The Promise of Molten Salt: A Vision of CSP Displacing CoalSmithers Apex
- Intro to Halotechnics and molten salt
- A few predictions for the CSP end game
- CSP technology evolution, from troughs to towers and beyond
Justin Raade, CEO & Founder, HALOTECHNICS INC
Yara research has identified a new grade of potassium calcium nitrate that can reduce costs and improve performance in concentrated solar power (CSP) plants. Following positive laboratory testing, this new project is ready to change heat storage in the global solar market.
If you want more information on Yara's solar power molten salt, please visit:
www.yara.com/media/news_archive/concentrated_solar_thermal_power.aspx
www.yara.com/products_services/industrial_solutions/chemicals/specialty_chemicals/solar_energy.aspx
Solar technologies- Introduction and BasicsSumiit Mathur
This is an introductory presentation used for training and building awareness towards Solar energy technologies , their uses, comparisons and day to day applications. This presentation is accompanied with a large no. of interactive video tutorials (not included here due to size constraints) to complete the understanding and to make the sessions lively. Contact me on sumitmathur80@gmail.com to know more.
Renewable and low carbon energy capacity study for the East of Englandcrifcambs
Richard Summers from The Landscape Partnership and Andrew Turton from AECOM shared their findings from work commissioned by the Department for Energy and Climate Change (DECC) to identify the potential for renewable energy in the East of England. This study highlighted the renewable energy resources for Cambridgeshire.
Presented to Councillors on 28 September 2011.
The Promise of Molten Salt: A Vision of CSP Displacing CoalSmithers Apex
- Intro to Halotechnics and molten salt
- A few predictions for the CSP end game
- CSP technology evolution, from troughs to towers and beyond
Justin Raade, CEO & Founder, HALOTECHNICS INC
Yara research has identified a new grade of potassium calcium nitrate that can reduce costs and improve performance in concentrated solar power (CSP) plants. Following positive laboratory testing, this new project is ready to change heat storage in the global solar market.
If you want more information on Yara's solar power molten salt, please visit:
www.yara.com/media/news_archive/concentrated_solar_thermal_power.aspx
www.yara.com/products_services/industrial_solutions/chemicals/specialty_chemicals/solar_energy.aspx
Solar technologies- Introduction and BasicsSumiit Mathur
This is an introductory presentation used for training and building awareness towards Solar energy technologies , their uses, comparisons and day to day applications. This presentation is accompanied with a large no. of interactive video tutorials (not included here due to size constraints) to complete the understanding and to make the sessions lively. Contact me on sumitmathur80@gmail.com to know more.
Renewable and low carbon energy capacity study for the East of Englandcrifcambs
Richard Summers from The Landscape Partnership and Andrew Turton from AECOM shared their findings from work commissioned by the Department for Energy and Climate Change (DECC) to identify the potential for renewable energy in the East of England. This study highlighted the renewable energy resources for Cambridgeshire.
Presented to Councillors on 28 September 2011.
Concentrated Solar Power Course - Session 4 - Thermal Storage and HybridizationLeonardo ENERGY
Thermal storage for CSP plants:
* concept
* functions of the thermal energy storage system (tes)
* classification of tes systems
* state of the art
* future developments
Hybridisation of CSP plants:
* concept
* solar – gas hybrid csp plants
* hybridisation with biomass
Market opportunities for waste derived fuels and process heatRicardo- AEA
AEA's Kathryn Warren presents at an event hosted by Envirolink at the National Motorcycle Museum, Solihull.
This year’s Landfill Tax rise to £64 per tonne plus disposal charge means that sending waste to landfill is becoming an uneconomical option. In a climate where customers are looking to get the best deal possible on their waste disposal costs, recycling and waste companies are under pressure to find alternatives to landfill. Solid Recovered Fuel (SRF) or Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) offers a potential to utilise the combustible fraction of waste as a fuel within the energy, combined heat and power (CHP) and cement industries.
This event provided an introduction to SRF markets in the UK and Europe; testing standards and protocols; best practice refinement equipment; the perspectives of endusers and case study examples.
