The worldwide status of esports as a sporting phenomenon has been developed in the past decade. However, as the esports industry has grown, it has remained an understudied scientific field. Esports is often contrasted with traditional sports regarding various aspects, including lack of physical activity and the online nature of social interactions. However, little is known whether individuals competing in esports-esports players-differ from individuals competing in traditional sports-athletes. To address this question, we examined the personality characteristics of both types of performers. We collected cross-sectional data on esports players' (n = 416) and athletes' (n = 452) personalities and performance characteristics. We found that esports players were less extroverted and conscientious than athletes. Furthermore, greater sports and esports experience was positively related to being more extroverted. Our findings contribute to the literature by documenting the preferences for competitive activities based on individuals' personality characteristics. We suggest that esports (rather than sports) might be a more suitable form of competition for less extroverted and conscientious individuals.
STUDY OF SPORTS AND COMMUNICATIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF THE CREATIVE INDUSTRYectijjournal
The emergence of the sports phenomenon is closely related to the process of communication. Sport is a
social phenomenon that accomplishes a variety of tasks. The integrity and popularity of sport guide the
birth and development of the sports industry which unites all human activities. The sports industry changes
with changing social and technological developments. The aim is to meet the needs of society at various
levels (personal, group, social, national and international). Sport helps solve personal growth tasks.
Analysis of the basic elements of sport and the sports industry makes it possible to assess their importance
and determine the stages of development of the sports industry. Sport phenomena and related fields require
in-depth research, including seemingly unrelated fields (e.g. education, physiology, psychology, law,
economics, culture, technology), sport. Visualization in this case is used as a variable that is represented
by various screens including; Observe all phenomena in the world of sport, including communication,
industry, behavior and interpersonal patterns. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative
method. Another qualitative research tool in this study is data collection through observation and research
on the subject. Reality shows that today's global social changes cause changes in values and goals in
sports. Sport has changed from just a physical activity to become an integral part of modern life in today's
society. Changes in sport content and goals lead to a growing relationship with the creative process, which
encourages greater integration between the creative fields and sport.
Week 4Assignment 4a Annotated BibliographyInstructions You ne.docxhelzerpatrina
Week 4
Assignment 4a Annotated Bibliography
Instructions: You need to put annotations in your own words.
Dr. Johnson
Armstrong, Neil et al. “Aerobic Fitness and Its Relationship to Sport, Exercise Training and Habitual Physical Activity During Youth.” British journal of sports medicine 45.11 (2011): 849–858. Web.
AIMTo analyse aerobic fitness and its relationship with sport participation, exercise training and habitual physical activity (HPA) during youth. METHODSStudies were located through computer searches of Medline, SPORT Discus and personal databases. Systematic reviews of time trends in aerobic fitness/performance, and exercise training and peak oxygen uptake (peak VO(2)) are reported. RESULTSPeak VO(2) increases with age and maturation. Boys' peak VO(2) is higher than girls'. Despite data showing a decrease in performance test estimates of aerobic fitness there is no compelling evidence to suggest that young people have low levels of peak VO(2) or that it is declining over time. The primary time constant of the VO(2) kinetics response to moderate and heavy intensity exercise slows with age and the VO(2) kinetics response to heavy intensity exercise is faster in boys. There is a negative correlation between lactate threshold as a percentage of peak VO(2) and age but differences related to maturation or sex remain to be proven. Young athletes have higher peak VO(2), a faster primary time constant and accumulate less blood lactate at the same relative exercise intensity than their untrained peers. Young people can increase their peak VO(2) through exercise training but a meaningful relationship between aerobic fitness and HPA has not been demonstrated. CONCLUSIONSDuring youth the responses of the components of aerobic fitness vary in relation to age, maturation and sex. Exercise training will enhance aerobic fitness but a relationship between young people's current HPA and aerobic fitness remains to be proven.
Caron, Jeffrey, and Bloom, Gordon. (2015). “Ethical Issues Surrounding Concussions and Player Safety in Professional Ice Hockey.” Neuroethics 8.1: 5–13. Web.
Concussions in professional sports have received increased attention, which is partly attributable to evidence that found concussion incidence rates were much higher than previously thought (Echlin et al. Journal of Neurosurgical Focus 29:1–10, 2010). Further to this, professional hockey players articulated how their concussion symptoms affected their professional careers, interpersonal relationships, and qualities of life (Caron et al. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology 35:168–179, 2013). Researchers are beginning to associate multiple/repeated concussions with Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE), a structural brain injury that is characterized by tau protein deposits in distinct areas of the brain (McKee et al. Brain 136:43–64, 2013). Taken together, concussions impact many people in the sporting community from current and former professional athletes and their fam ...
Level of Cognitive and Somatic Anxiety on Badminton Competitionijtsrd
Anxiety, as a negative emotional, affect perceptions in sport competitions, where a large majority of athletes consider anxiety to be debilitative towards performance, which may result in decreases in performance. The main purpose of this study was to examine the levels of anxiety of somatic and cognitive, before competition among badminton athletes. The instrument used for the study comprised of a 27 item Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2. The sample consisted of 41 athletes, with categories of national, state, district and university athletes. The result showed the athletes representing their university exhibited higher cognitive and somatic anxiety levels than those in state and district categories, whereas national athletes showed the lowest level of cognitive and somatic anxiety. Sport psychologists, sport counselors and coaches should use the present findings to recommend coping strategies to university and district level athletes that are appropriate for dealing with their athletes' cognitive and somatic anxiety. Vincent Parnabas | Julinamary Parnabas | Antoinette Mary Parnabas "Level of Cognitive and Somatic Anxiety on Badminton Competition" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31231.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/psychology/31231/level-of-cognitive-and-somatic-anxiety-on-badminton-competition/vincent-parnabas
Towards a Future Esports Research: Introduction to Esports MinitrackMaciej Behnke
Research on esports is a relatively new, yet fastgrowing discipline with multiple inter-and multidisciplinary perspectives. For HICSS-56, research was solicited from multiple disciplines, including but not limited to business; cognitive science and psychology; information technology; sociology; media studies and communications; law; health, wellness, and medical sciences; and emerging technology.
STUDY OF SPORTS AND COMMUNICATIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF THE CREATIVE INDUSTRYectijjournal
The emergence of the sports phenomenon is closely related to the process of communication. Sport is a
social phenomenon that accomplishes a variety of tasks. The integrity and popularity of sport guide the
birth and development of the sports industry which unites all human activities. The sports industry changes
with changing social and technological developments. The aim is to meet the needs of society at various
levels (personal, group, social, national and international). Sport helps solve personal growth tasks.
Analysis of the basic elements of sport and the sports industry makes it possible to assess their importance
and determine the stages of development of the sports industry. Sport phenomena and related fields require
in-depth research, including seemingly unrelated fields (e.g. education, physiology, psychology, law,
economics, culture, technology), sport. Visualization in this case is used as a variable that is represented
by various screens including; Observe all phenomena in the world of sport, including communication,
industry, behavior and interpersonal patterns. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative
method. Another qualitative research tool in this study is data collection through observation and research
on the subject. Reality shows that today's global social changes cause changes in values and goals in
sports. Sport has changed from just a physical activity to become an integral part of modern life in today's
society. Changes in sport content and goals lead to a growing relationship with the creative process, which
encourages greater integration between the creative fields and sport.
Week 4Assignment 4a Annotated BibliographyInstructions You ne.docxhelzerpatrina
Week 4
Assignment 4a Annotated Bibliography
Instructions: You need to put annotations in your own words.
Dr. Johnson
Armstrong, Neil et al. “Aerobic Fitness and Its Relationship to Sport, Exercise Training and Habitual Physical Activity During Youth.” British journal of sports medicine 45.11 (2011): 849–858. Web.
