Theory and research indicates that individuals with more frequent positive emotions are better at attaining goals at work and in everyday life. In the current study we examined whether the expression of genuine positive emotions by scientists was positively correlated with work-related accomplishments, defined by bibliometric (e.g., number of citations) and sociometric (number of followers for scholarly updates) indices. Using a sample of 440 scientists from a social networking site for researchers, multiple raters coded smile intensity (full smile, partial smile, or no smile) in publicly available photographs. We found that scientists who presented a full smile had the same quantity of publications yet of higher quality (e.g., citations per paper) and attracted more followers to their updates compared to less positive emotionally expressive peers; results remained after controlling for age and sex. Thin-slicing approaches to the beneficial effects of positive emotionality (e.g., Danner, Snowdon, & Friesen, 2001; Harker & Keltner, 2001) offer an ecologically valid approach to complement experimental and longitudinal evidence. Evidence linking positive emotional expressions to scientific impact and social influence provides further support for broaden and build models of positive emotions.
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis earned his BA in 1969 from Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Washington. In 1971, he earned his M.Ed. from Seattle Pacific University. In 1976, he earned his PhD from the University of Iowa. In 1981, he was a Visiting Scholar at Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, and in 1987 was a Visiting Scholar at Stanford University, Palo Alto, California.
International Journal of Education (IJE)ijejournal
International Journal of Education (IJE) is a Quarterly peer-reviewed and refereed open access journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of Educatioan. The journal is devoted to the publication of high quality papers on theoretical and practical aspects of Educational research.
The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on Educational advancements, and establishing new collaborations in these areas. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews are invited for publication in all areas of Education.
Running head EFFECTS OF AGE ON DETECTION OF EMOTION 1Effe.docxsusanschei
Running head: EFFECTS OF AGE ON DETECTION OF EMOTION 1
Effects of Age on Detection of Emotional Information
Christina M. Leclerc and Elizabeth A. Kensinger
Boston College
Author Note
This research was supported by National Science Foundation Grant BCS 0542694
awarded to Elizabeth A. Kensinger.
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Christina M. Leclerc,
Department of Psychology, Boston College, McGuinn Hall, Room 512, 140 Commonwealth
Avenue, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467. Email: [email protected]
Christina M. Leclerc and Elizabeth A. Kensinger, Department of Psychology,
Boston College.
Author Note
arch was supported by National Science Foundation Grant BCS 0542694
beth A. Kensinger.
ndence concerning this article should be addressed to Christina M. Leclerc,
sychology, Boston College, McGuinn Hall, Room 512, 140 Commonwealth
ut Hill, MA 02467. Email: [email protected]
M. Leclerc and Elizabeth A. Kensinger, Department of Psychology,
Writing the abstract, 2.04
Establishing a title, 2.01; Preparing the
manuscript for submission, 8.03
Formatting the author name (byline) and
institutional affiliation, 2.02, Table 2.1
Double-spaced manuscript,
Times Roman typeface,
1-inch margins, 8.03
Elements of an author note, 2.03
EFFECTS OF AGE ON DETECTION OF EMOTION 2
Abstract
Age differences were examined in affective processing, in the context of a visual search task.
Young and older adults were faster to detect high arousal images compared with low arousal and
neutral items. Younger adults were faster to detect positive high arousal targets compared with
other categories. In contrast, older adults exhibited an overall detection advantage for emotional
images compared with neutral images. Together, these findings suggest that older adults do not
display valence-based effects on affective processing at relatively automatic stages.
Keywords: aging, attention, information processing, emotion, visual search
M A N U S C R I P T S T R U C T U R E A N D C O N T E N T 41
Figure 2.1. Sample One-Experiment Paper (The numbers refer to numbered
sections in the Publication Manual.)
Paper adapted from “Effects of Age on Detection of Emotional Information,” by C. M. Leclerc and E. A. Kensinger,
2008, Psychology and Aging, 23, pp. 209–215. Copyright 2008 by the American Psychological Association.
S A M P L E P A P E R S42
EFFECTS OF AGE ON DETECTION OF EMOTION 3
Effects of Age on Detection of Emotional Information
Frequently, people encounter situations in their environment in which it is impossible to
attend to all available stimuli. It is therefore of great importance for one’s attentional processes to
select only the most salient information in the environment to which one should attend. Previous
research has suggested that emotional information is privy to attentional selection in young
adults (e.g.,
& Tapia, 2004; Nummenmaa, Hyona, & Calvo, 2006), an obvious service to evolutionary d ...
Being mindful predicts experiencing less emotional problems in school staff: ...Manja Veldin
The aim of the present study was to analyse the associations between mindfulness and experienced emotional problems in primary school teachers, principals, counsellors and other school staff from three EU countries (Slovenia, Croatia, and Sweden).
COM-520 Written Assignment 6 Project Scenario AlLynellBull52
COM-520 Written Assignment 6
Project Scenario
Always Fresh Foods Inc. is a food distributor with a central headquarters and main warehouse in
Colorado, as well as two regional warehouses in Nevada and Virginia.
The company runs Microsoft Windows 2019 on its servers and Microsoft Windows 10 on its workstations.
There are 2 database servers, 4 application servers, 2 web servers, and 25 workstation computers in the
headquarters offices and main warehouse. The network uses workgroups, and users are created locally
on each computer. Employees from the regional warehouses connect to the Colorado network via a
virtual private network (VPN) connection.
Due to a recent security breach, Always Fresh wants to increase the overall security of its network and
systems. They have chosen to use a solid multilayered defense to reduce the likelihood that an attacker
will successfully compromise the company’s information security. Multiple layers of defense throughout
the IT infrastructure makes the process of compromising any protected resource or data more difficult
than any single security control. In this way, Always Fresh protects its business by protecting its
information.
Project Part 6: Windows Hardening Recommendations
Scenario
As a security administrator for Always Fresh, you have been instructed to ensure that Windows
authentication, networking, and data access are hardened. This will help to provide a high level of
security.
The following are issues to be addressed through hardening techniques:
Previous attempts to protect user accounts have resulted in users writing long passwords
down and placing them near their workstations. Users should not write down passwords or create
passwords that attackers could easily guess, such as words founds in the dictionary.
Every user, regardless of role, must have at least one unique user account. A user who
operates in multiple roles may have multiple unique user accounts. Users should use the account
for its intended role only.
Anonymous users of the web server applications should only be able to access servers
located in the demilitarized zone (DMZ). No anonymous web application users should be able to
access any protected resources in the Always Fresh IT infrastructure.
To protect servers from attack, each server should authenticate connections based on
the source computer and user.
Tasks
Create a summary report to management that describes a hardening technique that addresses each
issue listed above. Provide rationale for each selection.
Due to the Always Fresh expansion, management wants additional network controls to protect their
growing network.
Required Resources
Internet access
Course textbook
Submission Requirements
Format: Microsoft Word (no PDF)
Font: Arial, size 12, double-space
Citation Style: APA format
Length: 1 to 2 pages
Self-Assessment Checklist
...
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis earned his BA in 1969 from Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Washington. In 1971, he earned his M.Ed. from Seattle Pacific University. In 1976, he earned his PhD from the University of Iowa. In 1981, he was a Visiting Scholar at Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, and in 1987 was a Visiting Scholar at Stanford University, Palo Alto, California.
International Journal of Education (IJE)ijejournal
International Journal of Education (IJE) is a Quarterly peer-reviewed and refereed open access journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of Educatioan. The journal is devoted to the publication of high quality papers on theoretical and practical aspects of Educational research.
The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on Educational advancements, and establishing new collaborations in these areas. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews are invited for publication in all areas of Education.
Running head EFFECTS OF AGE ON DETECTION OF EMOTION 1Effe.docxsusanschei
Running head: EFFECTS OF AGE ON DETECTION OF EMOTION 1
Effects of Age on Detection of Emotional Information
Christina M. Leclerc and Elizabeth A. Kensinger
Boston College
Author Note
This research was supported by National Science Foundation Grant BCS 0542694
awarded to Elizabeth A. Kensinger.
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Christina M. Leclerc,
Department of Psychology, Boston College, McGuinn Hall, Room 512, 140 Commonwealth
Avenue, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467. Email: [email protected]
Christina M. Leclerc and Elizabeth A. Kensinger, Department of Psychology,
Boston College.
Author Note
arch was supported by National Science Foundation Grant BCS 0542694
beth A. Kensinger.
ndence concerning this article should be addressed to Christina M. Leclerc,
sychology, Boston College, McGuinn Hall, Room 512, 140 Commonwealth
ut Hill, MA 02467. Email: [email protected]
M. Leclerc and Elizabeth A. Kensinger, Department of Psychology,
Writing the abstract, 2.04
Establishing a title, 2.01; Preparing the
manuscript for submission, 8.03
Formatting the author name (byline) and
institutional affiliation, 2.02, Table 2.1
Double-spaced manuscript,
Times Roman typeface,
1-inch margins, 8.03
Elements of an author note, 2.03
EFFECTS OF AGE ON DETECTION OF EMOTION 2
Abstract
Age differences were examined in affective processing, in the context of a visual search task.
Young and older adults were faster to detect high arousal images compared with low arousal and
neutral items. Younger adults were faster to detect positive high arousal targets compared with
other categories. In contrast, older adults exhibited an overall detection advantage for emotional
images compared with neutral images. Together, these findings suggest that older adults do not
display valence-based effects on affective processing at relatively automatic stages.
Keywords: aging, attention, information processing, emotion, visual search
M A N U S C R I P T S T R U C T U R E A N D C O N T E N T 41
Figure 2.1. Sample One-Experiment Paper (The numbers refer to numbered
sections in the Publication Manual.)
Paper adapted from “Effects of Age on Detection of Emotional Information,” by C. M. Leclerc and E. A. Kensinger,
2008, Psychology and Aging, 23, pp. 209–215. Copyright 2008 by the American Psychological Association.
S A M P L E P A P E R S42
EFFECTS OF AGE ON DETECTION OF EMOTION 3
Effects of Age on Detection of Emotional Information
Frequently, people encounter situations in their environment in which it is impossible to
attend to all available stimuli. It is therefore of great importance for one’s attentional processes to
select only the most salient information in the environment to which one should attend. Previous
research has suggested that emotional information is privy to attentional selection in young
adults (e.g.,
& Tapia, 2004; Nummenmaa, Hyona, & Calvo, 2006), an obvious service to evolutionary d ...
Being mindful predicts experiencing less emotional problems in school staff: ...Manja Veldin
The aim of the present study was to analyse the associations between mindfulness and experienced emotional problems in primary school teachers, principals, counsellors and other school staff from three EU countries (Slovenia, Croatia, and Sweden).
COM-520 Written Assignment 6 Project Scenario AlLynellBull52
COM-520 Written Assignment 6
Project Scenario
Always Fresh Foods Inc. is a food distributor with a central headquarters and main warehouse in
Colorado, as well as two regional warehouses in Nevada and Virginia.
The company runs Microsoft Windows 2019 on its servers and Microsoft Windows 10 on its workstations.
There are 2 database servers, 4 application servers, 2 web servers, and 25 workstation computers in the
headquarters offices and main warehouse. The network uses workgroups, and users are created locally
on each computer. Employees from the regional warehouses connect to the Colorado network via a
virtual private network (VPN) connection.
Due to a recent security breach, Always Fresh wants to increase the overall security of its network and
systems. They have chosen to use a solid multilayered defense to reduce the likelihood that an attacker
will successfully compromise the company’s information security. Multiple layers of defense throughout
the IT infrastructure makes the process of compromising any protected resource or data more difficult
than any single security control. In this way, Always Fresh protects its business by protecting its
information.
Project Part 6: Windows Hardening Recommendations
Scenario
As a security administrator for Always Fresh, you have been instructed to ensure that Windows
authentication, networking, and data access are hardened. This will help to provide a high level of
security.