Kathryn's presentation looked at the "Market opportunities for waste derived fuels and process heat"
Jeffrey Phillips, Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) - Speaker at the marcus evans Generation Summit held in Dallas, TX, February 25-26, 2013, delivered his presentation entitled 21st Century Coal Power: Recent Developments in Coal Power Generation Technology
Impacts of Weather, Climate and Climate Change on the Electricity SectorESMAP
This session will explore climate vulnerability in the energy sector and the role weather/ climate data can play to increase resilience. This session is sponsored by Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP).
Concentrated Solar Power Course - Session 4 - Thermal Storage and HybridizationLeonardo ENERGY
Thermal storage for CSP plants:
* concept
* functions of the thermal energy storage system (tes)
* classification of tes systems
* state of the art
* future developments
Hybridisation of CSP plants:
* concept
* solar – gas hybrid csp plants
* hybridisation with biomass
Market opportunities for waste derived fuels and process heatRicardo- AEA
AEA's Kathryn Warren presents at an event hosted by Envirolink at the National Motorcycle Museum, Solihull.
This year’s Landfill Tax rise to £64 per tonne plus disposal charge means that sending waste to landfill is becoming an uneconomical option. In a climate where customers are looking to get the best deal possible on their waste disposal costs, recycling and waste companies are under pressure to find alternatives to landfill. Solid Recovered Fuel (SRF) or Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) offers a potential to utilise the combustible fraction of waste as a fuel within the energy, combined heat and power (CHP) and cement industries.
This event provided an introduction to SRF markets in the UK and Europe; testing standards and protocols; best practice refinement equipment; the perspectives of endusers and case study examples.
Kathryn's presentation looked at the "Market opportunities for waste derived fuels and process heat"
Jeffrey Phillips, Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) - Speaker at the marcus evans Generation Summit held in Dallas, TX, February 25-26, 2013, delivered his presentation entitled 21st Century Coal Power: Recent Developments in Coal Power Generation Technology
Impacts of Weather, Climate and Climate Change on the Electricity SectorESMAP
This session will explore climate vulnerability in the energy sector and the role weather/ climate data can play to increase resilience. This session is sponsored by Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP).
Bill Gould, CTO at SolarReserve, presented at the GW Solar Institute Symposium on April 19, 2010. For more information visit: solar.gwu.edu/Symposium.html
Concentrated Solar Power Course - Session 3 : Central Receiver and Parabolic ...Leonardo ENERGY
Parabolic dishes
* general description
* main elements: parabolic concentrator, structure and tracking system, receiver, stirling engine and generator
* state of the art: types of dish-stirling systems; operational aspects; performance and economy
* future developments
Central receiver systems
* general description
* main elements: heliostat, tower, receiver, power conversion system
* state of the art: technology options; operational aspects; performance and economy
* future developments
Future possibilities for utilization of solar energy serc 2009 05-20Stefan Larsson
This is a presentation about the growing field of solar fuels and the balanced carbon cycle concept (B3C) that I made during my research in how we save the climate of planet earth within the economic boundaries we have in the current energy system.
The present study focuses on the development of software (general mathematical optimization model) which has the following characteristics:
• It will be able to find the optimal combination of installed equipment (power & heat generation etc) in a Shopping Mall (micro-grid)
• With multi-objective to maximize the cost at the same time as minimizing the environmental impacts (i.e. CO2 emissions).
• To date, this tool is scarce to the industry (similar to DER-CAM, Homer).
El Plan Nacional de Competencias Digitales persigue dar respuesta a retos como el riesgo de exclusión digital de colectivos, la brecha de género en el acceso a las competencias digitales, falta de digitalización en el entorno educativo y formativo, la escasez de especialistas TIC y el desajuste entre oferta y demanda de capacidades.
ACTIVA Industria 4.0 es un programa de asesoramiento especializado y personalizado, realizado por consultoras acreditadas y con experiencia en implantación de proyectos de Industria 4.0 que se realiza con la metodología desarrollada por la Secretaría General de Industria y de la PYME. Este programa permite a las empresas disponer de un diagnóstico de situación y de un plan de transformación que identifique los habilitadores digitales necesarios en ese proceso de transformación y establezca la hoja de ruta para su implantación. El asesoramiento se complementa con talleres demostrativos sobre tecnologías habilitadoras.
Jornada de presentación de las ayudas supra autonómicas de asesoramiento para la transición digital.
Autor: Sergio Gonzalo FEGA
www.eoi.es
Martes 21 de mayo de 2024.