AIMTo analyse aerobic fitness and its relationship with sport participation, exercise training and habitual physical activity (HPA) during youth. METHODSStudies were located through computer searches of Medline, SPORT Discus and personal databases. Systematic reviews of time trends in aerobic fitness/performance, and exercise training and peak oxygen uptake (peak VO(2)) are reported. RESULTSPeak VO(2) increases with age and maturation. Boys' peak VO(2) is higher than girls'. Despite data showing a decrease in performance test estimates of aerobic fitness there is no compelling evidence to suggest that young people have low levels of peak VO(2) or that it is declining over time. The primary time constant of the VO(2) kinetics response to moderate and heavy intensity exercise slows with age and the VO(2) kinetics response to heavy intensity exercise is faster in boys. There is a negative correlation between lactate threshold as a percentage of peak VO(2) and age but differences related to maturation or sex remain to be proven. Young athletes have higher peak VO(2), a faster primary time constant and accumulate less blood lactate at the same relative exercise intensity than their untrained peers. Young people can increase their peak VO(2) through exercise training but a meaningful relationship between aerobic fitness and HPA has not been demonstrated. CONCLUSIONSDuring youth the responses of the components of aerobic fitness vary in relation to age, maturation and sex. Exercise training will enhance aerobic fitness but a relationship between young people's current HPA and aerobic fitness remains to be proven.
Caron, Jeffrey, and Bloom, Gordon. (2015). “Ethical Issues Surrounding Concussions and Player Safety in Professional Ice Hockey.” Neuroethics 8.1: 5–13. Web.
Concussions in professional sports have received increased attention, which is partly attributable to evidence that found concussion incidence rates were much higher than previously thought (Echlin et al. Journal of Neurosurgical Focus 29:1–10, 2010). Further to this, professional hockey players articulated how their concussion symptoms affected their professional careers, interpersonal relationships, and qualities of life (Caron et al. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology 35:168–179, 2013). Researchers are beginning to associate multiple/repeated concussions with Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE), a structural brain injury that is characterized by tau protein deposits in distinct areas of the brain (McKee et al. Brain 136:43–64, 2013). Taken together, concussions impact many people in the sporting community from current and former professional athletes and their fam ...
Level of Cognitive and Somatic Anxiety on Badminton Competitionijtsrd
Anxiety, as a negative emotional, affect perceptions in sport competitions, where a large majority of athletes consider anxiety to be debilitative towards performance, which may result in decreases in performance. The main purpose of this study was to examine the levels of anxiety of somatic and cognitive, before competition among badminton athletes. The instrument used for the study comprised of a 27 item Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2. The sample consisted of 41 athletes, with categories of national, state, district and university athletes. The result showed the athletes representing their university exhibited higher cognitive and somatic anxiety levels than those in state and district categories, whereas national athletes showed the lowest level of cognitive and somatic anxiety. Sport psychologists, sport counselors and coaches should use the present findings to recommend coping strategies to university and district level athletes that are appropriate for dealing with their athletes' cognitive and somatic anxiety. Vincent Parnabas | Julinamary Parnabas | Antoinette Mary Parnabas "Level of Cognitive and Somatic Anxiety on Badminton Competition" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31231.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/psychology/31231/level-of-cognitive-and-somatic-anxiety-on-badminton-competition/vincent-parnabas
Towards a Future Esports Research: Introduction to Esports MinitrackMaciej Behnke
Research on esports is a relatively new, yet fastgrowing discipline with multiple inter-and multidisciplinary perspectives. For HICSS-56, research was solicited from multiple disciplines, including but not limited to business; cognitive science and psychology; information technology; sociology; media studies and communications; law; health, wellness, and medical sciences; and emerging technology.
Sport and exercise psychologists identify principles and guidelines that professionals can use to help adults and children participate in and benefit from sport and exercise activities.
Term paper for my Psychology 101 course at the College of Southern Nevada
(This SlideShare is exactly what the final product of my Psychology 101 sports psychology term paper looked like when I submitted it as a hard copy to my professor at the College of Southern Nevada, except for one thing: the Word document, which this SlideShare was downloaded from, contains the final draft of my psychology term paper which was last saved on November 28, 2011, the day before I submitted the paper as a final draft in hard copy format to my psychology professor. The difference between this SlideShare and the Word document that contains the final draft of my sports psychology term paper, compared to the final draft of my sports psychology term paper that I submitted to my professor in hard copy format is: the SlideShare and the Word document are both missing a title page, whereas, the final draft of my psychology term paper that I submitted to my professor contained a title page with my name, my professor's name, the name of the institution I wrote the paper for, the course and the section number I had written the paper for, and the date and term at the time my paper was written. I am unable to retrieve the title page that I created and saved in Word in 2011 when I was taking Psychology 101:017 at the College of Southern Nevada. Hopefully, I can eventually correct this problem and resubmit my psychology term paper on SlideShare in the exact form that it was originally like in November of 2011.)
lloyd Irvin | The Effectiveness Of Hard Martial Arts Lloyd Irvin
Lloyd Irvin is a martial arts company that provides training in traditional Japanese style karate for beginner and advanced level students in the Maryland area. The instructors are dedicated to improving students’ competence, confidence, character, coping skills, and control, and handles classes seven days a week, specific workshops, summer training, black belt clinics, children’s events, and benefit tourneys.
Effects of Psychological Training on Mental Skills with Female Basketball Pla...IOSR Journals
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of a psychological skills training program on
psychological skills of female basketball players. These psychological skills consisted of imagery, relaxation,
focusing, refocusing, goal setting, competition planning, fear control, and stress reactions. The sample
consisted of 12 semi-elite female basketball players from Nasr team in Tehran city that purposely were
selected in 2014 (with the mean age of 23/58± 1/67 years old). All Subjects completed the OMSAT-3
questionnaire that has been confirmed by SanatyMonfared& et al. (2006) in Iran. After giving pre-test, the
subjects divided in two experimental and control group, and then 12-weeks interventions (including,
imagery, relaxation, goal setting, self-talk, and focus training) were done. After 12 weeks, the subjects of two
groups completed the OMSAT-3 questionnaire for post-test. Then, the data were analyzed with descriptive and
inferential statistics methods. The result of dependent t-test for comparing the pre-test and post-test scores
showed that there is a significant difference between scores of pre- and post-test of experimental group (t=
4/98, p<0/01). As a result, it is concluded that, these interventions have positive effects on subscales of
foundation skills, psycho-somatic skills, and cognitive skills from pre-test to post-test for experimental
group versus control group.
Key words: Psychological skills, Mental training, Imagery, Goal setting, OMSAT-3 Questionnaire, Basketball
Some people realized about the importance of physical activity in maintaining health and wellness. This perception exists because there is a lot of efforts and studies done to improve people health and wellness through physical activity. In top of that, it is known that motivation is one of the main effects of the people participation in sports or physical activity. Therefore, whether intrinsic or extrinsic, many have agreed that motivation plays important role in determining physical activity level. Hence, this study will be conducted to determine the relationship between extrinsic motivations with the physical activity level. The researcher has randomly selected 172 students from Faculty of Education UiTM as a respondent of this study. The study was conducted using questionnaire based on the Exercise Motivation Inventory (EMI) and International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) which then been edited to fulfil the requirement of the study. This study is to examine the relationship between extrinsic motivations with the physical activity level. The results showed that there was significant relationship between extrinsic motivations with the physical activity level. The male respondent was found to have high level of physical activity better than female respondents.
One Year Prevalence of Musculoskeletal Disorders during Training among Boxing...iosrjce
Objective: To find out overall, gender specific, site specific and type of injury specific prevalence rate of
musculoskeletal injuries in boxing players.
Methodology: Study Design: Cross sectional, survey study, retrospective model.
Sample size: 105 boxing players (73 males and 32 females).
Method: Injury data was collected from each player using modified Nordic Musculoskeletal Injury
Questionnaire.
Data analysis: Data was entered into MS Excel for further analysis.
Results: 48 players out of 105 was injured leading to 46% overall prevalence of injury among boxing players.
Males injured slightly higher than females. Upper limb injuries were the most common area followed by lower
limb. Wrist & Hand, Knee & Leg, Low back the most common sites of injury. Sprain and strain accounted more
than 90% of total injuries.
Conclusion: Prevalence of musculoskeletal injuries is high among boxing players. Conditioning by coaches and
early rehabilitation by physiotherapists are essential to reduce the injury rate in this population.