The following are issues to be addressed through hardening techniques:
Previous attempts to protect user accounts have resulted in users writing long passwords
down and placing them near their workstations. Users should not write down passwords or create
passwords that attackers could easily guess, such as words founds in the dictionary.
Every user, regardless of role, must have at least one unique user account. A user who
operates in multiple roles may have multiple unique user accounts. Users should use the account
for its intended role only.
Anonymous users of the web server applications should only be able to access servers
located in the demilitarized zone (DMZ). No anonymous web application users should be able to
access any protected resources in the Always Fresh IT infrastructure.
To protect servers from attack, each server should authenticate connections based on
the source computer and user.
Tasks
Create a summary report to management that describes a hardening technique that addresses each
issue listed above. Provide rationale for each selection.
Due to the Always Fresh expansion, management wants additional network controls to protect their
growing network.
Required Resources
Internet access
Course textbook
Submission Requirements
Format: Microsoft Word (no PDF)
Font: Arial, size 12, double-space
Citation Style: APA format
Length: 1 to 2 pages
Self-Assessment Checklist
...
1
Quantitative Analysis Project:
Assignment Overview
Social support is critical to the well-being of children and adolescents (Hughes, 2011).
Positive relationships with others promote health, self-esteem and prosocial behavior (Cohen,
Gottlieb, & Underwood, 2000). Additionally, socially supportive relationships can buffer the
harmful effects of stressful life events, such as an illness, conflict, or parental divorce. The home
and school contexts are the two primary sources of support for most children (Harter, 2012).
Unfortunately, many children do not receive the support they need from these sources
(Zelkowitz, 1987). Given the importance of social support, researchers are currently exploring
other potential sources of support in the broader community. The purpose of this study is to
explore the church as one such potential source of positive relationships, love and affirmation for
children by studying the effects of a relationship-based children’s ministry model.
Background
Every Generation Ministries (EGM) is an international non-profit organization that trains
and resources church children’s workers on six different continents. The churches in many of the
countries where EGM works lack a cohesive model for children’s ministry and tend to follow
cultural norms when ministering to children. For example, churches in Eastern Europe, which are
part of the former Soviet Bloc, are more likely to provide lecture-based instruction focused on
memorization with little opportunity for interaction or relationship-building. EGM develops
national ministry teams which provide leadership development programs and Bible teaching
resources for children’s workers in local churches.
The ministry model is focused on spiritually transforming children through innovative
instructional experiences, positive relationships with adults and peers, small group discussion,
2
and application opportunities. These pedagogical features are theorized to promote social support
transmission. Prior literature in the school context has found that positive student relationships
with adults and peers can be promoted through smaller learning communities (McNeely et al.,
2002) and the explicit teaching of prosocial behavior (Osterman, 2000), both of which are
meaningful components of the EGM model. Furthermore, child-centered teaching, comparable to
the child-focused elements of the EGM ministry model, have been associated with a greater
sense of classroom community in public schools (Solomon et al., 1996).
The Present Study
In order to evaluate whether it is accomplishing its mission, EGM initiated the Crucible
Project. The Crucible Project is an effort to apply behavioral science research methods to
evaluate and improve the ministry. In a pilot study conducted in Chile, a partner church collected
survey data from the children in its children’s program before and after receiving training and
resourc ...
Introduction. The college students have high rates of suicidal ideation often associated with psychosocial factors. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether some of these psychosocial variables are related to the high prevalence of suicidal ideation in a College Spanish
Method: Participants (40), aged between 21 and 34 years, Mean = 23.90 years and Standard Deviation = 3.003) were divided into two groups according to scores on the Inventory of Beck Suicide Ideation (SSI) (> 10 points) and, moreover, we applied various psychosocial measures.
Results: The results showed that students more likely to have suicidal ideation are less optimistic, have poorer social skills and less social support.
Conclusions: Early identification of psychosocial factors related to high ideation may help prevent dangerous situations in this collective suicide.
Assessment 2by Jaquetta StevensSubmission dat e 14 - O.docxgalerussel59292
Assessment 2
by Jaquetta Stevens
Submission dat e : 14 - Oct- 2018 03:06PM (UT C- 0500)
Submission ID: 101964 1991
File name : Stevens_J_Assessment_2.do c (66K)
Word count : 1894
Charact e r count : 134 64
53%
SIMILARIT Y INDEX
28%
INT ERNET SOURCES
21%
PUBLICAT IONS
46%
ST UDENT PAPERS
1 35%
2 2%
3 2%
4 1%
5 1%
6 1%
7 1%
Assessment 2
ORIGINALITY REPORT
PRIMARY SOURCES
Submitted to Capella Education Company
St udent Paper
www.nivel.nl
Int ernet Source
Submitted to EDMC
St udent Paper
Submitted to University of Abertay Dundee
St udent Paper
uncch.pure.elsevier.com
Int ernet Source
Matthew A. Jarrett, Anna Van Meter, Eric A.
Youngstrom, Dane C. Hilton, Thomas H.
Ollendick. "Evidence-Based Assessment of
ADHD in Youth Using a Receiver Operating
Characteristic Approach", Journal of Clinical
Child & Adolescent Psychology, 2016
Publicat ion
eprints.bbk.ac.uk
Int ernet Source
8 1%
9 1%
10 1%
11 1%
12 1%
13 1%
14 1%
15 1%
16 1%
17 <1%
18 <1%
pesquisa.bvsalud.org
Int ernet Source
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Int ernet Source
journal.f rontiersin.org
Int ernet Source
www.redalyc.org
Int ernet Source
www.jove.com
Int ernet Source
"Handbook of Childhood Psychopathology and
Developmental Disabilities Assessment",
Springer Nature America, Inc, 2018
Publicat ion
espace.library.uq.edu.au
Int ernet Source
Submitted to Marist College
St udent Paper
openaccess.city.ac.uk
Int ernet Source
www.raikesf oundation.org
Int ernet Source
www.medicalnewstoday.com
Int ernet Source
19 <1%
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23 <1%
Exclude quo tes Of f
Exclude biblio graphy Of f
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journals.plos.org
Int ernet Source
etheses.bham.ac.uk
Int ernet Source
commons.pacif icu.edu
Int ernet Source
tigerprints.clemson.edu
Int ernet Source
www.livestrong.com
Int ernet Source
Assessment 2by Jaquetta StevensAssessment 2ORIGINALITY REPORTPRIMARY SOURCES
Running head: EVALUATION OF TECHNICAL QUALITY 8
Assessment 2: Evaluation of Technical Quality
This worksheet contains three sections:
· Section One: Purpose and Intended Population of Selected Test.
· Section Two: Technical Review - Reliability of Selected Test.
· Section Three: Technical Review - Validity of Selected Test.
· Section Four: Synthesis and Conclusion about Selected Test’s Psychometrics.
· Section Five: Resources (APA Style).
Section One: Purpose and Intended Population of Selected Test
Use the Mental Measurements Yearbook reviews, publisher Web sites, and peer-reviewed journal articles to obtain information about your one selected test*.
Selected Test
Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment
Purpose of Test
The purpose of ASEBA is to measure mental capabilities, the ability to function, and to target specific issues (Achenbach, 2014).
Intended Population
18 mos.- 90 years old
* in some cases, you may find limited published work on the most recent version of a.
Numbers Can Be Worth a Thousand PicturesIndividual Differen.docxhopeaustin33688
Numbers Can Be Worth a Thousand Pictures:
Individual Differences in Understanding Graphical and
Numerical Representations of Health-Related Information
Wolfgang Gaissmaier and Odette Wegwarth
Max Planck Institute for Human Development
David Skopec, Ann-Sophie Müller, and
Sebastian Broschinski
Zurich University of the Arts
Mary C. Politi
Washington University School of Medicine
Objective: Informed medical decision making requires comprehending statistical information. We aimed
to improve the understanding of conveying health-related statistical information with graphical repre-
sentations compared with numerical representations. First, we investigated whether the iconicity of
representations (i.e., their abstractness vs. concreteness) affected comprehension and recall of statistical
information. Second, we investigated whether graph literacy helps to identify individuals who compre-
hend graphical representations better than numerical representations. Method: Participants (N � 275)
were randomly assigned to receive different representations of health-related statistical information,
ranging from very low iconicity (numbers) to very high iconicity (icon arrays including photographs).
Comprehension and recall of the information were assessed. Additionally, participants rated the acces-
sibility of the information and the attractiveness of the representation. Graph literacy was assessed by
means of a recently developed scale. Results: The only difference between representations that affected
comprehension and recall was the difference between graphics and numbers; the actual level of iconicity
of graphics did not matter. Individuals with high graph literacy had better comprehension and recall when
presented with graphics instead of numbers, and they rated graphical information as more accessible than
numerical information, whereas the reverse was true for individuals with low graph literacy, F(4, 185) �
2.60, p � .04, �p
2 � .05, and F(4, 245) � 2.71, p � .03, �p
2 � .04, respectively. Both groups judged
graphical representations as more attractive than numerical representations. Conclusion: An assessment
of graph literacy distinguished individuals who are best informed with graphical representations of
statistical information from those who are better informed with numerical representations.
Keywords: graph literacy, health literacy, icon arrays, medical decision making, risk communication
Supplemental materials: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0024850.supp
Increasing efforts have been made to involve patients in medical
decisions (Barry, 1999; Gigerenzer & Gray, 2011; O’Connor et al.,
2007). To engage in informed and shared decision making, both
physicians and patients must evaluate and discuss the benefits and
harms of treatment options, which requires comprehending statis-
tical information. However, many people, including experts, have
difficulty understanding health statistics (see Gigerenzer,
Gaissmaier, Kurz-Milcke, Schwartz, & Wo.
IntelligenceNew Findings and Theoretical DevelopmentsRic.docxbagotjesusa
Intelligence
New Findings and Theoretical Developments
Richard E. Nisbett University of Michigan
Joshua Aronson and Clancy Blair New York University
William Dickens Northeastern University
James Flynn University of Otago
Diane F. Halpern Claremont McKenna College
Eric Turkheimer University of Virginia
We review new findings and new theoretical developments
in the field of intelligence. New findings include the follow-
ing: (a) Heritability of IQ varies significantly by social
class. (b) Almost no genetic polymorphisms have been
discovered that are consistently associated with variation
in IQ in the normal range. (c) Much has been learned
about the biological underpinnings of intelligence. (d)
“Crystallized” and “fluid” IQ are quite different aspects of
intelligence at both the behavioral and biological levels.
(e) The importance of the environment for IQ is established
by the 12-point to 18-point increase in IQ when children
are adopted from working-class to middle-class homes. (f)
Even when improvements in IQ produced by the most
effective early childhood interventions fail to persist, there
can be very marked effects on academic achievement and
life outcomes. (g) In most developed countries studied,
gains on IQ tests have continued, and they are beginning in
the developing world. (h) Sex differences in aspects of
intelligence are due partly to identifiable biological factors
and partly to socialization factors. (i) The IQ gap between
Blacks and Whites has been reduced by 0.33 SD in recent
years. We report theorizing concerning (a) the relationship
between working memory and intelligence, (b) the appar-
ent contradiction between strong heritability effects on IQ
and strong secular effects on IQ, (c) whether a general
intelligence factor could arise from initially largely inde-
pendent cognitive skills, (d) the relation between self-reg-
ulation and cognitive skills, and (e) the effects of stress on
intelligence.
Keywords: intelligence, fluid and crystallized intelligence,
environmental and genetic influences, heritability, race and
sex differences
In 1994, a controversial book about intelligence byRichard Herrnstein and Charles Murray called The BellCurve was published. The book argued that IQ tests are
an accurate measure of intelligence; that IQ is a strong
predictor of school and career achievement; that IQ is
highly heritable; that IQ is little influenced by environmen-
tal factors; that racial differences in IQ are likely due at
least in part, and perhaps in large part, to genetics; that
environmental effects of all kinds have only a modest effect
on IQ; and that educational and other interventions have
little impact on IQ and little effect on racial differences in
IQ. The authors were skeptical about the ability of public
policy initiatives to have much impact on IQ or IQ-related
outcomes.
