The nose has complex anatomy composed of cartilage, bone, connective tissue, and skin. It contains paranasal sinuses lined with mucus-producing cells. Sensory receptors for smell are found in the nasal cavity epithelium along with goblet and cilia cells. During breathing, air enters the nasal cavity where the flow is slowed by hairs, allowing smells to stimulate olfactory sensory neurons under the mucus lining. Only certain shaped molecules can trigger these neurons to transmit smell signals to the brain. Loss of smell, called anosmia, can be caused by illness, accident, or birth defect, and may be permanent or temporary depending on the underlying cause. It limits taste to basic senses.
The nose is the sense organ specialized in olfaction. It has specialized receptors responsible in generating impulses which are transmitted to the brain for interpretation. The presentation summarizes the anatomy and physiology of sense organ of smell.
The nose is the sense organ specialized in olfaction. It has specialized receptors responsible in generating impulses which are transmitted to the brain for interpretation. The presentation summarizes the anatomy and physiology of sense organ of smell.
The tongue is a muscular organ in the mouth of most vertebrates that manipulates food for mastication and is used in the act of swallowing. It has importance in the digestive system and is the primary organ of taste in the gustatory system.
To understand the physiology of the nose, its functions must be understood. The nose serves as the only means of bringing warm humidified air into the lungs. ... Endoscopic view from nares of right nasal passage. The turbinate is mildly swollen, the mucosa is pale, and the turbinate is impinging onto nasal septum.
- Cranial nerves are nerves that emerge directly from the brain and brain stem.
- There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves
- The olfactory nerve (CN I) is the first and shortest cranial nerve. It is a special visceral afferent nerve, which transmits information relating to smell.
- Embryologically, the olfactory nerve is derived from the olfactory placode (a thickening of the ectoderm layer), which also give rise to the glial cells which support the nerve.
- The olfactory placode eventually invaginates and forms the olfactory pit, which further develops into the nasal cavity and the olfactory epithelium, where olfactory receptor neurons reside.
Sense Organ - Nose - Anatomy of Nose & Physiology of Olfaction, For Medical and Paramedical students, B.Pharm, Pharm.D, D.Pharm, Human Anatomy & Physiology
The tongue is a muscular organ in the mouth of most vertebrates that manipulates food for mastication and is used in the act of swallowing. It has importance in the digestive system and is the primary organ of taste in the gustatory system.
To understand the physiology of the nose, its functions must be understood. The nose serves as the only means of bringing warm humidified air into the lungs. ... Endoscopic view from nares of right nasal passage. The turbinate is mildly swollen, the mucosa is pale, and the turbinate is impinging onto nasal septum.
- Cranial nerves are nerves that emerge directly from the brain and brain stem.
- There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves
- The olfactory nerve (CN I) is the first and shortest cranial nerve. It is a special visceral afferent nerve, which transmits information relating to smell.
- Embryologically, the olfactory nerve is derived from the olfactory placode (a thickening of the ectoderm layer), which also give rise to the glial cells which support the nerve.
- The olfactory placode eventually invaginates and forms the olfactory pit, which further develops into the nasal cavity and the olfactory epithelium, where olfactory receptor neurons reside.
Sense Organ - Nose - Anatomy of Nose & Physiology of Olfaction, For Medical and Paramedical students, B.Pharm, Pharm.D, D.Pharm, Human Anatomy & Physiology
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
2. Nose Anatomy:
- Composed of cartilage and bone (bridge)
- Covered by connective tissue and skin
- Divided by Septum
- Paranasal sinuses are air filled spaces within
bone; open into nasal cavity and line with mucus
- Nasolacrimal ducts which carry tears from the
eyes also open to the nasal cavity
Cells of the Nose:
- Sensory receptors for smell are found in the
superior part of the nasal cavity
- Pseudostratified columnar epithelial cells contain:
- Goblet cells make the mucus
- Cilia which sweep the mucus to the pharynx
3. 1. Nasal Cavity
(extends from the
nares to the choane)
2. Naris/ Nostril
3. Hard Palate
4. Soft Palate
5. Choane (opening to
the pharynx)
6. Uvula
7. Bridge
8. Larynx
9. Pharynx
10. Olfactory bulb
4. Nose Physiology
- Nasal cavity is the entry point for inspired air
- The long hairs towards the top of the nasal cavity
slow the air, giving time for smell to work.
- Substances that trigger smell are absorbed
through the mucous lining
- Olfactory sensory neurons cells under the mucous
lining are stimulated by the scent and transmit the
messages to the brain, detecting the smell
- Only molecules with specific shapes can stimulate
the olfactory sensory neurons. This is why we do
not smell oxygen.
5. Problems
● Caused by an illness, accident, being born with it, etc.
● Can be permanent but can also be fixed
○ If in an accident it may be permanent
○ If you have an illness and get over it the sense may
come back
● Limits taste to the basic senses
Anosmia - The loss of the sense of smell Hyposmia
- Reduced ability to smell Parosmia -
Inability to smell an object “natural odor” Phantosmia -
Ability to smell something that is not there