Native and non-native language contexts differently modulate mood-driven elec...Maciej Behnke
Bilingual speakers have been consistently observed to experience reduced emotional sensitivity to their non-native (L2) relative to native (L1) language, particularly to the negatively-valenced L2 content. Yet, little is known about how the L1 and L2 contexts physiologically influence bilinguals' affective states, such as moods. Here, we show that bilinguals may be less physiologically sensitive to mood changes in the L2 compared to the L1 context. Polish-English bilinguals operating in either the L1 or the L2 mode (elicited via reading L1 and L2 sentences) watched positive and negative moodinducing films while their electrodermal activity was measured. We observed a greater number of skin conductance responses in the negative compared to positive mood condition in the L1 context only, indexing decreased sensitivity to mood changes in the L2 relative to the L1 mode in bilinguals. Also, skin conductance amplitudes were overall increased in the L2 compared to the L1 context, pointing to increased cognitive load when operating in L2. These findings together suggest that bilinguals experience decreased sensitivity to mood changes in their less dominant language due to L2 processing requiring greater cognitive engagement.
Ethical Considerations and Checklist for Affective Research with WearablesMaciej Behnke
As the popularity of wearables increases, so does their utility for studying emotions. Using new technologies points to several ethical challenges to be considered to improve research designs. There are several ethical recommendations for utilizing wearables to study human emotions, but they focus on emotion recognition systems applications rather than research design and implementation. To address this gap, we have developed a perspective on wearables, especially in daily life, adapting the ReCODE Health-Digital Health Framework and companion checklist. Therefore, our framework consists of four domains: (1) participation experience, (2) privacy, (3) data management, and (4) access and usability. We identified 33 primary risks of using wearables to study emotions, including research-related negative emotions, collecting, processing, storing, sharing personal and biological information, commercial technology validity and reliability, and exclusivity issues. We also proposed possible strategies for minimizing risks. We consulted the new ethical guidelines with members of ethics committees and relevant researchers. The judges (N = 26) positively rated our solutions and provided useful feedback that helped us refine our guidance. Finally, we summarized our proposals with a checklist for researchers' convenience. Our guidelines contribute to future research by providing improved protection of participants' and scientists' interests.
More Related Content
Similar to Esports Players Are Less Extroverted and Conscientious than Athletes
Sport and exercise psychologists identify principles and guidelines that professionals can use to help adults and children participate in and benefit from sport and exercise activities.
Term paper for my Psychology 101 course at the College of Southern Nevada
(This SlideShare is exactly what the final product of my Psychology 101 sports psychology term paper looked like when I submitted it as a hard copy to my professor at the College of Southern Nevada, except for one thing: the Word document, which this SlideShare was downloaded from, contains the final draft of my psychology term paper which was last saved on November 28, 2011, the day before I submitted the paper as a final draft in hard copy format to my psychology professor. The difference between this SlideShare and the Word document that contains the final draft of my sports psychology term paper, compared to the final draft of my sports psychology term paper that I submitted to my professor in hard copy format is: the SlideShare and the Word document are both missing a title page, whereas, the final draft of my psychology term paper that I submitted to my professor contained a title page with my name, my professor's name, the name of the institution I wrote the paper for, the course and the section number I had written the paper for, and the date and term at the time my paper was written. I am unable to retrieve the title page that I created and saved in Word in 2011 when I was taking Psychology 101:017 at the College of Southern Nevada. Hopefully, I can eventually correct this problem and resubmit my psychology term paper on SlideShare in the exact form that it was originally like in November of 2011.)
lloyd Irvin | The Effectiveness Of Hard Martial Arts Lloyd Irvin
Lloyd Irvin is a martial arts company that provides training in traditional Japanese style karate for beginner and advanced level students in the Maryland area. The instructors are dedicated to improving students’ competence, confidence, character, coping skills, and control, and handles classes seven days a week, specific workshops, summer training, black belt clinics, children’s events, and benefit tourneys.
Effects of Psychological Training on Mental Skills with Female Basketball Pla...IOSR Journals
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of a psychological skills training program on
psychological skills of female basketball players. These psychological skills consisted of imagery, relaxation,
focusing, refocusing, goal setting, competition planning, fear control, and stress reactions. The sample
consisted of 12 semi-elite female basketball players from Nasr team in Tehran city that purposely were
selected in 2014 (with the mean age of 23/58± 1/67 years old). All Subjects completed the OMSAT-3
questionnaire that has been confirmed by SanatyMonfared& et al. (2006) in Iran. After giving pre-test, the
subjects divided in two experimental and control group, and then 12-weeks interventions (including,
imagery, relaxation, goal setting, self-talk, and focus training) were done. After 12 weeks, the subjects of two
groups completed the OMSAT-3 questionnaire for post-test. Then, the data were analyzed with descriptive and
inferential statistics methods. The result of dependent t-test for comparing the pre-test and post-test scores
showed that there is a significant difference between scores of pre- and post-test of experimental group (t=
4/98, p<0/01). As a result, it is concluded that, these interventions have positive effects on subscales of
foundation skills, psycho-somatic skills, and cognitive skills from pre-test to post-test for experimental
group versus control group.
Key words: Psychological skills, Mental training, Imagery, Goal setting, OMSAT-3 Questionnaire, Basketball
Some people realized about the importance of physical activity in maintaining health and wellness. This perception exists because there is a lot of efforts and studies done to improve people health and wellness through physical activity. In top of that, it is known that motivation is one of the main effects of the people participation in sports or physical activity. Therefore, whether intrinsic or extrinsic, many have agreed that motivation plays important role in determining physical activity level. Hence, this study will be conducted to determine the relationship between extrinsic motivations with the physical activity level. The researcher has randomly selected 172 students from Faculty of Education UiTM as a respondent of this study. The study was conducted using questionnaire based on the Exercise Motivation Inventory (EMI) and International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) which then been edited to fulfil the requirement of the study. This study is to examine the relationship between extrinsic motivations with the physical activity level. The results showed that there was significant relationship between extrinsic motivations with the physical activity level. The male respondent was found to have high level of physical activity better than female respondents.
One Year Prevalence of Musculoskeletal Disorders during Training among Boxing...iosrjce
Objective: To find out overall, gender specific, site specific and type of injury specific prevalence rate of
musculoskeletal injuries in boxing players.
Methodology: Study Design: Cross sectional, survey study, retrospective model.
Sample size: 105 boxing players (73 males and 32 females).
Method: Injury data was collected from each player using modified Nordic Musculoskeletal Injury
Questionnaire.
Data analysis: Data was entered into MS Excel for further analysis.
Results: 48 players out of 105 was injured leading to 46% overall prevalence of injury among boxing players.
Males injured slightly higher than females. Upper limb injuries were the most common area followed by lower
limb. Wrist & Hand, Knee & Leg, Low back the most common sites of injury. Sprain and strain accounted more
than 90% of total injuries.
Conclusion: Prevalence of musculoskeletal injuries is high among boxing players. Conditioning by coaches and
early rehabilitation by physiotherapists are essential to reduce the injury rate in this population.
Native and non-native language contexts differently modulate mood-driven elec...Maciej Behnke
Bilingual speakers have been consistently observed to experience reduced emotional sensitivity to their non-native (L2) relative to native (L1) language, particularly to the negatively-valenced L2 content. Yet, little is known about how the L1 and L2 contexts physiologically influence bilinguals' affective states, such as moods. Here, we show that bilinguals may be less physiologically sensitive to mood changes in the L2 compared to the L1 context. Polish-English bilinguals operating in either the L1 or the L2 mode (elicited via reading L1 and L2 sentences) watched positive and negative moodinducing films while their electrodermal activity was measured. We observed a greater number of skin conductance responses in the negative compared to positive mood condition in the L1 context only, indexing decreased sensitivity to mood changes in the L2 relative to the L1 mode in bilinguals. Also, skin conductance amplitudes were overall increased in the L2 compared to the L1 context, pointing to increased cognitive load when operating in L2. These findings together suggest that bilinguals experience decreased sensitivity to mood changes in their less dominant language due to L2 processing requiring greater cognitive engagement.