The Bell Curve sold more than 300,000 copies and
was given enormous attention by the press, which was
largely uncritical of the methods and .
IntelligenceNew Findings and Theoretical DevelopmentsRic.docxvrickens
Intelligence
New Findings and Theoretical Developments
Richard E. Nisbett University of Michigan
Joshua Aronson and Clancy Blair New York University
William Dickens Northeastern University
James Flynn University of Otago
Diane F. Halpern Claremont McKenna College
Eric Turkheimer University of Virginia
We review new findings and new theoretical developments
in the field of intelligence. New findings include the follow-
ing: (a) Heritability of IQ varies significantly by social
class. (b) Almost no genetic polymorphisms have been
discovered that are consistently associated with variation
in IQ in the normal range. (c) Much has been learned
about the biological underpinnings of intelligence. (d)
“Crystallized” and “fluid” IQ are quite different aspects of
intelligence at both the behavioral and biological levels.
(e) The importance of the environment for IQ is established
by the 12-point to 18-point increase in IQ when children
are adopted from working-class to middle-class homes. (f)
Even when improvements in IQ produced by the most
effective early childhood interventions fail to persist, there
can be very marked effects on academic achievement and
life outcomes. (g) In most developed countries studied,
gains on IQ tests have continued, and they are beginning in
the developing world. (h) Sex differences in aspects of
intelligence are due partly to identifiable biological factors
and partly to socialization factors. (i) The IQ gap between
Blacks and Whites has been reduced by 0.33 SD in recent
years. We report theorizing concerning (a) the relationship
between working memory and intelligence, (b) the appar-
ent contradiction between strong heritability effects on IQ
and strong secular effects on IQ, (c) whether a general
intelligence factor could arise from initially largely inde-
pendent cognitive skills, (d) the relation between self-reg-
ulation and cognitive skills, and (e) the effects of stress on
intelligence.
Keywords: intelligence, fluid and crystallized intelligence,
environmental and genetic influences, heritability, race and
sex differences
In 1994, a controversial book about intelligence byRichard Herrnstein and Charles Murray called The BellCurve was published. The book argued that IQ tests are
an accurate measure of intelligence; that IQ is a strong
predictor of school and career achievement; that IQ is
highly heritable; that IQ is little influenced by environmen-
tal factors; that racial differences in IQ are likely due at
least in part, and perhaps in large part, to genetics; that
environmental effects of all kinds have only a modest effect
on IQ; and that educational and other interventions have
little impact on IQ and little effect on racial differences in
IQ. The authors were skeptical about the ability of public
policy initiatives to have much impact on IQ or IQ-related
outcomes.
The Bell Curve sold more than 300,000 copies and
was given enormous attention by the press, which was
largely uncritical of the methods and ...
2/21/2013
Title:Life-span development of self-esteem and its effects on important life outcomes.
Author:
1) Orth, Ulrich, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Basal, Switzerland,
2)Robins, Richard W., Department of Psychology, University of California-Davis, CA, US
3)Widaman, Keith F., Department of Psychology, University of California-Davis, CA, US
Purpose of the research:
The present research addresses this gap in the literature by examining effects of self-esteem on life-span trajectories of relationship satisfaction, job satisfaction, occupational status, salary, affect, depression, and health, using data from a large longitudinal study of four generations of individuals ages 16 to 97 years. Currently, the field lacks a broad theoretical perspective that could provide a framework for the present research. By examining patterns of findings across developmental contexts (adolescence to old age), we hope to contribute to building a new, overarching theory of the causes and consequences of self-esteem across the life course.
Research method:
The data come from the Longitudinal Study of Generation. In 1971, three-generation families were randomly drawn from a subscriber list of about 840,000 members of a health maintenance organization in Southern California. Since 1991, the study has included a fourth generation (i.e., the great-grandchildren in the same families). The members of the health maintenance organization included primarily White working-class and middle-class families, and very low and very high socioeconomic levels were not represented in the population. However, level of education among family members corresponded to national norms at the time the sample was drawn. Although the sample was originally recruited in Southern California, at recent waves, more than half of the sample lived outside the region in other parts of California, in other states of the United States or abroad, because of residential mobility of participants.
Participants were assessed in 1971, 1985, 1988, 1991, 1994, 1997, and 2000. In 1971 and 1985, the LSG did not include the full self-esteem measure; the present study therefore examines data of the five waves from 1988 to 2000. We excluded any participant whose age was unknown or who did not provide data on self-esteem at any of the five waves.
Participants:
The sample included 1,824 individuals (57% female). Table 1 gives an overview of the demographic characteristics for the full sample and for the four separate generations. The distribution of gender is relatively even across generations. The age range across waves was 14 to 102 years; however, because only one assessment was below age 16 and two assessments were above age 97, we restricted the analyses to the age range from 16 to 97 years. Of the participants, 94% were Caucasian, 3% were Hispanic, 1% were African American, 1% were Native American, and 1% were of other ethnicity. Because of the low frequencies of ethnicities othe.
Running head EFFECTS OF AGE ON DETECTION OF EMOTION 1Effe.docxtodd271
Running head: EFFECTS OF AGE ON DETECTION OF EMOTION 1
Effects of Age on Detection of Emotional Information
Christina M. Leclerc and Elizabeth A. Kensinger
Boston College
Author Note
This research was supported by National Science Foundation Grant BCS 0542694
awarded to Elizabeth A. Kensinger.
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Christina M. Leclerc,
Department of Psychology, Boston College, McGuinn Hall, Room 512, 140 Commonwealth
Avenue, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467. Email: [email protected]
Christina M. Leclerc and Elizabeth A. Kensinger, Department of Psychology,
Boston College.
Author Note
arch was supported by National Science Foundation Grant BCS 0542694
beth A. Kensinger.
ndence concerning this article should be addressed to Christina M. Leclerc,
sychology, Boston College, McGuinn Hall, Room 512, 140 Commonwealth
ut Hill, MA 02467. Email: [email protected]
M. Leclerc and Elizabeth A. Kensinger, Department of Psychology,
Writing the abstract, 2.04
Establishing a title, 2.01; Preparing the
manuscript for submission, 8.03
Formatting the author name (byline) and
institutional affiliation, 2.02, Table 2.1
Double-spaced manuscript,
Times Roman typeface,
1-inch margins, 8.03
Elements of an author note, 2.03
EFFECTS OF AGE ON DETECTION OF EMOTION 2
Abstract
Age differences were examined in affective processing, in the context of a visual search task.
Young and older adults were faster to detect high arousal images compared with low arousal and
neutral items. Younger adults were faster to detect positive high arousal targets compared with
other categories. In contrast, older adults exhibited an overall detection advantage for emotional
images compared with neutral images. Together, these findings suggest that older adults do not
display valence-based effects on affective processing at relatively automatic stages.
Keywords: aging, attention, information processing, emotion, visual search
Figure 2.1. Sample One-Experiment Paper (The numbers refer to numbered
sections in the Publication Manual.)
Paper adapted from “Effects of Age on Detection of Emotional Information,” by C. M. Leclerc and E. A. Kensinger,
2008, Psychology and Aging, 23, pp. 209–215. Copyright 2008 by the American Psychological Association.
EFFECTS OF AGE ON DETECTION OF EMOTION 3
Effects of Age on Detection of Emotional Information
Frequently, people encounter situations in their environment in which it is impossible to
attend to all available stimuli. It is therefore of great importance for one’s attentional processes to
select only the most salient information in the environment to which one should attend. Previous
research has suggested that emotional information is privy to attentional selection in young
adults (e.g.,
& Tapia, 2004; Nummenmaa, Hyona, & Calvo, 2006), an obvious service to evolutionary drives
to approach rewarding situations and to avoid threat and danger (Davis & Whalen, 200.
This is Walden University course (DPSY 5111-6111-8121) Week 5 Discussion 1. It is written in APA format, includes references, and has been graded by an instructor (A). Most higher-education assignments are submitted to turnitin, remember to paraphrase. Let us begin.
The Longest Shadow: Lifelong Pervasive Impacts of Adverse Childhood Events (...Université de Montréal
Childhood adversity casts the longest shadow across the entire human life cycle with lifelong pervasive impacts. This presentation integrates three ways to investigate these issues using a mixed methods (quantitative and qualitative) approach: (1) retrospective quantitative epidemiological studies of Adverse Childhood Events (ACE) by Fellitti and associates and the Social Determinants of Health (SDH) headed by Marmot with the WHO; (2) quantitative child psychiatric epidemiology prevalence studies, focusing on Canadian studies in two provinces: the Ontario Child Health Study (OCHS) (Boyle, et al, 2019) and the Quebec Child Mental Health Survey (QCMHS) (Bergeron, et al, 2000); and (3) Bruner’s more qualitative narrative approach integrating work from developmental psychology and anthropology (Mattingly, et al., 2008).
After a brief overview of North American and worldwide comparisons in child psychiatric epidemiology whose populational surveys of 6-14 year old children show a worldwide average of 20% affected with mental health problems, the focus shifts to Canadian studies in Ontario and Quebec. A detailed portrait of the Quebec survey contrasts the overall Quebec population results of 15% prevalence of mental health problems in children versus the alarming rate of 60% in a sub-study of the disadvantaged neighborhood I have worked in for the last 20 years. This sub-study offers a complex portrait of the negative impacts of ACE and SDH.
My own sub-study of single parent families in the same disadvantaged neighborhood demonstrates that SDH are multifactorial and multigenerational, affecting both more intimate family attachments and broader social belonging. Informed by ACE, SDH and QCMS studies, our community-based child psychiatry program works on more complex and subtle social determinants affecting children’s lives: narrative resources based on the work of Jerome Bruner (Mattingly, et al., 2008), which are rich and nourishing when present yet lead to the impoverishment of affective and social capacities throughout the lifecycle in their absence. The presentation concludes with the need for translational research – from populational studies to community programs and clinical interventions.
Towards a Future Esports Research: Introduction to Esports MinitrackMaciej Behnke
Research on esports is a relatively new, yet fastgrowing discipline with multiple inter-and multidisciplinary perspectives. For HICSS-56, research was solicited from multiple disciplines, including but not limited to business; cognitive science and psychology; information technology; sociology; media studies and communications; law; health, wellness, and medical sciences; and emerging technology.
Native and non-native language contexts differently modulate mood-driven elec...Maciej Behnke
Bilingual speakers have been consistently observed to experience reduced emotional sensitivity to their non-native (L2) relative to native (L1) language, particularly to the negatively-valenced L2 content. Yet, little is known about how the L1 and L2 contexts physiologically influence bilinguals' affective states, such as moods. Here, we show that bilinguals may be less physiologically sensitive to mood changes in the L2 compared to the L1 context. Polish-English bilinguals operating in either the L1 or the L2 mode (elicited via reading L1 and L2 sentences) watched positive and negative moodinducing films while their electrodermal activity was measured. We observed a greater number of skin conductance responses in the negative compared to positive mood condition in the L1 context only, indexing decreased sensitivity to mood changes in the L2 relative to the L1 mode in bilinguals. Also, skin conductance amplitudes were overall increased in the L2 compared to the L1 context, pointing to increased cognitive load when operating in L2. These findings together suggest that bilinguals experience decreased sensitivity to mood changes in their less dominant language due to L2 processing requiring greater cognitive engagement.
More Related Content
Similar to Smile intensity in social networking profile photographs is related to greater scientific achievements
1
Quantitative Analysis Project:
Assignment Overview
Social support is critical to the well-being of children and adolescents (Hughes, 2011).
Positive relationships with others promote health, self-esteem and prosocial behavior (Cohen,
Gottlieb, & Underwood, 2000). Additionally, socially supportive relationships can buffer the
harmful effects of stressful life events, such as an illness, conflict, or parental divorce. The home
and school contexts are the two primary sources of support for most children (Harter, 2012).