Jornada de presentación de las ayudas supra autonómicas de asesoramiento para la transición digital.
Autora: Maite Ambrós MAPA.
www.eoi.ees
21 de mayo de 2024
Jornada de presentación de las ayudas supra autonómicas de asesoramiento para la transición digital.
Autor: Juan Pedro Romero Trueba MAPA
www.eoi.es
Martes 21 de mayo de 2024.
Establecimiento de la oficina de asesoramiento nacional.
Pablo Fernández, Departamento de Sostenibilidad, Calidad, e Innovación · Cooperativas Agro-alimentarias de España
Jornada de presentación de las ayudas supra autonómicas de asesoramiento para la transición digital.
Juan Pedro Romero Trueba, Jefe de Área de Formación y Tecnología.
Subdirección General de Innovación y Digitalización.
DG de Desarrollo Rural, Innovación y Formación Agroalimentaria.
Miércoles 20 de marzo de 2024.
Jornada de presentación de las ayudas supra autonómicas de asesoramiento para la transición digital.
Maite Ambrós Mendioroz
Subdirectora de Innovación y Digitalización.
DG de Desarrollo Rural, Innovación y Formación Agroalimentaria
Miércoles 20 de Marzo de 2024
Discurso de Eva Curto, directora de proyectos internacionales de EOI Escuela de Organización Industrial, tras recibir el European Enterprise Promotion Awards por el Programa The Break financiado con Fondos Europeos.
Autor: Miguel Sánchez Galindo, EOI
@msgalindo
Contenido:
1. Objetivos
2. Generación Digital Pyme
3. Generación Digital Agentes del Cambio
Programa de la Secretaría de Estado de Digitalización e Inteligencia Artificial (SEDIA) que va a permitir que, al menos, 15.000 pequeñas y medianas empresas puedan incorporar a un experto para apoyar la transformación digital de su negocio. Esta iniciativa se enmarca en el Plan de Digitalización de Pymes 2021-2025 que, a su vez, forma parte de la Agenda España Digital 2025.
El propósito del programa es ayudar a las PYMEs con el objetivo de impulsar su proceso de transformación digital, subvencionando parcialmente la contratación de profesionales denominados “Agentes del Cambio”.
La cuantía total de la ayuda es de 20.000 euros durante un máximo de 20 meses consecutivos a contar desde la formalización del contrato, siendo el importe máximo mensual de 1.000 euros.
El plazo de admisión de solicitudes se abrirá el día 25/04/2023
Autora: María de Miguel de Santos, subdirectora general de Talento y Emprendimiento Digital
Secretaría General de Estado de Digitalización e Inteligencia Artificial (MINECO)
La agenda España Digital 2026 es la hoja de ruta para la transformación digital del país, una estrategia para aprovechar las nuevas tecnologías y lograr un crecimiento económico más intenso y sostenido, con mayor productividad y que contribuya a la cohesión social y territorial, aportando prosperidad y bienestar a todos los ciudadanos.
Por su parte, el Plan Nacional de Competencias Digitales actúa como hoja de ruta para identificar las medidas pertinentes que aseguren que toda la ciudadanía cuenta con las herramientas necesarias para adquirir y desarrollar competencias digitales, en un contexto de transición dual digital y verde.
- Adhesión de Entidades
- Iniciativas D
- Cuestionario de
Autodiagnóstico
Intervención de Formación. Ayudas para divulgación, actividades demostrativas y cursos de digitalización.
Subdirección General de Innovación y Digitalización.
Dirección General de Desarrollo Rural, Innovación y Formación Agroalimentaria.
Plan Nacional de Desarrollo Rural - PNDR
Estrategia de Digitalización del Sector Agroalimentario,
Forestal y del Medio Rural.
Maite Ambrós Mendioroz, secretaria general de Innovación y Digitalización.
14 febrero 2022
La Gestión de la Diversidad se ha consolidado como un área de interés en el contexto de la gestión de empresa en los últimos 15 años. Inicialmente surgida en las grandes empresas de Estados Unidos como respuesta a los movimientos por los derechos civiles, el interés por la temática se ha extendido a Europa, sobre todo por las iniciativas institucionales promovidas desde la Comisión Europea. La globalización, las migraciones, la incorporación de la mujer al mundo laboral o el
reconocimiento de los derechos de minorías entre otros factores, han dado lugar a sociedades y a organizaciones cada vez más heterogéneas.