Ethical Considerations and Checklist for Affective Research with WearablesMaciej Behnke
As the popularity of wearables increases, so does their utility for studying emotions. Using new technologies points to several ethical challenges to be considered to improve research designs. There are several ethical recommendations for utilizing wearables to study human emotions, but they focus on emotion recognition systems applications rather than research design and implementation. To address this gap, we have developed a perspective on wearables, especially in daily life, adapting the ReCODE Health-Digital Health Framework and companion checklist. Therefore, our framework consists of four domains: (1) participation experience, (2) privacy, (3) data management, and (4) access and usability. We identified 33 primary risks of using wearables to study emotions, including research-related negative emotions, collecting, processing, storing, sharing personal and biological information, commercial technology validity and reliability, and exclusivity issues. We also proposed possible strategies for minimizing risks. We consulted the new ethical guidelines with members of ethics committees and relevant researchers. The judges (N = 26) positively rated our solutions and provided useful feedback that helped us refine our guidance. Finally, we summarized our proposals with a checklist for researchers' convenience. Our guidelines contribute to future research by providing improved protection of participants' and scientists' interests.
The Undoing Effect of Positive Emotions: A Meta-Analytic ReviewMaciej Behnke
The undoing hypothesis proposes that positive emotions serve to undo sympathetic arousal related to negative emotions and stress. However, a recent qualitative review challenged the undoing effect by presenting conflicting results. To address this issue quantitatively, we conducted a meta-analytic review of 16 studies (N=1,220; 72 effect sizes) measuring sympathetic recovery during elicited positive emotions and neutral conditions. Findings indicated that in most cases, positive emotions did not speed sympathetic recovery compared to neutral conditions. However, when a composite index of cardiovascular reactivity was used, undoing effects were evident. Our findings suggest the need for further work on the functions of positive emotions.
The Cold Start Problem and Per-Group Personalization in Real-Life Emotion Rec...Maciej Behnke
Emotion recognition in real life from physiological signals provided by wrist worn devices still remains a great challenge especially due to difficulties with gathering annotated emotional events. For that purpose, we suggest building pretrained machine learning models capable of detecting intense emotional states. This work aims to explore the cold start problem, where no data from the target subjects (users) are available at the beginning of the experiment to train the reasoning model. To address this issue, we investigate the potential of pergroup personalization and the amount of data needed to perform it. Our results on real-life data indicate that even a week’s worth of personalized data improves the model performance.
Psychometric Properties of the Persian Version of the Sport Mental Training Q...Maciej Behnke
Mental training is basedonthe premise that psychological factors enhance or deteriorate performanceandthat these psychological factors can be optimized by training. Researchers have developed different methods to measure these factors, including behavioral tests and questionnaires. The Sport Mental Training Questionnaire (SMTQ) is a novel and multifaceted psychometric scale with 20 items developed to assess sports mental training across 5 dimensions, including foundational skills, performance skills, interpersonal skills, self-talk, and mental imagery.
The Role of Emotions in Esports PerformanceMaciej Behnke
Emotions that differ on the approach-avoidance dimension are thought to have different functions. Based on the motivational dimensional model of affect, we expected high-approach tendency (and not valence) to facilitate sports performance in a gaming context. Moreover, we expected the influence of highapproach emotions on performance to be mediated by higher levels of cognitive and physiological challenge as an approach-related response. To test these hypotheses, 241 men completed 5 matches of a soccer video game FIFA 19. Before each match, approach tendencies and valence were experimentally manipulated by showing films that elicit amusement, enthusiasm, sadness, anger, and neutral states. Approach tendency, challenge/threat evaluations, cardiovascular responses, and game scores were recorded. After watching enthusiastic and amusing videos, gamers displayed stronger approach tendencies, and, in turn, improved performance, compared to negative emotions and neutral conditions. Moreover, enthusiasm produced a stronger approach tendency and promoted better performance than amusement. Elicitation of unpleasant emotions (anger and sadness) had no effect on approach tendencies or gaming-outcomes relative to the neutral conditions. Across all conditions, gamers with higher levels of cognitive and cardiovascular challenge achieved higher scores. These findings indicate that in a gaming context performance is enhanced by pleasant emotions with high-approach tendencies.
Psychophysiology of positive and negative emotions, dataset of 1157 cases and...Maciej Behnke
Subjective experience and physiological activity are fundamental components of emotion. There is an increasing interest in the link between experiential and physiological processes across different disciplines, e.g., psychology, economics, or computer science. However, the findings largely rely on sample sizes that have been modest at best (limiting the statistical power) and capture only some concurrent biosignals. We present a novel publicly available dataset of psychophysiological responses to positive and negative emotions that offers some improvement over other databases. This database involves recordings of 1157 cases from healthy individuals (895 individuals participated in a single session and 122 individuals in several sessions), collected across seven studies, a continuous record of selfreported affect along with several biosignals (electrocardiogram, impedance cardiogram, electrodermal activity, hemodynamic measures, e.g., blood pressure, respiration trace, and skin temperature). We experimentally elicited a wide range of positive and negative emotions, including amusement, anger, disgust, excitement, fear, gratitude, sadness, tenderness, and threat. Psychophysiology of positive and negative emotions (POPANE) database is a large and comprehensive psychophysiological dataset on elicited emotions.
Positive Emotions Boost Enthusiastic Responsiveness to Capitalization Attempt...Maciej Behnke
When individuals communicate enthusiasm for good events in their partners' lives, they contribute to a high-quality relationship; a phenomenon termed interpersonal capitalization. However, little is known when individuals are more ready to react enthusiastically to the partner's success. To address this gap, we examined whether positive and negative emotions boost or inhibit enthusiastic responses to partner's capitalization attempts (RCA). Participants (N = 224 individuals) responded to their partner's success. Before each capitalization attempt (operationalized as responses following the news that their partner won money in a game), we used video clips to elicit positive (primarily amusement) or negative (primarily anger) or neutral emotions in the responder. We recorded emotional valence, smiling intensity, verbal RCA, and physiological reactivity. We found indirect (but not direct) effects such that eliciting positive emotions boosted and negative emotions inhibited enthusiastic RCA (smiling intensity and enthusiastic verbal RCA). These effects were relatively small and mediated by emotional valence and smiling intensity but not physiological reactivity. The results offer novel evidence that positive emotions fuel the capitalization process.
Evil Joy Is Hard to Share: Negative Affect Attenuates Interpersonal Capitaliz...Maciej Behnke
Capitalization is an interpersonal process in which individuals (capitalizers) communicate their accomplishments to others (responders). When these attempts to capitalize are met with enthusiastic responses, individuals reap greater personal and social benefits from the accomplishment. This research integrated the interpersonal model of capitalization with moral foundations theory to examine whether accomplishments achieved through immoral (vs. moral) means disrupt the interpersonal processes of capitalization. We hypothesized that an accomplishment achieved through immoral (vs. moral) means would suppress the positive affective response often reaped from capitalizing on good news. We conducted two, mixedmethods experiments in which individuals interacted with a stranger (Study 1) or with their romantic partner (Study 2). We found that responders exhibited greater self-reported negative emotions, avoidance motivation, and arousal when reacting to capitalizers' immoral (vs. moral) accomplishments. In turn, greater negative affect predicted less enthusiastic verbal responses to capitalization attempts. In Study 2 we found that immoral accomplishments increased avoidance motivation, which contrary to our expectations, increased expressions of happiness. These studies reveal that the moral means by which accomplishments are achieved can disrupt the interpersonal process of capitalization.
Autonomic Nervous System Activity During Positive Emotions: A Meta-Analytic R...Maciej Behnke
Autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity is a fundamental component of emotional responding. It is not clear, however, whether positive emotional states are associated with differential ANS reactivity. To address this issue, we conducted a meta-analytic review of 120 articles (686 effect sizes, total N = 6,546), measuring ANS activity during 11 elicited positive emotions, namely amusement, attachment love, awe, contentment, craving, excitement, gratitude, joy, nurturant love, pride, and sexual desire. We identified a widely dispersed collection of studies. Univariate results indicated that positive emotions produce no or weak and highly variable increases in ANS reactivity. However, the limitations of work to datewhich we discussmean that our conclusions should be treated as empirically grounded hypotheses that future research should validate.