Unfortunately, many children do not receive the support they need from these sources
(Zelkowitz, 1987). Given the importance of social support, researchers are currently exploring
other potential sources of support in the broader community. The purpose of this study is to
explore the church as one such potential source of positive relationships, love and affirmation for
children by studying the effects of a relationship-based children’s ministry model.
Background
Every Generation Ministries (EGM) is an international non-profit organization that trains
and resources church children’s workers on six different continents. The churches in many of the
countries where EGM works lack a cohesive model for children’s ministry and tend to follow
cultural norms when ministering to children. For example, churches in Eastern Europe, which are
part of the former Soviet Bloc, are more likely to provide lecture-based instruction focused on
memorization with little opportunity for interaction or relationship-building. EGM develops
national ministry teams which provide leadership development programs and Bible teaching
resources for children’s workers in local churches.
The ministry model is focused on spiritually transforming children through innovative
instructional experiences, positive relationships with adults and peers, small group discussion,
2
and application opportunities. These pedagogical features are theorized to promote social support
transmission. Prior literature in the school context has found that positive student relationships
with adults and peers can be promoted through smaller learning communities (McNeely et al.,
2002) and the explicit teaching of prosocial behavior (Osterman, 2000), both of which are
meaningful components of the EGM model. Furthermore, child-centered teaching, comparable to
the child-focused elements of the EGM ministry model, have been associated with a greater
sense of classroom community in public schools (Solomon et al., 1996).
The Present Study
In order to evaluate whether it is accomplishing its mission, EGM initiated the Crucible
Project. The Crucible Project is an effort to apply behavioral science research methods to
evaluate and improve the ministry. In a pilot study conducted in Chile, a partner church collected
survey data from the children in its children’s program before and after receiving training and
resourc ...
Introduction. The college students have high rates of suicidal ideation often associated with psychosocial factors. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether some of these psychosocial variables are related to the high prevalence of suicidal ideation in a College Spanish
Method: Participants (40), aged between 21 and 34 years, Mean = 23.90 years and Standard Deviation = 3.003) were divided into two groups according to scores on the Inventory of Beck Suicide Ideation (SSI) (> 10 points) and, moreover, we applied various psychosocial measures.
Results: The results showed that students more likely to have suicidal ideation are less optimistic, have poorer social skills and less social support.
Conclusions: Early identification of psychosocial factors related to high ideation may help prevent dangerous situations in this collective suicide.
Assessment 2by Jaquetta StevensSubmission dat e 14 - O.docxgalerussel59292
Assessment 2
by Jaquetta Stevens
Submission dat e : 14 - Oct- 2018 03:06PM (UT C- 0500)
Submission ID: 101964 1991
File name : Stevens_J_Assessment_2.do c (66K)
Word count : 1894
Charact e r count : 134 64
53%
SIMILARIT Y INDEX
28%
INT ERNET SOURCES
21%
PUBLICAT IONS
46%
ST UDENT PAPERS
1 35%
2 2%
3 2%
4 1%
5 1%
6 1%
7 1%
Assessment 2
ORIGINALITY REPORT
PRIMARY SOURCES
Submitted to Capella Education Company
St udent Paper
www.nivel.nl
Int ernet Source
Submitted to EDMC
St udent Paper
Submitted to University of Abertay Dundee
St udent Paper
uncch.pure.elsevier.com
Int ernet Source
Matthew A. Jarrett, Anna Van Meter, Eric A.
Youngstrom, Dane C. Hilton, Thomas H.
Ollendick. "Evidence-Based Assessment of
ADHD in Youth Using a Receiver Operating
Characteristic Approach", Journal of Clinical
Child & Adolescent Psychology, 2016
Publicat ion
eprints.bbk.ac.uk
Int ernet Source
8 1%
9 1%
10 1%
11 1%
12 1%
13 1%
14 1%
15 1%
16 1%
17 <1%
18 <1%
pesquisa.bvsalud.org
Int ernet Source
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Int ernet Source
journal.f rontiersin.org
Int ernet Source
www.redalyc.org
Int ernet Source
www.jove.com
Int ernet Source
"Handbook of Childhood Psychopathology and
Developmental Disabilities Assessment",
Springer Nature America, Inc, 2018
Publicat ion
espace.library.uq.edu.au
Int ernet Source
Submitted to Marist College
St udent Paper
openaccess.city.ac.uk
Int ernet Source
www.raikesf oundation.org
Int ernet Source
www.medicalnewstoday.com
Int ernet Source
19 <1%
20 <1%
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22 <1%
23 <1%
Exclude quo tes Of f
Exclude biblio graphy Of f
Exclude matches < 8 wo rds
journals.plos.org
Int ernet Source
etheses.bham.ac.uk
Int ernet Source
commons.pacif icu.edu
Int ernet Source
tigerprints.clemson.edu
Int ernet Source
www.livestrong.com
Int ernet Source
Assessment 2by Jaquetta StevensAssessment 2ORIGINALITY REPORTPRIMARY SOURCES
Running head: EVALUATION OF TECHNICAL QUALITY 8
Assessment 2: Evaluation of Technical Quality
This worksheet contains three sections:
· Section One: Purpose and Intended Population of Selected Test.
· Section Two: Technical Review - Reliability of Selected Test.
· Section Three: Technical Review - Validity of Selected Test.
· Section Four: Synthesis and Conclusion about Selected Test’s Psychometrics.
· Section Five: Resources (APA Style).
Section One: Purpose and Intended Population of Selected Test
Use the Mental Measurements Yearbook reviews, publisher Web sites, and peer-reviewed journal articles to obtain information about your one selected test*.
Selected Test
Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment
Purpose of Test
The purpose of ASEBA is to measure mental capabilities, the ability to function, and to target specific issues (Achenbach, 2014).
Intended Population
18 mos.- 90 years old
* in some cases, you may find limited published work on the most recent version of a.
Numbers Can Be Worth a Thousand PicturesIndividual Differen.docxhopeaustin33688
Numbers Can Be Worth a Thousand Pictures:
Individual Differences in Understanding Graphical and
Numerical Representations of Health-Related Information
Wolfgang Gaissmaier and Odette Wegwarth
Max Planck Institute for Human Development
David Skopec, Ann-Sophie Müller, and
Sebastian Broschinski
Zurich University of the Arts
Mary C. Politi
Washington University School of Medicine
Objective: Informed medical decision making requires comprehending statistical information. We aimed
to improve the understanding of conveying health-related statistical information with graphical repre-
sentations compared with numerical representations. First, we investigated whether the iconicity of
representations (i.e., their abstractness vs. concreteness) affected comprehension and recall of statistical
information. Second, we investigated whether graph literacy helps to identify individuals who compre-
hend graphical representations better than numerical representations. Method: Participants (N � 275)
were randomly assigned to receive different representations of health-related statistical information,
ranging from very low iconicity (numbers) to very high iconicity (icon arrays including photographs).
Comprehension and recall of the information were assessed. Additionally, participants rated the acces-
sibility of the information and the attractiveness of the representation. Graph literacy was assessed by
means of a recently developed scale. Results: The only difference between representations that affected
comprehension and recall was the difference between graphics and numbers; the actual level of iconicity
of graphics did not matter. Individuals with high graph literacy had better comprehension and recall when
presented with graphics instead of numbers, and they rated graphical information as more accessible than
numerical information, whereas the reverse was true for individuals with low graph literacy, F(4, 185) �
2.60, p � .04, �p
2 � .05, and F(4, 245) � 2.71, p � .03, �p
2 � .04, respectively. Both groups judged
graphical representations as more attractive than numerical representations. Conclusion: An assessment
of graph literacy distinguished individuals who are best informed with graphical representations of
statistical information from those who are better informed with numerical representations.
Keywords: graph literacy, health literacy, icon arrays, medical decision making, risk communication
Supplemental materials: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0024850.supp
Increasing efforts have been made to involve patients in medical
decisions (Barry, 1999; Gigerenzer & Gray, 2011; O’Connor et al.,
2007). To engage in informed and shared decision making, both
physicians and patients must evaluate and discuss the benefits and
harms of treatment options, which requires comprehending statis-
tical information. However, many people, including experts, have
difficulty understanding health statistics (see Gigerenzer,
Gaissmaier, Kurz-Milcke, Schwartz, & Wo.
IntelligenceNew Findings and Theoretical DevelopmentsRic.docxbagotjesusa
Intelligence
New Findings and Theoretical Developments
Richard E. Nisbett University of Michigan
Joshua Aronson and Clancy Blair New York University
William Dickens Northeastern University
James Flynn University of Otago
Diane F. Halpern Claremont McKenna College
Eric Turkheimer University of Virginia
We review new findings and new theoretical developments
in the field of intelligence. New findings include the follow-
ing: (a) Heritability of IQ varies significantly by social
class. (b) Almost no genetic polymorphisms have been
discovered that are consistently associated with variation
in IQ in the normal range. (c) Much has been learned
about the biological underpinnings of intelligence. (d)
“Crystallized” and “fluid” IQ are quite different aspects of
intelligence at both the behavioral and biological levels.
(e) The importance of the environment for IQ is established
by the 12-point to 18-point increase in IQ when children
are adopted from working-class to middle-class homes. (f)
Even when improvements in IQ produced by the most
effective early childhood interventions fail to persist, there
can be very marked effects on academic achievement and
life outcomes. (g) In most developed countries studied,
gains on IQ tests have continued, and they are beginning in
the developing world. (h) Sex differences in aspects of
intelligence are due partly to identifiable biological factors
and partly to socialization factors. (i) The IQ gap between
Blacks and Whites has been reduced by 0.33 SD in recent
years. We report theorizing concerning (a) the relationship
between working memory and intelligence, (b) the appar-
ent contradiction between strong heritability effects on IQ
and strong secular effects on IQ, (c) whether a general
intelligence factor could arise from initially largely inde-
pendent cognitive skills, (d) the relation between self-reg-
ulation and cognitive skills, and (e) the effects of stress on
intelligence.
Keywords: intelligence, fluid and crystallized intelligence,
environmental and genetic influences, heritability, race and
sex differences
In 1994, a controversial book about intelligence byRichard Herrnstein and Charles Murray called The BellCurve was published. The book argued that IQ tests are
an accurate measure of intelligence; that IQ is a strong
predictor of school and career achievement; that IQ is
highly heritable; that IQ is little influenced by environmen-
tal factors; that racial differences in IQ are likely due at
least in part, and perhaps in large part, to genetics; that
environmental effects of all kinds have only a modest effect
on IQ; and that educational and other interventions have
little impact on IQ and little effect on racial differences in
IQ. The authors were skeptical about the ability of public
policy initiatives to have much impact on IQ or IQ-related
outcomes.
The Bell Curve sold more than 300,000 copies and
was given enormous attention by the press, which was
largely uncritical of the methods and .
IntelligenceNew Findings and Theoretical DevelopmentsRic.docxvrickens
Intelligence
New Findings and Theoretical Developments
Richard E. Nisbett University of Michigan
Joshua Aronson and Clancy Blair New York University
William Dickens Northeastern University
James Flynn University of Otago
Diane F. Halpern Claremont McKenna College
Eric Turkheimer University of Virginia
We review new findings and new theoretical developments
in the field of intelligence. New findings include the follow-
ing: (a) Heritability of IQ varies significantly by social
class. (b) Almost no genetic polymorphisms have been
discovered that are consistently associated with variation
in IQ in the normal range. (c) Much has been learned
about the biological underpinnings of intelligence. (d)
“Crystallized” and “fluid” IQ are quite different aspects of
intelligence at both the behavioral and biological levels.