Resumen del webinar Tecnología para alimentar el mundo por Alberto Oikawa* emitido el 27 de abril de 2020.
El director del Master en Big Data de EOI muestra una perspectiva global tecnológica basada en el aumento del flujo de datos, las nuevas técnicas para su análisis y sus aplicaciones para afrontar los retos que se presentan a nivel global en el sector agroalimentario, imprescindible para la supervivencia humana.
Oikawa analiza el sector de la agroalimentación en base a los nuevos avances dirigidos a la creación y análisis de datos para optimizar las prácticas agrícolas. Para ello. aborda la tecnología aplicada a la agroalimentación a través de casos de uso, ejemplos de maquinaria y de la situación global del mercado.
*Chief Tecnology Officer (CTO) en Hispatec Analytics.
Director del Master en Big Data en EOI
More from EOI Escuela de Organización Industrial (20)
Tecnología para alimentar el mundo por Alberto Oikawa
Small is beautiful
1. Small Solar Thermal Power
Systems/ Pequeños Sistemas
para Centrales Solares
Termoeléctricas
Jornada de difusión técnica
Madrid, 1 de julio de 2010
UNION EUROPEA
FONDO SOCIAL EUROPEO
2. IMDEA Energía
• Mission:
• To promote the development of renewable
energies.
• To promote the development of clean energy
technologies having none or minimum
environmental impact.
• Research topics:
• Solar energy (high flux/high temperature).
• Sustainable fuels: biofuels, wastes, hydrogen.
• Energy storage.
• Smart energy networks.
• Efficient end-use of energy
• CO2 valorisation
• 40 Researchers (18 PhD; 16
from foreign R&D Centers)
3. High Temperature Processes Unit
Objectives
Development of efficient and cost-effective high temperature technologies
and applications with special emphasis on Concentrating Solar Power
Systems and production of Solar Fuels and Chemicals.
R&D lines
Modular concepts with minimum environmental
impact
Advanced thermal fluids for high temperature
applications and energy storage
Solar receivers and reactors
Solar concentration optics
High flux/high temperature characterization
techniques and simulation tools
Efficient integration schemes into power
conversion systems
Solar-driven high temperature production of H2
/Chemicals
4.
5. CSP in the world
Source: Photon International (December 2009)
- Spain: 831 MW grid-connected by December 2010 and
permits assigned for 2,5 GW by 2013.
-USA: Near- to medium-term CSP pipeline over 10 GW,
with 4.5 GW to break ground by the end of 2010.
6. Concentrating Solar Power:
Cost and Availability
• Future costs depend on many things
– technology progress
– production rates and continuity
Initial SEGS Plants
– political, economic, and financial issues
– market needs and acceptance
Larger SEGS Plants
O&M Cost Reduction at SEGS Plants
Impact of 1-2¢ adder
for green power
Conventional Technology
for Peaking or Intermediate Power
(IEA market assumptions)
7. Limitations of first-generation CSP
Commercial projects use technologies of parabolic troughs with low
concentration in two dimensions and linear focus, or systems of
central tower and heliostat fields, operating with thermal fluids at
relatively modest temperatures, below 400 ºC .
The most immediate consequences of these conservative designs
are:
the use of systems with efficiencies below 20% nominal in the
conversion of direct solar radiation to electricity,
the tight limitation in the use of efficient energy storage Extresol 1 and 2 (ACS/Cobra)
systems,
the high water consumption and land extension due to the
inefficiency of the integration with the power block,
the lack of rational schemes for their integration in distributed
generation architectures and
the limitation to reach the temperatures needed for the
generation processes following thermochemical routes of
solar fuels like hydrogen.