A system for collecting emotionally annotated physiological signals in daily ...Maciej Behnke
9th International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction Workshops and Demos (ACIIW), 2021
Several obstacles have to be overcome in order to recognize emotions and affect in daily life. One of them is collecting a large amount of emotionally annotated data necessary to create data-greedy machine learning-based predictive models. Hence, we propose the Emognition system supporting the collection of rich emotional samples in everyday-life scenarios. The system utilizes smart-wearables to record physiological signals unobtrusively and smartphones to gather self-assessments. We have performed a two-week pilot study with 15 participants and devices available on the market to validate the system. The outcomes of the study, alongside the discussion and lessons learned, are provided.
Blunted cardiovascular reactivity may serve as an index of psychological task...Maciej Behnke
Challenge and threat models predict that once individuals become engaged with performance, their evaluations and cardiovascular response determine further outcomes. Although the role of challenge and threat in predicting performance has been extensively tested, few studies have focused on task engagement. We aimed to investigate task engagement in performance at the psychological and physiological levels. We accounted for physiological task engagement by examining blunted cardiovascular reactivity, the third possible cardiovascular response to performance, in addition to the challenge/threat responses. We expected that low psychological task engagement would be related to blunted cardiovascular reactivity during the performance. Gamers ( N = 241) completed five matches of the soccer video game FIFA 19. We recorded psychological task engagement, heart rate reactivity, and the difference between goals scored and conceded. Lower psychological task engagement was related to blunted heart rate reactivity during the performance. Furthermore, poorer performance in the previous game was related to increased task engagement in the subsequent match. The findings extend existing literature by providing initial evidence that blunted cardiovascular reactivity may serve as the index of low task engagement.
I am afraid, so I buy it! The effects of anxiety on consumer assimilation and...Maciej Behnke
Individuals tend to satisfy their assimilation needs by purchasing products that bear a specific group identity. Such products might be preferred when an individual is threatened because anxiety increases affiliative needs. In contrast, individuals might be more attracted to unique-design products when they feel less anxious. We examined the impact of anxiety on assimilation and differentiation needs amongst consumers primed with independent and interdependent self-construal. We expected that anxiety would produce stronger assimilation needs and show a weaker preference for unique products. In Study 1 ( N = 110), we found that individuals in the anxiety-inducing condition decreased their evaluation of unique products and exhibited stronger assimilation needs. Independents who felt anxiety reacted with a reduced preference for group-linked products. Study 2 (N = 102) found that introducing an anxiety-decreasing agent (vanilla scent) after a social identity threat reduced differentiation needs and preference for unique products. Physiological data showed that the social identity threat increased sympathetic arousal, but the vanilla scent did not have a soothing effect on physiological reactivity. Overall, this work showed that both anxiety and vanilla scent reduced consumer need for differentiation. Furthermore, for independents, anxiety reduced assimilation needs. We found novel determinants of assimilation/differentiation needs with implications for advertising and retailing products with a unique design.
How seasons, weather, and part of day influence baseline affective valence in...Maciej Behnke
Many people believe that weather influences their emotional state. Along similar lines, some
researchers in affective science are concerned whether testing individuals at a different time
of year, a different part of the day, or in different weather conditions (e.g., in a cold and rainy
morning vs. a hot evening) influences how research participants feel upon entering a study;
thus inflating the measurement error. Few studies have investigated the link between baseline
affective levels and the research context, such as seasonal and daily weather fluctuation
in temperature, air pressure, and sunshine duration. We examined whether individuals
felt more positive or negative upon entering a study by clustering data across seven laboratory
experiments (total N = 1108), three seasons, and daily times ranging from 9 AM to 7
PM. We accounted for ambient temperature, air pressure, humidity, cloud cover, precipitation,
wind speed, and sunshine duration. We found that only ambient temperature was a significant
predictor of valence. Individuals felt more positive valence on days when it was
cooler outside. However, the effect was psychologically negligible with differences between
participants above c.a. 30 degrees Celsius in ambient temperature needed to generate a difference
in affective valence surpassing one standard deviation. Our findings have methodological
implications for studying emotions by suggesting that seasons and part of the day do
not matter for baseline affective valence reported by participants, and the effects of ambient
temperature are unlikely to influence most research.
The Origin of the non-governmental sector in Russia during the presidencies o...Maciej Behnke
Apart from the public (first) and business (second) sectors, the third sector is one
of the pillars constituting the modern democratic society. All the social interests
are concentrated within the third sector and they are being implemented by the
numerous non-governmental organizations cooperating with the state as well
as business world. The birth of the third sector in Russia can be associated with
the beginning of Mikhail Gorbachev reforms called the perestroika. The mental
changes that the Russian society underwent influenced by the policy of glasnost
led to the origin of public involvement into the social and political life, taking
upon the role of the often ineffective state. The degree to which the citizens were
involved in the activity of the NGOs was first of all associated with their quality
of life and it depended on the attitude of the decision-makers towards the idea
of social organizations. The time of Boris Yeltsin presidency was characterized
by two phenomena: a drop in the standard of living accompanied by the
intensification of criminalization within the public life and the positive attitude
towards the introduction of the third sector. After the new president assumed
the post, the approach of the new authority changed in a negative way and
the politics implemented led to gaining full control over public associations.
The so-called liberalization of the law in respect to the third sector was only
a display of Kremlin’s political will and did not signify serious treatment of the
principles of the democratic and civic society. The third sector, one of the pillars
supporting the civil society is at present in the state of consolidation, dealing
with numerous amendments of legal norms. After the period of mimicking
western solutions, the Russian NGOs became a power that must be taken into
account by the Russian decision-makers.
Quo vadis Eurazjo? W poszukiwaniu nowych dróg partnerstwaMaciej Behnke
Podejmując się zadania znalezienia odpowiedzi na pytanie dokąd zmierza Eurazja, w pierwszym rzędzie należy zdefiniować samo pojęcie "Eurazji". Otóż Eurazja jest to największy kontynent na kuli ziemskiej, w skład którego wchodzą dwie części świata: Europa i Azja. Eurazja rozciąga się na przestrzeni prawie 55 mln km 2 , co stanowi około 37% powierzchni Ziemi. Zamieszkuje ją ponad 5 mld ludzi, co odpowiada około 70% populacji. Ten składający się z dwóch części obszar charakteryzuje niewystępowanie wyraźnej granicy strukturalnej, stąd w XIX wieku w stosunku do niego zaczęto używać nazwy "Eurazja" (Eurazja). Analizując kryterium geograficzne stwierdzić trzeba, że Eurazja rozciąga się od Oceanu Atlantyckiego z graniczącymi Portugalią i Hiszpanią na zachodzie (i być może także Irlandią, Islandią i Wielką Brytanią) do najbardziej wysuniętego na wschód punktu Rosji, w Cieśninie Beringa między Oceanem Arktycznym a Oceanem Spokojnym. Północna granica Eurazji obejmuje graniczące od północy z Oceanem Arktycznym Rosję, Finlandię i Norwegię. Granice południowe wyznaczają z kolei Morze Śródziemne, Afryka i Ocean Indyjski. Kraje leżące na południowej granicy Eurazji to Hiszpania, Izrael, Jemen, Indie i kontynentalna Malezja. Eurazja często obejmuje również wyspy i kraje wyspiarskie związane z kontynentem euroazjatyckim, takie jak Sycylia, Kreta, Cypr, Sri Lanka, Japonia, Filipiny, wyspa Malezja, a może nawet Indonezja (przy czym przyporządkowanie tej ostatniej w całości do Eurazji oznacza, że wyspa Nowa Gwinea dzielona jest nieraz na indonezyjską część azjatycką oraz terytorium Papui Nowej Gwinei uznawane za stanowiące część Oceanii). Obszar Eurazji składającej się z Europy i Azji pod kątem analizy administracyjno-politycznej składa się z 93 niezależnych państw. Obejmuje on wszystkie 48 krajów Europy (w tym kraje wyspiarskie Cypr, Islandię, Irlandię i Wielką Brytanię), 17 krajów Bliskiego Wschodu, 27 krajów Azji (w tym Indonezję, Malezję, Japonię, Filipiny i Tajwan), i jeden nowy kraj, obecnie często kojarzony z Oceanią-Timor Wschodni. W ten sposób prawie połowa ze 196 niezależnych krajów świata znajduje się w Eurazji (Rosenberg). Warto zwrócić uwagę, że zainteresowanie badaczy i podróżników Eurazją nie jest zjawiskiem nowym. Wynika ono ze specyfiki tego "superkontynentu" pod każdym względem: klasyfikacji jako odrębnego kontynentu (w niektórych częściach świata Eurazja jest uznawana za największy z sześciu, pięciu lub czterech kontynentów na Ziemi) (Continents of The World), geografii fizycznej, ekosystemu, zasobów surowcowych czy też potencjału gospodarczego, społecznego i politycznego.