(e) The importance of the environment for IQ is established
by the 12-point to 18-point increase in IQ when children
are adopted from working-class to middle-class homes. (f)
Even when improvements in IQ produced by the most
effective early childhood interventions fail to persist, there
can be very marked effects on academic achievement and
life outcomes. (g) In most developed countries studied,
gains on IQ tests have continued, and they are beginning in
the developing world. (h) Sex differences in aspects of
intelligence are due partly to identifiable biological factors
and partly to socialization factors. (i) The IQ gap between
Blacks and Whites has been reduced by 0.33 SD in recent
years. We report theorizing concerning (a) the relationship
between working memory and intelligence, (b) the appar-
ent contradiction between strong heritability effects on IQ
and strong secular effects on IQ, (c) whether a general
intelligence factor could arise from initially largely inde-
pendent cognitive skills, (d) the relation between self-reg-
ulation and cognitive skills, and (e) the effects of stress on
intelligence.
Keywords: intelligence, fluid and crystallized intelligence,
environmental and genetic influences, heritability, race and
sex differences
In 1994, a controversial book about intelligence byRichard Herrnstein and Charles Murray called The BellCurve was published. The book argued that IQ tests are
an accurate measure of intelligence; that IQ is a strong
predictor of school and career achievement; that IQ is
highly heritable; that IQ is little influenced by environmen-
tal factors; that racial differences in IQ are likely due at
least in part, and perhaps in large part, to genetics; that
environmental effects of all kinds have only a modest effect
on IQ; and that educational and other interventions have
little impact on IQ and little effect on racial differences in
IQ. The authors were skeptical about the ability of public
policy initiatives to have much impact on IQ or IQ-related
outcomes.
The Bell Curve sold more than 300,000 copies and
was given enormous attention by the press, which was
largely uncritical of the methods and ...
2/21/2013
Title:Life-span development of self-esteem and its effects on important life outcomes.
Author:
1) Orth, Ulrich, Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Basal, Switzerland,
2)Robins, Richard W., Department of Psychology, University of California-Davis, CA, US
3)Widaman, Keith F., Department of Psychology, University of California-Davis, CA, US
Purpose of the research:
The present research addresses this gap in the literature by examining effects of self-esteem on life-span trajectories of relationship satisfaction, job satisfaction, occupational status, salary, affect, depression, and health, using data from a large longitudinal study of four generations of individuals ages 16 to 97 years. Currently, the field lacks a broad theoretical perspective that could provide a framework for the present research. By examining patterns of findings across developmental contexts (adolescence to old age), we hope to contribute to building a new, overarching theory of the causes and consequences of self-esteem across the life course.
Research method:
The data come from the Longitudinal Study of Generation. In 1971, three-generation families were randomly drawn from a subscriber list of about 840,000 members of a health maintenance organization in Southern California. Since 1991, the study has included a fourth generation (i.e., the great-grandchildren in the same families). The members of the health maintenance organization included primarily White working-class and middle-class families, and very low and very high socioeconomic levels were not represented in the population. However, level of education among family members corresponded to national norms at the time the sample was drawn. Although the sample was originally recruited in Southern California, at recent waves, more than half of the sample lived outside the region in other parts of California, in other states of the United States or abroad, because of residential mobility of participants.
Participants were assessed in 1971, 1985, 1988, 1991, 1994, 1997, and 2000. In 1971 and 1985, the LSG did not include the full self-esteem measure; the present study therefore examines data of the five waves from 1988 to 2000. We excluded any participant whose age was unknown or who did not provide data on self-esteem at any of the five waves.
Participants:
The sample included 1,824 individuals (57% female). Table 1 gives an overview of the demographic characteristics for the full sample and for the four separate generations. The distribution of gender is relatively even across generations. The age range across waves was 14 to 102 years; however, because only one assessment was below age 16 and two assessments were above age 97, we restricted the analyses to the age range from 16 to 97 years. Of the participants, 94% were Caucasian, 3% were Hispanic, 1% were African American, 1% were Native American, and 1% were of other ethnicity. Because of the low frequencies of ethnicities othe.
Running head EFFECTS OF AGE ON DETECTION OF EMOTION 1Effe.docxtodd271
Running head: EFFECTS OF AGE ON DETECTION OF EMOTION 1
Effects of Age on Detection of Emotional Information
Christina M. Leclerc and Elizabeth A. Kensinger
Boston College
Author Note
This research was supported by National Science Foundation Grant BCS 0542694
awarded to Elizabeth A. Kensinger.
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Christina M. Leclerc,
Department of Psychology, Boston College, McGuinn Hall, Room 512, 140 Commonwealth
Avenue, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467. Email: [email protected]
Christina M. Leclerc and Elizabeth A. Kensinger, Department of Psychology,
Boston College.
Author Note
arch was supported by National Science Foundation Grant BCS 0542694
beth A. Kensinger.
ndence concerning this article should be addressed to Christina M. Leclerc,
sychology, Boston College, McGuinn Hall, Room 512, 140 Commonwealth
ut Hill, MA 02467. Email: [email protected]
M. Leclerc and Elizabeth A. Kensinger, Department of Psychology,
Writing the abstract, 2.04
Establishing a title, 2.01; Preparing the
manuscript for submission, 8.03
Formatting the author name (byline) and
institutional affiliation, 2.02, Table 2.1
Double-spaced manuscript,
Times Roman typeface,
1-inch margins, 8.03
Elements of an author note, 2.03
EFFECTS OF AGE ON DETECTION OF EMOTION 2
Abstract
Age differences were examined in affective processing, in the context of a visual search task.
Young and older adults were faster to detect high arousal images compared with low arousal and
neutral items. Younger adults were faster to detect positive high arousal targets compared with
other categories. In contrast, older adults exhibited an overall detection advantage for emotional
images compared with neutral images. Together, these findings suggest that older adults do not
display valence-based effects on affective processing at relatively automatic stages.
Keywords: aging, attention, information processing, emotion, visual search
Figure 2.1. Sample One-Experiment Paper (The numbers refer to numbered
sections in the Publication Manual.)
Paper adapted from “Effects of Age on Detection of Emotional Information,” by C. M. Leclerc and E. A. Kensinger,
2008, Psychology and Aging, 23, pp. 209–215. Copyright 2008 by the American Psychological Association.
EFFECTS OF AGE ON DETECTION OF EMOTION 3
Effects of Age on Detection of Emotional Information
Frequently, people encounter situations in their environment in which it is impossible to
attend to all available stimuli. It is therefore of great importance for one’s attentional processes to
select only the most salient information in the environment to which one should attend. Previous
research has suggested that emotional information is privy to attentional selection in young
adults (e.g.,
& Tapia, 2004; Nummenmaa, Hyona, & Calvo, 2006), an obvious service to evolutionary drives
to approach rewarding situations and to avoid threat and danger (Davis & Whalen, 200.
This is Walden University course (DPSY 5111-6111-8121) Week 5 Discussion 1. It is written in APA format, includes references, and has been graded by an instructor (A). Most higher-education assignments are submitted to turnitin, remember to paraphrase. Let us begin.
The Longest Shadow: Lifelong Pervasive Impacts of Adverse Childhood Events (...Université de Montréal
Childhood adversity casts the longest shadow across the entire human life cycle with lifelong pervasive impacts. This presentation integrates three ways to investigate these issues using a mixed methods (quantitative and qualitative) approach: (1) retrospective quantitative epidemiological studies of Adverse Childhood Events (ACE) by Fellitti and associates and the Social Determinants of Health (SDH) headed by Marmot with the WHO; (2) quantitative child psychiatric epidemiology prevalence studies, focusing on Canadian studies in two provinces: the Ontario Child Health Study (OCHS) (Boyle, et al, 2019) and the Quebec Child Mental Health Survey (QCMHS) (Bergeron, et al, 2000); and (3) Bruner’s more qualitative narrative approach integrating work from developmental psychology and anthropology (Mattingly, et al., 2008).
After a brief overview of North American and worldwide comparisons in child psychiatric epidemiology whose populational surveys of 6-14 year old children show a worldwide average of 20% affected with mental health problems, the focus shifts to Canadian studies in Ontario and Quebec. A detailed portrait of the Quebec survey contrasts the overall Quebec population results of 15% prevalence of mental health problems in children versus the alarming rate of 60% in a sub-study of the disadvantaged neighborhood I have worked in for the last 20 years. This sub-study offers a complex portrait of the negative impacts of ACE and SDH.
My own sub-study of single parent families in the same disadvantaged neighborhood demonstrates that SDH are multifactorial and multigenerational, affecting both more intimate family attachments and broader social belonging. Informed by ACE, SDH and QCMS studies, our community-based child psychiatry program works on more complex and subtle social determinants affecting children’s lives: narrative resources based on the work of Jerome Bruner (Mattingly, et al., 2008), which are rich and nourishing when present yet lead to the impoverishment of affective and social capacities throughout the lifecycle in their absence. The presentation concludes with the need for translational research – from populational studies to community programs and clinical interventions.
Towards a Future Esports Research: Introduction to Esports MinitrackMaciej Behnke
Research on esports is a relatively new, yet fastgrowing discipline with multiple inter-and multidisciplinary perspectives. For HICSS-56, research was solicited from multiple disciplines, including but not limited to business; cognitive science and psychology; information technology; sociology; media studies and communications; law; health, wellness, and medical sciences; and emerging technology.
Native and non-native language contexts differently modulate mood-driven elec...Maciej Behnke
Bilingual speakers have been consistently observed to experience reduced emotional sensitivity to their non-native (L2) relative to native (L1) language, particularly to the negatively-valenced L2 content. Yet, little is known about how the L1 and L2 contexts physiologically influence bilinguals' affective states, such as moods. Here, we show that bilinguals may be less physiologically sensitive to mood changes in the L2 compared to the L1 context. Polish-English bilinguals operating in either the L1 or the L2 mode (elicited via reading L1 and L2 sentences) watched positive and negative moodinducing films while their electrodermal activity was measured. We observed a greater number of skin conductance responses in the negative compared to positive mood condition in the L1 context only, indexing decreased sensitivity to mood changes in the L2 relative to the L1 mode in bilinguals. Also, skin conductance amplitudes were overall increased in the L2 compared to the L1 context, pointing to increased cognitive load when operating in L2. These findings together suggest that bilinguals experience decreased sensitivity to mood changes in their less dominant language due to L2 processing requiring greater cognitive engagement.
Ethical Considerations and Checklist for Affective Research with WearablesMaciej Behnke
As the popularity of wearables increases, so does their utility for studying emotions. Using new technologies points to several ethical challenges to be considered to improve research designs. There are several ethical recommendations for utilizing wearables to study human emotions, but they focus on emotion recognition systems applications rather than research design and implementation. To address this gap, we have developed a perspective on wearables, especially in daily life, adapting the ReCODE Health-Digital Health Framework and companion checklist. Therefore, our framework consists of four domains: (1) participation experience, (2) privacy, (3) data management, and (4) access and usability. We identified 33 primary risks of using wearables to study emotions, including research-related negative emotions, collecting, processing, storing, sharing personal and biological information, commercial technology validity and reliability, and exclusivity issues. We also proposed possible strategies for minimizing risks. We consulted the new ethical guidelines with members of ethics committees and relevant researchers. The judges (N = 26) positively rated our solutions and provided useful feedback that helped us refine our guidance. Finally, we summarized our proposals with a checklist for researchers' convenience. Our guidelines contribute to future research by providing improved protection of participants' and scientists' interests.
Esports Players Are Less Extroverted and Conscientious than AthletesMaciej Behnke
The worldwide status of esports as a sporting phenomenon has been developed in the past decade. However, as the esports industry has grown, it has remained an understudied scientific field. Esports is often contrasted with traditional sports regarding various aspects, including lack of physical activity and the online nature of social interactions. However, little is known whether individuals competing in esports-esports players-differ from individuals competing in traditional sports-athletes. To address this question, we examined the personality characteristics of both types of performers. We collected cross-sectional data on esports players' (n = 416) and athletes' (n = 452) personalities and performance characteristics. We found that esports players were less extroverted and conscientious than athletes. Furthermore, greater sports and esports experience was positively related to being more extroverted. Our findings contribute to the literature by documenting the preferences for competitive activities based on individuals' personality characteristics. We suggest that esports (rather than sports) might be a more suitable form of competition for less extroverted and conscientious individuals.
