO S NUGROHO 16
Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JdEI7g2i1ZU&t=61s

17. 17
Pressure Difference in Fire Compartment
[Illustration from Björn Karlsson, James G. Quintiere, 2000]

18. 18
Relation of t-squared fire to some test data

19. 19
Design of Fire Safety Engineering

20. YULIANTO S NUGROHO 20
Deteksi Kebakaran
Supresi Kebakaran
Manajemen Asap
Kompartemenisasi
Keutuhan Struktur/
Structural Integrity
Fasilitas Pemadaman
Kebakaran
Sistem Manajemen
Keselamatan
Kebakaran
Pemilihan dan Penggunaan
Material Konstruksi
Memastikan ketersediaan
sarana penyelamatan jiwa
Kondisi selamat untuk
evakuasi
Adapted from Jose Torero et al. (2018)
Strategic elements in
building fire protection
strategies

21. Compartmentation:
[N. Rowan, ASFP, 2011]
21
 Prevent spread of fire and smoke
 Subdivide buildings into manageable
areas of risk
 Provide adequate means of escape
 Provisions in statutory guidance
documents

22. 22
Prescriptive Codes – Pressure Difference across Stairwell and Outside

23. 23
Mathematical Analysis – Plume Theory
The Zukoski Plume
For z > L:
For z < L:
The Heskestad Plume
The Mc Caffrey Plume
The Thomas Plume

24. 24
Numerical Analysis Solution
Conservation of mass
Energy balance
Fire Dynamic Simulator: computational fluid dynamic (CFD)
to Solve Navier – Stokes Equation for low speed and
thermally-driven flow in smoke movement and heat
transfer.

25. O. Vauquelin et al. / Fire Safety Journal 44 (2009) 665-667
Non – Dimensional Similarity Modelling

26. 26
Geometry 𝑥𝑚 = 𝑥𝐹 Τ
𝑙𝑚 𝑙𝑓
Temperature 𝑇𝑚 = 𝑇𝑓
Pressure Difference Δ𝑝𝑚 = Δ𝑝𝐹 Τ
𝑙𝑚 𝑙𝑓
Velocity 𝑣𝑚 = 𝑣𝐹 Τ
𝑙𝑚 𝑙𝑓
1/2
Total Heat Release Rate 𝑄𝑚 = 𝑄𝐹 Τ
𝑙𝑚 𝑙𝑓
5/2
Convection Heat Release Rate 𝑄𝑐,𝑚 = 𝑄𝑐,𝐹 Τ
𝑙𝑚 𝑙𝑓
5/2
Volumetric Flow Rate 𝑉𝑓𝑎𝑛,𝑚 = 𝑉𝑓𝑎𝑛,𝐹 Τ
𝑙𝑚 𝑙𝑓
5/2
Comartment Thermal Properties 𝑘𝜌𝑐 𝑤,𝑚 = 𝑘𝜌𝑐 𝑤,𝐹 Τ
𝑙𝑚 𝑙𝑓
0.9
Non – Dimensional Similarity Modelling

27. Effect of room height and sizes in
compartment fire development

28. Every building must be equipped with means of escape that
can be used by building occupants, so that they have sufficient
time to escape safely without being hampered by things
caused by emergencies.
YULIANTO S NUGROHO 28
Performance of building fire protection system
 Required safe egress time (RSET)
 Available safe egress time (ASET)
ASET > RSET

29. (Proulx, 2008)
YULIANTO S NUGROHO 29

30. Walking speed
Walking speed in fire smoke [Tadahisa Jin, SFPE Hanbook of FPE 3rd Ed., 2002]

31. 31
Stairwell Pressurization

32. 32
Leakage Factors and Pressure Difference across the Stairwell to Outside

33. 33
Door Opening Forces and Pressure Differential across Stairwell

34. 34
Equivalent Leakage Area

35. 35
Pressure Differences Across Compartment

36. 36
Smoke Barrier / Curtains / Structural Fire Resistance
Component (NFPA 101) Fire Resistance
Rating (hours)
Vertical shafts (including
stairways, exits and risers)
2
Lift hoistway 2
Lift lobby 1
Horizontal exits 2
Exit access corridors 1
Wall and
partitions
(hr)
Fire Door
Assemblies
(hr)
Fire
Window
Assemblies
(hr)
Elevator Shaft 2 1.5 -
1 1 -
Vertical Shafts
(termasuk stairways,
exits dan refuse
chutes)
2 1.5 -
1 1 -
0.5 0.33 -
Fire barriers
3 3 -
2 1.5 -
1 0.75 0.75
0.5 0.33 0.33
Horizontal exits 2 1.5 -
Exit access 1 0.3 0.75
Koridor 0.5 0.3 0.3
Smoke barriers 1 0.3 0.75
Smoke partitions 0.5 0.3 0.3
NFPA 101

37. Fireman access
37

38. 38
Zoned Smoke Controls - Pressurization

39. 39
Zoned Smoke
Controls

40. Zoned Smoke Controls

41. Normal Stack Effect
Mowrer F, / Fire Technology 45 (2009) 147-162

42. Influence of wind pressure on stack effect
Mowrer F, / Fire Technology 45 (2009) 147-162

43. Smoke Control Based on Natural Ventilation
Ding et al. / Build and Environment 39 (2004) 765-774

44. 44
Smoke control for atrium and large volume spaces

45. 45
SMOKE SPILL DI BALKON
Smoke control for atrium and large volume spaces

46. Smoke Buoyancy in Atrium Fires
Mowrer F, / Fire Technology 45 (2009) 147-162

47. C. Gutie´rrez-Montes et al. / Building and Environment 44 (2009) 1827–1839
Smoke and Plume in High Ceiling Space

48. Pool size 800 cm x 800 cm HRR 450 – 550 kW
C. Gutie´rrez-Monteset al. / Building and Environment 44 (2009) 1827–1839
Smoke in the Atrium

49. 49
Fire and Smoke Ventilation in Large Volume Spaces
Natural Smoke Exhaust Mechanical Smoke Exhaust

50. Average Plume Temperature and
Required Smoke Exhaust Rate

51. 51
Arrangement of Smoke Extraction and Wind Direction

52. 52
Numerical Analysis – Smoke Extraction (Large Volume Spaces)

53. 53
Arrangement of Smoke Extraction and Wind Direction

54. 54
BASEMENT WITHOUT SPRINKLER
SYSTEMS AND SMOKE EXHAUST
Numerical Simulation of Underground Carpark Fires

55. 55
BASEMENT WITH SPRINKLER
SYSTEMS AND SMOKE EXHAUST
Numerical Simulation of Underground Carpark Fires

56. Prof. Yulianto S Nugroho
Departemen Teknik Mesin
Fakultas Teknik Universitas Indonesia
Ph. 0818744082
E-mail. yulianto.nugroho@ui.ac.id
Terima kasih - Thank you