Pucz sierpniowy jako próba zachowania jedności ZSRR i jego konsekwencjeMaciej Behnke
The coup of August 1991, according to opinion of its to keep unity of the Soviet Union. In fact the failure process of desintegration of the U.S.S.R. It turned out party, KGB and army were not able or had no interest at restoration of former order outright. This evident insubordination soldiers, KGB and party was the symbol of changes in Economic transformations had a great influence not only economic situation in Russia, but they affected seriously family. During events in August 1991 Russians had an opportunity their own political views without fear of repressions. In against the coup d'etat, its organizators had no effective from public opinion. Moreover Mikhail Gorbachev's (the refusal to endorse a declaration of a state of emergency any chance and possibility for legitimization of their actions. Finally, strong negative attitude to the coup d'etat Federation leaders, especially by President of the Russian caused defeat of the putsch. In conclusion the author of the article claims that coup enemies of Gorbachev's perestroika policy led paradoxically powers in Russian society and collapse of the Soviet Wdniu 20 sierpnia 1991 r. w Moskwie miat zostac podpisany nowy uklad zwi^z kowy, ktory mial zastqpic dotychczas obowi^zujqcy uklad z 1922 r. Wynego cjowane warunki zakladaly przeksztalcenie Zwi^zku Socjalistycznych Republik ARTYKUŁ V STOSUNKI MIĘDZYNARODOWE. VARIA Jagielloński JAKO PRÓBA ZACHOWANIA JEDNOŚCI ZSRR I JEGO KONSEKWENCJE The coup of August to opinion ofits organisators, unity of the Soviet Union. In fact the failure of désintégration of the U.S.S.R. It turned out KGB and army were not able or had no interest of former order outright. This évident KGB and party was the symbol of changes in Economie transformations had a great influence not économie situation in Russia, but they affected seriously During events in August 1991 Russians had an opportunity political views without fear of repressions. In the coup d'état, its organizators had no effective opinion. Moreover Mikhail Gorbachev's (refusai to endorse a déclaration of a state of emergency and possibility for legitimization of their strong négative attitude to the coup d'état Fédération leaders, especially by Président of the Russian of the putsch.
Possibilities for cooperation between the non-governmental, non-commercial se...Maciej Behnke
The model of three-sector synergy in a contemporary state rests on cooperation between the first (state) sector, the second (commercial) sector, and the third sector-the civil one, also referred to as the non-commercial sector. The quest for an optimal solution and the establishment of mutual relations is underpinned by the concept of the reorganization of Russian society with regard to its political modernization; this is accompanied by a variant of social agreement that guarantees citizens equality before the law, and the protection of their rights along with simultaneous compliance with the law. What complements the image of Russia's contemporary reality is the goal of non-governmental, non-commercial organizations-not only to survive but also to develop a modus vivendi in the circumstances of an authoritarian state.
Distress and retaliatory aggression in response to witnessing intergroup excl...Maciej Behnke
The negative consequences of personal exclusion have been demonstrated by multiple
studies. Less is known about the consequences of witnessing one's own group
being excluded by other groups, although studies suggest exclusion can be experienced
vicariously and negatively affects members of the excluded group. Results of
the present lab-based
experiment (N = 153) indicate, in line with our predictions,
that witnessing intergroup exclusion (a national majority excluded by a minority,
manipulated by an adapted intergroup Cyberball paradigm) produced a sense of personal
exclusion. It also increased self-reported
distress and behavioral aggression
measured in the Taylor Aggression Paradigm), especially among participants high
on collective narcissism: a belief that the exaggerated greatness of the in-group
is
not sufficiently appreciated by others. Contrary to expectations, a short mindful decentration
intervention (instructing participants to observe thoughts and emotions as
transient mental products without engaging with them) delivered while participants
were witnessing intergroup exclusion (vs. inclusion) produced changes in heart rate
variability reactivity indicative of emotional arousal, especially among collective
narcissists. We concluded that collective narcissism is associated with distress in
the face of intergroup exclusion, aggressive retaliation, and in consequence, it is
a risk-factor
predisposing group members to stress-related
health and psychosocial
problems. Furthermore, a mindful decentration, despite being an effective strategy
to reduce maladaptive stress in most people, may be counterproductive in addressing
high collective narcissists' responses to threat to the in-group's
image.
Head movement differs for positive and negative emotions in video recordings ...Maciej Behnke
Individuals tend to approach positive stimuli and avoid negative stimuli. Furthermore, emotions influence whether individuals freeze or move more. These two kinds of motivated behavior refer to the approach/avoidance behavior and behavioral freezing/activation. Previous studies examined (e.g., using forced platforms) whether individuals’ behavior depends on stimulus’ valence; however, the results were mixed. Thus, we aimed to test whether emotions’ effects on spontaneous whole‑body behavior of standing individuals also occur in the seated position. We used a computer vision method to measure the head sway in video recordings that offers ease of use, replicability, and unobtrusiveness for the seated research participant. We analyzed behavior recorded in the laboratory during emotion manipulations across five studies totaling 932 participants. We observed that individuals leaned more forward and moved more when watching positive stimuli than when watching negative stimuli. However, individuals did not behave differently when watching positive or negative stimuli than in the neutral condition. Our results indicate that head movements extracted from seated individuals’ video recordings can be useful in detecting robust differences in emotional behavior (positive vs. negative emotions).
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
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Esports Players Are Less Extroverted and Conscientious than Athletes
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and other resources online.
Esports Players Are Less Extroverted
and Conscientious than Athletes
Maciej Behnke, PhD,1
Michal M. Stefanczyk, MA,2
Grzegorz _
Zurek, PhD,3
and Piotr Sorokowski, PhD2
Abstract
The worldwide status of esports as a sporting phenomenon has been developed in the past decade. However, as
the esports industry has grown, it has remained an understudied scientific field. Esports is often contrasted with
traditional sports regarding various aspects, including lack of physical activity and the online nature of social
interactions. However, little is known whether individuals competing in esports—esports players—differ from
individuals competing in traditional sports—athletes. To address this question, we examined the personality
characteristics of both types of performers. We collected cross-sectional data on esports players’ (n = 416) and
athletes’ (n = 452) personalities and performance characteristics. We found that esports players were less
extroverted and conscientious than athletes. Furthermore, greater sports and esports experience was positively
related to being more extroverted. Our findings contribute to the literature by documenting the preferences for
competitive activities based on individuals’ personality characteristics. We suggest that esports (rather than
sports) might be a more suitable form of competition for less extroverted and conscientious individuals.
Keywords: esports, gamers, athletes, personality, extroversion, conscientiousness
Introduction
Esports (electronics sports) is the fastest-growing area
in sports, in which individuals compete using video
games. Esports recently met the formal definition of sports1
because it is an institutionalized and international form of
competition where success depends on precise movements
and high cognitive skills.2
Esports players are people playing
esports games that regularly engage in deliberate practice
(i.e., gaming and nongaming activities focused on enhancing
specific esports skills). The esports industry is growing
extraordinarily fast, with more than 3 billion video gamers
worldwide (in comparison with less than 2 billion in 2015)3,4
and 100 million esports players.5,6
Although esports status as a worldwide phenomenon is
growing, esports remains an understudied scientific field. Many
recent reviews point to the internal inconsistency of definitions
and viewpoints.2,7,8
The same applies to the psychological
perspective of professional esports players and the factors that
lead to successful esports performance.9–11
Thus, considering
the growing numbers of active esports players and the esports
industry, we aimed to examine esports players’ personalities.