The Undoing Effect of Positive Emotions: A Meta-Analytic ReviewMaciej Behnke
The undoing hypothesis proposes that positive emotions serve to undo sympathetic arousal related to negative emotions and stress. However, a recent qualitative review challenged the undoing effect by presenting conflicting results. To address this issue quantitatively, we conducted a meta-analytic review of 16 studies (N=1,220; 72 effect sizes) measuring sympathetic recovery during elicited positive emotions and neutral conditions. Findings indicated that in most cases, positive emotions did not speed sympathetic recovery compared to neutral conditions. However, when a composite index of cardiovascular reactivity was used, undoing effects were evident. Our findings suggest the need for further work on the functions of positive emotions.
The Cold Start Problem and Per-Group Personalization in Real-Life Emotion Rec...Maciej Behnke
Emotion recognition in real life from physiological signals provided by wrist worn devices still remains a great challenge especially due to difficulties with gathering annotated emotional events. For that purpose, we suggest building pretrained machine learning models capable of detecting intense emotional states. This work aims to explore the cold start problem, where no data from the target subjects (users) are available at the beginning of the experiment to train the reasoning model. To address this issue, we investigate the potential of pergroup personalization and the amount of data needed to perform it. Our results on real-life data indicate that even a week’s worth of personalized data improves the model performance.
Psychometric Properties of the Persian Version of the Sport Mental Training Q...Maciej Behnke
Mental training is basedonthe premise that psychological factors enhance or deteriorate performanceandthat these psychological factors can be optimized by training. Researchers have developed different methods to measure these factors, including behavioral tests and questionnaires. The Sport Mental Training Questionnaire (SMTQ) is a novel and multifaceted psychometric scale with 20 items developed to assess sports mental training across 5 dimensions, including foundational skills, performance skills, interpersonal skills, self-talk, and mental imagery.
The Role of Emotions in Esports PerformanceMaciej Behnke
Emotions that differ on the approach-avoidance dimension are thought to have different functions. Based on the motivational dimensional model of affect, we expected high-approach tendency (and not valence) to facilitate sports performance in a gaming context. Moreover, we expected the influence of highapproach emotions on performance to be mediated by higher levels of cognitive and physiological challenge as an approach-related response. To test these hypotheses, 241 men completed 5 matches of a soccer video game FIFA 19. Before each match, approach tendencies and valence were experimentally manipulated by showing films that elicit amusement, enthusiasm, sadness, anger, and neutral states. Approach tendency, challenge/threat evaluations, cardiovascular responses, and game scores were recorded. After watching enthusiastic and amusing videos, gamers displayed stronger approach tendencies, and, in turn, improved performance, compared to negative emotions and neutral conditions. Moreover, enthusiasm produced a stronger approach tendency and promoted better performance than amusement. Elicitation of unpleasant emotions (anger and sadness) had no effect on approach tendencies or gaming-outcomes relative to the neutral conditions. Across all conditions, gamers with higher levels of cognitive and cardiovascular challenge achieved higher scores. These findings indicate that in a gaming context performance is enhanced by pleasant emotions with high-approach tendencies.
Psychophysiology of positive and negative emotions, dataset of 1157 cases and...Maciej Behnke
Subjective experience and physiological activity are fundamental components of emotion. There is an increasing interest in the link between experiential and physiological processes across different disciplines, e.g., psychology, economics, or computer science. However, the findings largely rely on sample sizes that have been modest at best (limiting the statistical power) and capture only some concurrent biosignals. We present a novel publicly available dataset of psychophysiological responses to positive and negative emotions that offers some improvement over other databases. This database involves recordings of 1157 cases from healthy individuals (895 individuals participated in a single session and 122 individuals in several sessions), collected across seven studies, a continuous record of selfreported affect along with several biosignals (electrocardiogram, impedance cardiogram, electrodermal activity, hemodynamic measures, e.g., blood pressure, respiration trace, and skin temperature). We experimentally elicited a wide range of positive and negative emotions, including amusement, anger, disgust, excitement, fear, gratitude, sadness, tenderness, and threat. Psychophysiology of positive and negative emotions (POPANE) database is a large and comprehensive psychophysiological dataset on elicited emotions.
Positive Emotions Boost Enthusiastic Responsiveness to Capitalization Attempt...Maciej Behnke
When individuals communicate enthusiasm for good events in their partners' lives, they contribute to a high-quality relationship; a phenomenon termed interpersonal capitalization. However, little is known when individuals are more ready to react enthusiastically to the partner's success. To address this gap, we examined whether positive and negative emotions boost or inhibit enthusiastic responses to partner's capitalization attempts (RCA). Participants (N = 224 individuals) responded to their partner's success. Before each capitalization attempt (operationalized as responses following the news that their partner won money in a game), we used video clips to elicit positive (primarily amusement) or negative (primarily anger) or neutral emotions in the responder. We recorded emotional valence, smiling intensity, verbal RCA, and physiological reactivity. We found indirect (but not direct) effects such that eliciting positive emotions boosted and negative emotions inhibited enthusiastic RCA (smiling intensity and enthusiastic verbal RCA). These effects were relatively small and mediated by emotional valence and smiling intensity but not physiological reactivity. The results offer novel evidence that positive emotions fuel the capitalization process.
Evil Joy Is Hard to Share: Negative Affect Attenuates Interpersonal Capitaliz...Maciej Behnke
Capitalization is an interpersonal process in which individuals (capitalizers) communicate their accomplishments to others (responders). When these attempts to capitalize are met with enthusiastic responses, individuals reap greater personal and social benefits from the accomplishment. This research integrated the interpersonal model of capitalization with moral foundations theory to examine whether accomplishments achieved through immoral (vs. moral) means disrupt the interpersonal processes of capitalization. We hypothesized that an accomplishment achieved through immoral (vs. moral) means would suppress the positive affective response often reaped from capitalizing on good news. We conducted two, mixedmethods experiments in which individuals interacted with a stranger (Study 1) or with their romantic partner (Study 2). We found that responders exhibited greater self-reported negative emotions, avoidance motivation, and arousal when reacting to capitalizers' immoral (vs. moral) accomplishments. In turn, greater negative affect predicted less enthusiastic verbal responses to capitalization attempts. In Study 2 we found that immoral accomplishments increased avoidance motivation, which contrary to our expectations, increased expressions of happiness. These studies reveal that the moral means by which accomplishments are achieved can disrupt the interpersonal process of capitalization.
Autonomic Nervous System Activity During Positive Emotions: A Meta-Analytic R...Maciej Behnke
Autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity is a fundamental component of emotional responding. It is not clear, however, whether positive emotional states are associated with differential ANS reactivity. To address this issue, we conducted a meta-analytic review of 120 articles (686 effect sizes, total N = 6,546), measuring ANS activity during 11 elicited positive emotions, namely amusement, attachment love, awe, contentment, craving, excitement, gratitude, joy, nurturant love, pride, and sexual desire. We identified a widely dispersed collection of studies. Univariate results indicated that positive emotions produce no or weak and highly variable increases in ANS reactivity. However, the limitations of work to datewhich we discussmean that our conclusions should be treated as empirically grounded hypotheses that future research should validate.
A system for collecting emotionally annotated physiological signals in daily ...Maciej Behnke
9th International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction Workshops and Demos (ACIIW), 2021
Several obstacles have to be overcome in order to recognize emotions and affect in daily life. One of them is collecting a large amount of emotionally annotated data necessary to create data-greedy machine learning-based predictive models. Hence, we propose the Emognition system supporting the collection of rich emotional samples in everyday-life scenarios. The system utilizes smart-wearables to record physiological signals unobtrusively and smartphones to gather self-assessments. We have performed a two-week pilot study with 15 participants and devices available on the market to validate the system. The outcomes of the study, alongside the discussion and lessons learned, are provided.
Blunted cardiovascular reactivity may serve as an index of psychological task...Maciej Behnke
Challenge and threat models predict that once individuals become engaged with performance, their evaluations and cardiovascular response determine further outcomes. Although the role of challenge and threat in predicting performance has been extensively tested, few studies have focused on task engagement. We aimed to investigate task engagement in performance at the psychological and physiological levels. We accounted for physiological task engagement by examining blunted cardiovascular reactivity, the third possible cardiovascular response to performance, in addition to the challenge/threat responses. We expected that low psychological task engagement would be related to blunted cardiovascular reactivity during the performance. Gamers ( N = 241) completed five matches of the soccer video game FIFA 19. We recorded psychological task engagement, heart rate reactivity, and the difference between goals scored and conceded. Lower psychological task engagement was related to blunted heart rate reactivity during the performance. Furthermore, poorer performance in the previous game was related to increased task engagement in the subsequent match. The findings extend existing literature by providing initial evidence that blunted cardiovascular reactivity may serve as the index of low task engagement.
I am afraid, so I buy it! The effects of anxiety on consumer assimilation and...Maciej Behnke
Individuals tend to satisfy their assimilation needs by purchasing products that bear a specific group identity. Such products might be preferred when an individual is threatened because anxiety increases affiliative needs. In contrast, individuals might be more attracted to unique-design products when they feel less anxious. We examined the impact of anxiety on assimilation and differentiation needs amongst consumers primed with independent and interdependent self-construal. We expected that anxiety would produce stronger assimilation needs and show a weaker preference for unique products. In Study 1 ( N = 110), we found that individuals in the anxiety-inducing condition decreased their evaluation of unique products and exhibited stronger assimilation needs. Independents who felt anxiety reacted with a reduced preference for group-linked products. Study 2 (N = 102) found that introducing an anxiety-decreasing agent (vanilla scent) after a social identity threat reduced differentiation needs and preference for unique products. Physiological data showed that the social identity threat increased sympathetic arousal, but the vanilla scent did not have a soothing effect on physiological reactivity. Overall, this work showed that both anxiety and vanilla scent reduced consumer need for differentiation. Furthermore, for independents, anxiety reduced assimilation needs. We found novel determinants of assimilation/differentiation needs with implications for advertising and retailing products with a unique design.
How seasons, weather, and part of day influence baseline affective valence in...Maciej Behnke
Many people believe that weather influences their emotional state. Along similar lines, some
researchers in affective science are concerned whether testing individuals at a different time
of year, a different part of the day, or in different weather conditions (e.g., in a cold and rainy
morning vs. a hot evening) influences how research participants feel upon entering a study;
thus inflating the measurement error. Few studies have investigated the link between baseline
affective levels and the research context, such as seasonal and daily weather fluctuation
in temperature, air pressure, and sunshine duration. We examined whether individuals
felt more positive or negative upon entering a study by clustering data across seven laboratory
experiments (total N = 1108), three seasons, and daily times ranging from 9 AM to 7
PM. We accounted for ambient temperature, air pressure, humidity, cloud cover, precipitation,
wind speed, and sunshine duration. We found that only ambient temperature was a significant
predictor of valence. Individuals felt more positive valence on days when it was
cooler outside. However, the effect was psychologically negligible with differences between
participants above c.a. 30 degrees Celsius in ambient temperature needed to generate a difference
in affective valence surpassing one standard deviation. Our findings have methodological
implications for studying emotions by suggesting that seasons and part of the day do
not matter for baseline affective valence reported by participants, and the effects of ambient
temperature are unlikely to influence most research.