Personality—a set of consistent patterns of feelings, think-
ing, and behaviours12
—provides basic information about an
individual and is one of the most studied human characteristics.
Researching personality in distinctive groups (such as esports
players) might help understand the mechanisms behind pro-
fessional development and provide targeted help. In esports,
taking care of players’ mental and physical health is crucial,
considering how demanding professional esports is.13,14
For
instance, esports players tend to practice 12–14 hours a day, 6
days a week, and live in shared homes with other players.13,15,16
The high demands may lead to psychological burnouts, quitting
a career by mid-20s, and health problems, including sleep
1
Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland.
2
Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Historical and Pedagogical Sciences, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland.
3
Faculty of Physical Education, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland.
ª Maciej Behnke et al 2022; Published by Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. This Open Access article is distributed under the terms of the Creative
Commons License [CC-BY] (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in
any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
CYBERPSYCHOLOGY, BEHAVIOR, AND SOCIAL NETWORKING
Volume 00, Number 00, 2022
Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.
DOI: 10.1089/cyber.2022.0067
1
2. disturbances17
and musculoskeletal pain18
—issues that tradi-
tional sports professionals share, too.19
However, unlike esports players (except for a study on dif-
ferences among League of Legends players),20
athletes as
members of a distinct social/vocational group are relatively
well studied.21–23
Athletes, compared with nonathletes, are
more conscientious,24
extroverted,25
open to experience,26
and
less neurotic.27
Furthermore, there are differences among ath-
letes, namely team sports athletes are more extroverted and less
conscientious than individual sports athletes.28–31
Athletes
practicing extreme sports are more extroverted and less con-
scientious than athletes practicing low-risk sports.32–35
Combat
athletes are less neurotic than team sport athletes,31
and even
within team sports, athletes differ in neuroticism, extroversion,
agreeableness, and conscientiousness.36
Top-level athletes are
more conscientious and less neurotic than lower-level ath-
letes.30,36–38
Studies examining the differences between esports
players and nongamers found that esports players were less
neurotic and conscientious than nongamers.39,40
The individuals’ personality characteristics might result
in preferences for specific competitive activities that, in
turn, ultimately distinguish a specific group of athletes. Thus,
in this study, we focus on whether individuals competing in
esports—esports players—differ from individuals competing
in traditional sports—athletes. We ran a cross-sectional study
with two groups of participants: esports players and athletes,
to explore possible personality (in)differences. We hypoth-
esized that esports players would be less extroverted (H1),
less conscientious (H2), and more neurotic (H3).
We developed our hypothesis based on three premises
differentiating esports from traditional sports. First, esports
involves much less physical social interaction, so that it
might be best suited to less extroverted individuals. Second,
esports requires spending many hours in sitting positions.
Studies found that individuals spending more leisure time
sitting tend to be less conscientious, extroverted, open to
experience, and more neurotic.41
Third, esports require less
physical activity than traditional sports. Meta-analyses show
that more extroverted and conscientious but less neurotic
individuals are also more physically active.42,43
Materials and Methods
Participants
Participants were esports players and athletes (N=868) (for
details, see Table 1). Using a-priori Sample Size Calculator for
Multivariate Regression Model,44
we determined that at least
827 participants were needed to detect small effect sizes with the
power of at least 0.90 in our model. We recruited esports players
and athletes through a Facebook advertisement targeted at
esportsysports enthusiasts. The Research Ethics Committee of
the Institute of Psychology at the University of Wrocław ap-
proved the study (approval no. 2022/LNCGQ). Participation in
the study was voluntary, and each participant provided informed
consent. The study was in accordance with The Code of Ethics
of the World Medical Association (Declaration of Helsinki).
Measures
Personality. We assessed personality with the Ten Item
Personality Inventory (TIPI-PL) personality questionnaire45
(Polish adaptation).46
The TIPI-PL is based on the Big Five
personality model (Extroversion, Neuroticism, Openness to
Experience, Conscientiousness, and Agreeableness) and
consists of 10 items, two for each dimension. Participants
rated how much they thought each scale applied to them
on a 7-point scale ranging from 1 (definitely disagree) to 7
(definitely agree). As recommended for 2-item scales,47
the
Spearman–Brown rho showed acceptable reliability48,49
for
Extroversion (q = 0.65), Neuroticism (q = 0.72), Con-
scientiousness (q = 0.71), and low reliability for Agreeable-
ness (q = 0.55) and Openness to experience (q = 0.26).
Table 1. Participants Characteristics
Participants Esports players (n = 416) Athletes (n = 452)
Age, mean, SD 23.13, 5.01 27.14, 8.72
Gender, n (percent)
Woman 69 (16.6) 122 (27.0)
Man 347 (83.4) 330 (73.0)
Performance level, n (percent)
Recreational 237 (57.0) 79 (17.5)
Local 107 (25.7) 129 (28.5)
National 46 (11.1) 177 (39.2)
International 26 (6.3) 67 (14.8)
Professional level, n (percent)
No-income activity 356 (85.6) 334 (73.9)
Part-time job 56 (13.5) 96 (21.2)
Full-time job 4 (1.0) 22 (4.9)
Participation in sport/esport (years),
mean, SD
6.48, 3.96 9.30, 5.30
Daily training (hours), mean, SD 3.61, 2.06 2.18, 1.32
Primary activities, n (percent) League of legends 111 (26.7) Running 86 (19.0)
Counter strike: global offensive 94 (22.6) Soccer 61 (13.5)
World of tanks 47 (11.4) CrossFit 35 (7.7)
Dota 2 34 (8.2) Triathlon 35 (7.7)
FIFA 33 (7.9) Track and field 33 (7.3)
SD, standard deviation.
2 BEHNKE ET AL.
3. The items within the dimensions show similar correlations
to the questionnaire validation study46
(Supplementary Data).
The reliability of some of the TIPI scales in our study was
low. Thus, we interpreted only the results for extroversion,
neuroticism, and conscientiousness scales, and we present
data and results for agreeableness and openness to experience
scales for exploratory purposes. We used a short question-
naire so that participants—including professional athletes—
could complete it, which would be difficult with a long scale.
Performance. Participants reported their primary spor-
t/esport played, performance level (the highest level of
competition: recreational, local, national, and international),
professional level (sport/esport as full-time job, part-time
job, and no-income activity), experience (duration of par-
ticipation in sport/esport; in years), duration of daily training
(in hours for a typical day).
Statistical analysis
First, we recoded the reverse items from the TIPI ques-
tionnaire and removed outliers above z-scores higher than
3.2950
(Supplementary Data). Next, we calculated pairwise
comparisons for the differences in personality dimensions
between esports players and athletes reported as effect sizes
(Cohen’s d) with confidence intervals (95% CIs). The dif-
ferences between groups would be supported if CIs for
Cohen’s d would not include zero.50
Finally, we ran a multivariate regression model using Mplus
8.0. In the model, we regressed five personality dimensions
(sum of two items) on sports group (dummy coded athletes vs.
esports players), duration of participation in sport/esport, daily
training duration, age, gender (dummy coded man vs. woman),
competition level (dummy coded recreational vs. local or na-
tional or international) and professional level (dummy coded
no-income activity vs. part-time job or full-time job). Our hy-
potheses would be supported if the CIs for regression coeffi-
cients will not include zero.50
We calculated the same number
of parameters a model can estimate, so we expected the model
to have perfect fit indices.51
We present the data and the code
used for analyses in Supplementary Materials (BehnkeMplus-
Data2 and BehnkeMplusSyntax).
Results
Univariate differences in personality
Table 2 presents descriptive statistics for esports play-
ers and athletes. We found that esports players are less
extroverted and conscientious but more neurotic than ath-
letes. The size of effect sizes should be interpreted as
medium sized.
Multivariate regression model
The model had perfect fit, for baseline model chi-squared
(45) = 719.02, p < 0.01, root-mean-squared error of approxi-
mation = 0.00, comparative fit index = 1.00, and standardized
root mean of the residual = 0.00. Full results are presented in
Tables 3 and 4. Similar to univariate analysis, we found that
esports players, compared with athletes, were less extro-
verted and conscientious (Table 4). Individuals with more
experience in sports and esports were more extroverted.