The Origin of the non-governmental sector in Russia during the presidencies o...Maciej Behnke
Apart from the public (first) and business (second) sectors, the third sector is one
of the pillars constituting the modern democratic society. All the social interests
are concentrated within the third sector and they are being implemented by the
numerous non-governmental organizations cooperating with the state as well
as business world. The birth of the third sector in Russia can be associated with
the beginning of Mikhail Gorbachev reforms called the perestroika. The mental
changes that the Russian society underwent influenced by the policy of glasnost
led to the origin of public involvement into the social and political life, taking
upon the role of the often ineffective state. The degree to which the citizens were
involved in the activity of the NGOs was first of all associated with their quality
of life and it depended on the attitude of the decision-makers towards the idea
of social organizations. The time of Boris Yeltsin presidency was characterized
by two phenomena: a drop in the standard of living accompanied by the
intensification of criminalization within the public life and the positive attitude
towards the introduction of the third sector. After the new president assumed
the post, the approach of the new authority changed in a negative way and
the politics implemented led to gaining full control over public associations.
The so-called liberalization of the law in respect to the third sector was only
a display of Kremlin’s political will and did not signify serious treatment of the
principles of the democratic and civic society. The third sector, one of the pillars
supporting the civil society is at present in the state of consolidation, dealing
with numerous amendments of legal norms. After the period of mimicking
western solutions, the Russian NGOs became a power that must be taken into
account by the Russian decision-makers.
Quo vadis Eurazjo? W poszukiwaniu nowych dróg partnerstwaMaciej Behnke
Podejmując się zadania znalezienia odpowiedzi na pytanie dokąd zmierza Eurazja, w pierwszym rzędzie należy zdefiniować samo pojęcie "Eurazji". Otóż Eurazja jest to największy kontynent na kuli ziemskiej, w skład którego wchodzą dwie części świata: Europa i Azja. Eurazja rozciąga się na przestrzeni prawie 55 mln km 2 , co stanowi około 37% powierzchni Ziemi. Zamieszkuje ją ponad 5 mld ludzi, co odpowiada około 70% populacji. Ten składający się z dwóch części obszar charakteryzuje niewystępowanie wyraźnej granicy strukturalnej, stąd w XIX wieku w stosunku do niego zaczęto używać nazwy "Eurazja" (Eurazja). Analizując kryterium geograficzne stwierdzić trzeba, że Eurazja rozciąga się od Oceanu Atlantyckiego z graniczącymi Portugalią i Hiszpanią na zachodzie (i być może także Irlandią, Islandią i Wielką Brytanią) do najbardziej wysuniętego na wschód punktu Rosji, w Cieśninie Beringa między Oceanem Arktycznym a Oceanem Spokojnym. Północna granica Eurazji obejmuje graniczące od północy z Oceanem Arktycznym Rosję, Finlandię i Norwegię. Granice południowe wyznaczają z kolei Morze Śródziemne, Afryka i Ocean Indyjski. Kraje leżące na południowej granicy Eurazji to Hiszpania, Izrael, Jemen, Indie i kontynentalna Malezja. Eurazja często obejmuje również wyspy i kraje wyspiarskie związane z kontynentem euroazjatyckim, takie jak Sycylia, Kreta, Cypr, Sri Lanka, Japonia, Filipiny, wyspa Malezja, a może nawet Indonezja (przy czym przyporządkowanie tej ostatniej w całości do Eurazji oznacza, że wyspa Nowa Gwinea dzielona jest nieraz na indonezyjską część azjatycką oraz terytorium Papui Nowej Gwinei uznawane za stanowiące część Oceanii). Obszar Eurazji składającej się z Europy i Azji pod kątem analizy administracyjno-politycznej składa się z 93 niezależnych państw. Obejmuje on wszystkie 48 krajów Europy (w tym kraje wyspiarskie Cypr, Islandię, Irlandię i Wielką Brytanię), 17 krajów Bliskiego Wschodu, 27 krajów Azji (w tym Indonezję, Malezję, Japonię, Filipiny i Tajwan), i jeden nowy kraj, obecnie często kojarzony z Oceanią-Timor Wschodni. W ten sposób prawie połowa ze 196 niezależnych krajów świata znajduje się w Eurazji (Rosenberg). Warto zwrócić uwagę, że zainteresowanie badaczy i podróżników Eurazją nie jest zjawiskiem nowym. Wynika ono ze specyfiki tego "superkontynentu" pod każdym względem: klasyfikacji jako odrębnego kontynentu (w niektórych częściach świata Eurazja jest uznawana za największy z sześciu, pięciu lub czterech kontynentów na Ziemi) (Continents of The World), geografii fizycznej, ekosystemu, zasobów surowcowych czy też potencjału gospodarczego, społecznego i politycznego.
Pucz sierpniowy jako próba zachowania jedności ZSRR i jego konsekwencjeMaciej Behnke
The coup of August 1991, according to opinion of its to keep unity of the Soviet Union. In fact the failure process of desintegration of the U.S.S.R. It turned out party, KGB and army were not able or had no interest at restoration of former order outright. This evident insubordination soldiers, KGB and party was the symbol of changes in Economic transformations had a great influence not only economic situation in Russia, but they affected seriously family. During events in August 1991 Russians had an opportunity their own political views without fear of repressions. In against the coup d'etat, its organizators had no effective from public opinion. Moreover Mikhail Gorbachev's (the refusal to endorse a declaration of a state of emergency any chance and possibility for legitimization of their actions. Finally, strong negative attitude to the coup d'etat Federation leaders, especially by President of the Russian caused defeat of the putsch. In conclusion the author of the article claims that coup enemies of Gorbachev's perestroika policy led paradoxically powers in Russian society and collapse of the Soviet Wdniu 20 sierpnia 1991 r. w Moskwie miat zostac podpisany nowy uklad zwi^z kowy, ktory mial zastqpic dotychczas obowi^zujqcy uklad z 1922 r. Wynego cjowane warunki zakladaly przeksztalcenie Zwi^zku Socjalistycznych Republik ARTYKUŁ V STOSUNKI MIĘDZYNARODOWE. VARIA Jagielloński JAKO PRÓBA ZACHOWANIA JEDNOŚCI ZSRR I JEGO KONSEKWENCJE The coup of August to opinion ofits organisators, unity of the Soviet Union. In fact the failure of désintégration of the U.S.S.R. It turned out KGB and army were not able or had no interest of former order outright. This évident KGB and party was the symbol of changes in Economie transformations had a great influence not économie situation in Russia, but they affected seriously During events in August 1991 Russians had an opportunity political views without fear of repressions. In the coup d'état, its organizators had no effective opinion. Moreover Mikhail Gorbachev's (refusai to endorse a déclaration of a state of emergency and possibility for legitimization of their strong négative attitude to the coup d'état Fédération leaders, especially by Président of the Russian of the putsch.
Possibilities for cooperation between the non-governmental, non-commercial se...Maciej Behnke
The model of three-sector synergy in a contemporary state rests on cooperation between the first (state) sector, the second (commercial) sector, and the third sector-the civil one, also referred to as the non-commercial sector. The quest for an optimal solution and the establishment of mutual relations is underpinned by the concept of the reorganization of Russian society with regard to its political modernization; this is accompanied by a variant of social agreement that guarantees citizens equality before the law, and the protection of their rights along with simultaneous compliance with the law. What complements the image of Russia's contemporary reality is the goal of non-governmental, non-commercial organizations-not only to survive but also to develop a modus vivendi in the circumstances of an authoritarian state.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
2. RUNNING HEAD: SMILE INTENSITY AND SCIENTIFIC ACHIEVEMENTS
Smile intensity in social networking profile photographs is related to greater scientific
achievements
Lukasz D. Kaczmarek
Maciej Behnke
Adam Mickiewicz University
Todd B. Kashdan
George Mason University
Aleksandra Kusiak
Katarzyna Marzec
Martyna Mistrzak
Magdalena Włodarczyk
Adam Mickiewicz University
Corresponding author:
Lukasz D. Kaczmarek
Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Institute of Psychology
89 Szamarzewskiego Street, PL-60-568
Poznan, Poland
Tel. +48 61 829 23 07, Fax. +48 61 829 21 07
E-mail: Lkacz@amu.edu.pl
3. RUNNING HEAD: SMILE INTENSITY AND SCIENTIFIC ACHIEVEMENTS
Abstract
Theory and research indicates that individuals with more frequent positive emotions are better
at attaining goals at work and in everyday life. In the current study we examined whether the
expression of genuine positive emotions by scientists was positively correlated with work-
related accomplishments, defined by bibliometric (e.g., number of citations) and sociometric
(number of followers for scholarly updates) indices. Using a sample of 440 scientists from a
social networking site for researchers, multiple raters coded smile intensity (full smile, partial
smile, or no smile) in publicly available photographs. We found that scientists who presented a
full smile had the same quantity of publications yet of higher quality (e.g., citations per paper)
and attracted more followers to their updates compared to less positive emotionally expressive
peers; results remained after controlling for age and sex. Thin-slicing approaches to the
beneficial effects of positive emotionality (e.g., Danner, Snowdon, & Friesen, 2001; Harker &
Keltner, 2001) offer an ecologically valid approach to complement experimental and
longitudinal evidence. Evidence linking positive emotional expressions to scientific impact and
social influence provides further support for broaden and build models of positive emotions.
Keywords: positive emotions, smile, achievements, social networking
4. RUNNING HEAD: SMILE INTENSITY AND SCIENTIFIC ACHIEVEMENTS
Highlights
• Raters coded smile intensity in photographs that were publicly available in a social
networking site for scientists.
• Scientists who presented a Duchenne smile had higher quality publications and
attracted more followers to their updates compared to less positive emotionally
expressive peers.
• This evidence provides further support for broaden and build models of positive
emotions.
5. RUNNING HEAD: SMILE INTENSITY AND SCIENTIFIC ACHIEVEMENTS
Emotional tendencies evolved to organize life goals and facilitate achievements (Izard
& Ackerman, 2000). Modern theoretical models suggest that positive emotions, and their
expression, serve the function of broadening people’s mindsets, encouraging open-mindedness,
empathy, and creative thinking and decision-making (Fredrickson, 1998). Over time, this
broadened behavioral repertoire from positive emotions serves to build lasting physical,
psychological, social, and intellectual resources. In the domains of school and work, this
broadening and building from positive emotions manifests as an increase in skills, knowledge,
and career accomplishments (Boehm & Lyubomirsky, 2008; Mega, Ronconi, & De Beni,
2014). Experimental research has found that individuals who experience positive emotions are
more creative (Baas, De Dreu, & Nijstad, 2008; Isen, Daubman, & Nowicki, 1987), set higher
goals for themselves (Baron, 1990), and persist at difficult tasks (Sarason, Potter, & Sarason,
1986). Consequently, individuals with more frequent, intense positive emotions are at a distinct
advantage for attaining work-related success (Roberts, Caspi, & Moffitt, 2003) and in turn,
financial success (Diener, Nickerson, Lucas, & Sandvik, 2002). Noteworthy, beneficial
professional outcomes help maintain higher levels of positive emotions producing upward
spirals of positivity and achievements (Roberts et al., 2003).
Based on this social-functional account of positive emotions, researchers have used thin-
slicing approaches to examine how limited segments of expressive behavior shape or predict
meaningful life outcomes. For instance, researchers found that the quality of smiles in
childhood and college yearbook photographs predict life longevity (Abel & Kruger, 2010) and
marital status, satisfaction, and divorce (Harker & Keltner, 2001; Hertenstein, Hansel, Butts, &
Hile, 2009) decades later. In the same vein as these studies, we used ecological data, positive
emotional expressions in a social networking site profile picture, to predict meaningful life
outcomes - scholarly contributions and impact by scientists. Building upon prior thin-slicing
studies on positive emotionality, we expected scientists who presented a full, Duchenne smile
6. RUNNING HEAD: SMILE INTENSITY AND SCIENTIFIC ACHIEVEMENTS
to possess greater scholarly achievements as indexed by scientific publications with a stronger
impact and more interest from other scholars compared with their less positive peers.
Method
Stimuli
Researcher profiles (N = 440) were obtained from a free social networking service for
scientists, ResearchGate (ResearchGate GmbH, Germany), with 11 million users validated by
their e-mail addresses registered at scientific institutions (ResearchGate, 2016; Van Noorden,
2014). Using an alphabetic list of user surnames, the first 10 female and 10 male researcher
profiles were selected for each letter of the alphabet. This resulted in the final sample of 220
women and 220 men aged 18-71 years (M = 38.75, SD = 11.58). Given that each variable in
our model was regressed upon five predictors, a power analyses with G*Power 3.1 (Faul,
Erdfelder, Buchner, & Lang, 2009) suggested that a sample of 262 would be the minimum
required to detect small effects of 0.05 with an alpha of .05 and power of .95.
Measures
Smile intensity. Three coders blind to the research questions assessed whether a
photograph displayed: no smile, partial smile (only contraction of zygomaticus major muscles
which draw the angle of the mouth upward), or full Duchenne smile characterized by
contraction of muscles around the mouth and around the eyes. The modal rating for the three
raters was used as the smile intensity score for each photograph. The interrater agreement was
satisfactory (Krippendorff’s α = .70) (Hayes & Krippendorff, 2007). In our analyses, as an
indicator of positive emotional expressiveness, we compared individuals with no smile or
partial smile (coded as 0) versus Duchenne smiles (coded as 1) (Abel & Kruger, 2010; Freese,
Meland, & Irwin, 2007).
Perceived age. Because of our interest in how visual pictures influence behavior, we
measured perceptions instead of biological age. On social media, and even in everyday life,
7. RUNNING HEAD: SMILE INTENSITY AND SCIENTIFIC ACHIEVEMENTS
people are rarely privy to someone's actual age; perceptions tend to influence assumptions and
usually these perceptions of age are close in chronology to biological age. Raters estimated
researcher age from their profile photographs. Moreover, this methods produces estimations
that are close to the biological age as indicated by 94% agreement between perceived and
physical age in previous research (O’Neil, Mac, Rhodes, & Webster, 2014). There was an
acceptable agreement between raters in the present study (Krippendorff’s α = .83).
Publication achievements. For each scientist, we used data available in the social
networking site regarding (1) number of publications; (2) total number of citations calculated
by referral from other publications within the site’s database; (3) citations per paper - the ratio
of total number of citations relative to the total number of publications; (3) number of reads –
number of times when a user opened or downloaded a publication; (4) reads per paper – the
ratio of reads to the total number of publications; (5) followers – the number of users who
subscribed to the publication updates of the researcher. This metric reflects how effectively the
current contribution attracts an interest in future publications. Log transformation of each metric
was used in the analyses to adjust the positive skew of the initial data.
Statistical strategy
We performed multiple regression analyses using SPSS 23.0 (Armonk, NY) and
PROCESS 2.16 macro (Hayes, 2013) with each of the six metrics of publication achievements
as outcome variables. Smile intensity was entered as a binary predictor (0 = no smile or partial
smile vs 1 = a Duchenne smile), sex as a binary predictor (0 = man; 1 = woman), age as a
continuous covariate, and the interaction of smile intensity and sex. We used R2
coefficient of
determination to calculate variance explained by the predictors and Cohen’s f 2
as the indicator
of 0.02 small, 0.15 medium, and 0.35 large effect sizes.
Results
8. RUNNING HEAD: SMILE INTENSITY AND SCIENTIFIC ACHIEVEMENTS
Descriptive statistics and correlations between study variables are presented in Table 1.
Of the participants, 124 presented a Duchenne smile (28.2%), and 316 (71.8%) partial or no
smile. As expected, smile intensity was significantly related to the number of citations, the
number of citations per paper, and the number of followers after controlling for age and sex
(Table 2). Smile intensity was not significantly related to the number of publications produced
by the author or the number of publication reads. Sex and age failed to significantly moderate
the effect of smile intensity on publication outcomes. Older scientists had more achievements
with the exception of reads per paper that were higher for younger researchers.
Discussion
The present study examined whether positive emotional expressiveness among
scientists (as indicated by facial expression in their profile pictures) is related to greater
scientific contributions. Supporting previous work on positive emotionality and achievements
(e.g., Robert et al., 2003), our results demonstrated that smiling intensity among scientists is
related to better work impact (e.g., number of citations and followers) but not quantity (e.g.,
number of publications).
This finding is important because the total amount of scientific publications per year has
been increasing dramatically (Jinha, 2010). It is essential that scholars not be misled that
quantity is an important metric, rather the focus should be on high caliber, high impact work.
Our findings that positive emotionality is related to the greater overall impact of an author is
congruent with previous research documenting how positive emotions influence creativity —
the ability to produce outputs that combine novelty with effectiveness (e.g., Isen et al., 1987).
Variables in the current study provided little explanation on the willingness of other
users to open or download papers authored by the researcher. Surprisingly, reads per paper were
weakly correlated with the number of publications and citations of social network site users.
This seems to question whether higher number of reads per paper is a valid metric of scientific
9. RUNNING HEAD: SMILE INTENSITY AND SCIENTIFIC ACHIEVEMENTS
contribution. Although older scientists had greater achievements and more followers, younger
scientists had higher number of reads per publication. One possible explanation of this
unexpected finding is that younger scientists might be more active social networkers and more
explicitly focused on the marketing of their work. If true, our initial evidence suggests that
marketing science on social media works, producing more interest to publications.
We found that other researchers were more likely to follow publication updates from
researchers who presented a Duchenne smile in their profile picture. This seems to be
behavioral evidence of expectations about the personal value of engaging with a researcher –
that might mean the expected delivery of relevant and valuable content in the future, or it might
be a moment of interest or enjoyment that encouraged them to explore their profile over another
in their topic of interest. It would be useful to capture the real-time search process of website
users by gaining access to their online activity. Smiling faces are perceived as friendly and
socially attractive (Naumann, Vazire, Rentfrow, & Gosling, 2009). Therefore scientists who
smile in their profile pictures may be viewed as more inviting and thus, acquire a greater number
of individuals to join their online social network. Regardless of the motives behind the smiles
in online photographs, evidence continues to accumulate that positive emotional displays are
linked to benefits that range from healthier social relationships to career accomplishments (e.g.,
Harker et al., 2001; Hertenstein et al., 2009).
Women were more likely to smile in their professional profile pictures; a finding
consistent with prior research across decades that women express more positive emotions in
photographs (Ragan, 1982; Seder & Oishi, 2012). Yet, our findings suggest that male and
female scientists derived the same benefits from positive emotionality.
There are limitations to our study. Although the validity and accuracy of thin-slicing
methodology has been validated (e.g., Abel & Kruger, 2010), other methods offer more
10. RUNNING HEAD: SMILE INTENSITY AND SCIENTIFIC ACHIEVEMENTS
extensive examinations of researcher emotionality, such as the word use in their autobiography,
description of their work and their lab on publically available social media (e.g., university and
personal website, twitter). Furthermore, more in-depth metrics (beyond social networking sites)
might be used to quantify scientific achievements. Although the data used in this study are
objective, it remains a cross-sectional study where causality cannot be determined. Despite
several previous studies that indicated a causal relationship from positive emotionality to
achievements (e.g., Valiente et al., 2012), it is also likely that authors who smiled more were
happier because of their work related success and acclaim. Longitudinal studies are needed to
establish whether the positive emotion displays of scientists predict or result from scientific
achievements or both (Roberts et al., 2003). Finally, it is noteworthy, that although this research
was based on the benefits of positive emotionality, there are contexts where positive
emotionality is likely to have adverse effects and situations were negative emotions produce
beneficial outcomes (McNulty & Fincham, 2012; Schall, Martiny, Goetz, & Hall, 2016). The
current investigation scrutinized only one facet of emotionality relevant to scientific impact and
accomplishments.
Our hope is that analyses in this study motivate additional research in ecological settings
on psychological, social, and environmental factors that influence researchers and the quality
and impact of their work. This includes tests of how to improve the production and
dissemination of high caliber science. Additionally, by documenting that positive emotionality
is related to the quality rather than quantity of publications, this study can be a testament to
budgeting professional resources on great work and ignoring irrelevant indices (Jinha, 2010).
Finally, these findings suggest that online networking sites for scientists should be promoted as
a medium that increases equality in the dissemination of results by women and men (Smyth &
Nosek, 2015). The main strength of this study is that we used publicly available objective data
11. RUNNING HEAD: SMILE INTENSITY AND SCIENTIFIC ACHIEVEMENTS
and documented how positive emotions manifest in scientists professional social networks and
how this thin slice of behavior is related to scientific work and their dissemination.
12. RUNNING HEAD: SMILE INTENSITY AND SCIENTIFIC ACHIEVEMENTS
References
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13. RUNNING HEAD: SMILE INTENSITY AND SCIENTIFIC ACHIEVEMENTS
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14. RUNNING HEAD: SMILE INTENSITY AND SCIENTIFIC ACHIEVEMENTS
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15. RUNNING HEAD: SMILE INTENSITY AND SCIENTIFIC ACHIEVEMENTS
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16. RUNNING HEAD: SMILE INTENSITY AND SCIENTIFIC ACHIEVEMENTS
Table 2. Scientific contribution and smiles in social media profiles
Table 1 Descriptive statistics and correlations among variables
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1. Smile intensity
2. Publications .04
3. Citations .16**
.64**
4. Citations/P .21**
.23**
.85**
5. Reads .03 .79**
.59**
.28**
6. Reads/P .02 -.04 .11*
.16**
.58**
7. Followers .06 .72**
.51**
.22**
.73**
.24**
8. Age .05 .51**
.37**
.22**
.32**
-.14**
.28**
9. Sex .21**
-.23**
-.09 .00 -.18**
.02 -.16**
-.25**
M 34.05 529.68 9.24 1145.75 36.19 42.98 38.75
SD 56.14 2473.67 15.35 3167.21 33.63 61.74 11.58
MLn 2.98 4.15 1.96 6.00 3.21 3.37 3.61
SDLn 1.05 2.02 0.91 1.50 0.93 0.91 0.29
Note: Smile intensity coded as no smile or a partial smile = 0, Duchene smile = 1. Sex coded
as 0 = man, 1 = woman. /P = per publication.
*
p < .05. **
p < .01.
17. RUNNING HEAD: SMILE INTENSITY AND SCIENTIFIC ACHIEVEMENTS
Smile
Intensit
y
Sex Age
Smile
Intensit
y
x Sex
Smile
Intensit
y
x Age
Model
β
S
E
β
β
S
E
β
β
S
E
β
β
S
E
β
β
S
E
β
R2 F (5,
435)
f2
Publicati
ons
.24
.1
5
-
.1
6
.1
0
.51
**
.0
5
-
.2
4
.1
9
-
.1
1
.0
9 .2
8
33.14
** 0.3
9
Citations
.44
**
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-
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3
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.33
**
.0
5
-
.1
8
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1
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7
16.60
** 0.2
0
Citations
/P
.53
**
.1
7
.0
4
.1
1
.17
**
.0
6
-
.1
6
.2
1
.1
9
.1
1 .1
0
9.54*
* 0.1
1
Reads .20
.1
7
-
.1
8
.1
1
.30
**
.0
6
-
.1
6
.2
1
-
.0
5
.1
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2
11.26
** 0.1
4
Reads /P .05
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7
-
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6
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2
-
.16
**
.0
6
.0
4
.2
3
.0
7
.1
1 .0
2
1.85 0.0
2
Follower
s
.41
*
.1
7
-
.1
2
.1
1
.27
**
.0
6
-
.4
1
.2
2
-
.0
4
.1
1 .1
0
9.67*
* 0.1
1
Note: No smile or a partial smile coded as 0, a Duchene smile coded as 1; publications = total
number of publications; reads = number of publications opened or downloaded by other
users; followers = number of users who subscribed to receive researcher’s updates; /P = per
publication.
*
p < .05. **
p < .01.