Women were more conscientious and neurotic than men in
our sample. Older individuals were less neurotic.
Discussion
We examined the differences in personality characteris-
tics between esports players and athletes. Using univariate
and multivariate approaches, we found that esports play-
ers were less extroverted and conscientious than athletes.
The differences in extroversion might result from the less
physical nature of social interaction in esports compared
with sports. Thus, individuals who prefer indirect interac-
tion with others might be more willing to engage in esports
competition. Furthermore, more extroverted people tend to
be more physically active42,43
and spend less leisure time
sitting.41
Thus, individuals who prefer to be physically active might
be more willing to participate in traditional sports competi-
tions. Although physical activity level might be the most
apparent difference between esports and traditional sports, it
does not necessarily mean that esports players are physically
inactive. Esports players report higher physical activity lev-
els than the World Health Organization recommendations52
(which increases as players become more professional).53,54
Physical activity prepares their bodies for multihour gaming
sessions in the seated position, maintaining health and fas-
tening training recovery.55,56
The differences in conscientiousness might result from
engaging in a specific form of activity.23
Esports, compared
with sports, is still a less structured and organized form of
activity, especially at the early stages of the esports career.
Traditional sports created the net of clubs and places where
young athletes can develop their skills under the supervision
Table 2. Descriptive Characteristics and Differences in Personality Dimensions
Between Esports Players and Athletes
Variable
Esports players Athletes
d
Difference
Mean SD Mean SD 95% CI
Extroversion 9.71 3.49 10.95 2.91 -0.39 -0.52 to -0.25
Conscientiousness 9.61 3.19 11.38 2.57 -0.62 -0.75 to -0.48
Neuroticism 7.44 3.63 6.40 3.35 0.30 0.17 to 0.43
Agreeablenessa
5.84 2.74 5.04 2.41 0.31 0.18 to 0.44
Openness to experiencea
9.41 2.61 9.73 2.45 -0.13 -0.26 to 0.00
a
Owing to the low reliability of the subscales, the results are presented for exploratory purposes and should be interpreted cautiously.
Esports players n = 416 and athletes n = 452.
CI, confidence intervals; d, Cohens’ d.
ESPORTS PLAYERS’ PERSONALITY 3
4. of well-educated coaches. This net is just developing in
esports, so the nature of the esports competition is also
less time-restricted. Esports players train their skills inde-
pendently and do not have to follow the clubs’ workout
schedules. These environmental differences may shape the
individuals’ conscientiousness differently.
Our findings contribute to the literature by documenting
the preferences for doing competitive activities based on
individuals’ personality characteristics. The ability to pre-
dict individuals’ preferences might have practical impli-
cations. Parents and coaches may guide a young performer
to select or reject appropriate activities or even specific roles/
positions within sports or esports. It would not be practical
to develop programs and interventions to suppress or express
any personality characteristics, as they are consistent and
enduring12
—it would be better to direct individuals toward
activities they are best suited for.
Contrary to our hypothesis, when controlling for the
competition and professional level of athletes and esports
players, we did not find differences in neuroticism (the dif-
ference observed with the univariate approach). Our findings
show the advantage of using multivariate statistical models
when studying personality. In our model, we also tested in-
dividual differences (e.g., experience and age) as predictors
of personality. We found that the longer the sport or esports
experience, the higher the extroversion levels.57
Like in the
general population,58,59
women in the performance domain
were more neurotic than men, and older esports players
and athletes were less neurotic. We also found that women
were more conscientious than men.
Limitations and future research
First, our research design was cross-sectional. Long-
itudinal designs would provide direct evidence of whether
specific individuals engage in the different forms of activities
or whether the activities, to some extent, impact individuals’
personalities. Further studies might test it by starting the
studies with minors. Such studies would also be crucial in
identifying processes that could prevent problematic gaming.
Second, we used a brief questionnaire to assess personality.
Although the scale is widely used in personality research, its
structure does not allow for building more parsimonious
analytical models with latent factors. Furthermore, as in the
original version of the TIPI45
and its Polish adaptation,46
we found medium-sized correlations between the items
accounting for the same personality trait.
Therefore, results related to openness to experience and
agreeableness, which show the smallest correlation and low
reliability, should be interpreted cautiously. Third, although
esports is a growing global phenomenon, we focused on
Polish samples. Further studies might test whether the same
difference appears in more and less industrialized countries
and cultures. Finally, we treated the esports players and
athletes as homogeneous groups. Studies in traditional sports
indicate differences between sports disciplines.36–38
Thus,
future research may focus on identifying personality char-
acteristics unique to specific esports genres (e.g., first-person
shooter games, massively multiplayer online role-playing
games), specific esports games (e.g., Fortnite and League of
Legends)20
or competition and professional levels (e.g., local
vs. international esport players).
Table
3.
Correlations
Between
the
Measures
Included
in
the
Multivariate
Regression
Model
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
1.
Group
—
2.
Extroversion
-0.19**
—
3.
Agreeableness
a
0.15**
-0.18**
—
4.
Conscientiousness
-0.30**
0.23**
-0.25**
—
5.
Neuroticism
0.15**
-0.44**
0.20**
-0.25**
—
6.
Openness
to
experience
a
-0.07
0.33**
-0.11**
0.05
-0.14**
—
7.
Participation
in
sport/esport
-0.29**
0.18**
-0.04
0.15**
-0.17**
0.06
—
8.
Daily
training
0.39**
-0.06
0.14**
-0.08*
0.09**
-0.05
-0.03
—
9.
Competition
level
-0.42**
0.13**
-0.07*
0.17**
-0.12**
0.05
0.31**
0.03
—
10.
Professional
level
-0.16**
0.09**
-0.03
0.06
-0.03
0.03
0.24**
0.21**
0.43**
—
11.
Age
-0.27**
0.11**
-0.10**
0.14**
-0.23**
0.06
0.31**
-0.23**
0.06
-0.12**
—
12.
Gender
-0.13**
0.01
-0.09**
0.15**
0.21**
0.07*
-0.02
-0.08*
-0.04
-0.03
0.11**
Note:
Group
coded
as
athletes
=
0
and
esports
players
=
1;
competition
level
coded
as
recreational
athletes/esports
players
=
0
and
local,
national,
or
international
=
1;
professionalization
level
coded
as
no-income
activity
=
0
and
part-time
job
or
full-time
job
=
1;
gender
coded
as
men
=
0
and
women
=
1.
a
Owing
to
low
reliability
of
the
subscales,
the
results
are
presented
for
exploratory
purposes
and
should
be
interpreted
cautiously.
*p
<
0.05,
**p
<
0.01.
4 BEHNKE ET AL.
5. Conclusion
We report novel findings on how esports players differ
from athletes. These findings are essential, given that esports
is often presented as displacing traditional sports. We
emphasize that esports is not a substitute for traditional
sports, but esports might be a more suitable form of com-
petition for less extroverted and conscientious individuals.
Authors’ Contributions
Conceptualization, data curation, project administration,
investigation, formal analysis, methodology, writing—
original draft, and writing—review and editing by M.B.
Conceptualization, investigation, writing—original draft, and
writing—review and editing by M.M.S. Conceptualization,
methodology, and writing—review and editing by G. _
Z. Con-
ceptualization, methodology, writing—original draft,writing—
review and editing, and supervision by P.S. All authors had full
access to all data in the study and take responsibility for the
integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.
Author Disclosure Statement
No competing financial interests exist. The authors declare
no conflict of interest.
Funding Information
The preparation of this article was supported by National
Science Center (Poland) research grant (2020/39/B/HS6/
00685) and by the Foundation for Polish Science (FNP)
START scholarship awarded to M.B.
Supplementary Material
Supplementary Data
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Table 4. Full Results for Multivariate Regression Model
Outcome Predictors Estimate 95% CI
Extroversion Group -0.112 -0.195 to -0.030
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Address correspondence to:
Dr. Maciej Behnke
Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science
Adam Mickiewicz University
89 Szamarzewskiego Street
Poznań 60-658
Poland
E-mail: macbeh@amu.edu.pl
ESPORTS PLAYERS’ PERSONALITY 7