PS10 and PS20 (Abengoa Solar)
8. Impact of innovation on cost reduction
100
Scaling up
15%
90
80
R+D
60%
70
60
Market
50 series
25%
40
2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 Year
9. Concentrating Solar Power:
Applications and Features
Distributed Power Dispatchable Power
• distributed, on-grid (e.g., line support) • utility peak and intermediate
• stand-alone, off-grid (e.g., water • high-value, green markets
pumping, village electrification)
kW's to MW’s 10's to 100’s of MW's
Dispatchability:
l hybridization with gas or liquid hybrid gas combined l thermal storage for peaking,
fuels for extended Stirling or cycle load following, or extended
Brayton engine operation l coal, fuel oil, or gas operation
steam cycle
Manufacturing:
l Relatively conventional technology (glass, steel, gears, heat engines, etc.) allows
rapid manufacturing scale-up, low risk, conventional maintenance
10. Aprovechamiento Térmico de la Energía Solar de manera
Gestionable, Eficiente y Modular en Sistemas de Alta
Concentración
12. SOLGEMAC
(Imdea Energía Coord.)
MODULARITY EFFICIENCY DISPATCHABILITY
A.3. ENERGY STORAGE FOR DISTRIBUTED
A.2. SOLAR RECEIVERS/REACTORS FOR GENERATION CONCENTRATING SOLAR SYSTEMS.
A.1. MODULAR CONCENTRATING HIGH FLUX/HIGH TEMPERATURES.
SYSTEMS A.3.1.Hydrogen production with thermochemical cycles
A.2.1. Volumetric receivers with metallic A.3.2. Hydrogen storage with MOF-type materiales.
A.1.1. Systemas dish/Stirling absorbers A.3.3. Electrochemical storage
A.1.2. Multitower Modular Arrays A.2.2. Volumetric receivers with ceramic A.3.4. End-use of hydrogen in microturbines
A.1.3. Solarization of gas microturbines absorbers
A.2.3. Particle receivers
A.2.4. Materials
URJC (Coord.)
CIEMAT-DQ
CIEMAT-SSC (Coord.) CIEMAT-SSC
Imdea Energía (Coord.)
Imdea Energía Imdea Energía
INTA UAM
URJC
CIEMAT-SSC TORRESOL INTA
TORRESOL Hynergreen Hynergreen
A4. INTEGRATION INTA (Coord.)
INTEGRATION A.4.1. Comparison of technologies
A.4.2. Integration schemes URJC, Imdea Energía, CIEMAT-SSC, CIEMAT-DQ,
A.4.3. LCA and impact TORRESOL, Hynergreen
13. STEPS TO SCALING-UP SOLAR CSP & CSFC
1-5 kW
Solar Simulator
30-50 kW
Solar Furnace
1-100 MW 100-500 kW
Central Receiver System Mini-tower
14. Discos parabólicos
Motor solar de Augustin
Mouchot en la exposición de Discos-Stirling Eurodish en la
Paris de 1861 Paris Plataforma Solar de Almería
15. Discos Parabólicos con generador Stirling:
Estado de la Tecnología
Varios diseños de disco y de
receptor han demostrado la alta
eficiencia necesaria para sistemas
comerciales
La durabilidad del receptor aún
necesita mejorarse
El coste del disco
colector/concentrador es crítico para
dar paso a las primeras
producciones comerciales.
STM
Solo
Motores Stirling
avanzados están
mostrando altas eficiencias
y durabilidades
17. Pequeños sistemas de receptor central
Pequeños campos con pequeños Configuraciones multitorre
helióstatos
Multitower arrays
18. Mini-campos con mini-helióstatos
agrupados: Recordando al Prof. Francia
• Planta construida en Italia y
montada en los EEUU en el
año 1977 en el Instituto
Tecnológico de Georgia
(Advanced Component Test
Facility)
•550 helióstatos
•Potencia térmica 400 kW.
•Campo octogonal y torre
central (22,8 m)
•Foco rectangular de 2,44
m.
•Espejos con seguimiento
polar y tracking colectivo.
ACTF de Georgia
20. Advantages of the MIUS concept
• Origin: In 1972 by US HUD. Related to Total Energy Systems,
Power Islands, District Heating, Energy Cascade and Cogeneration
• Distributed Utility structure for large residential, commercial or
institutional building complexes.
• Typical size: 300-1,000 dwelling units
• Reduction of transmission and distribution costs
• Modular track of demand and spread construction costs over time
• Maximum utilization about 4,500 hours
• Use of single-cycle high efficiency gas turbines plus waste heat
applications like district heating, cooling, desalination or water
treatment
• Increment of solar share to 50 %
•Find a niche of size (a few
The keys for MWe)
•Find modular small CRS design
CRS in MIUS
•Competitive investment cost
•Perform with high efficiencies
21. INTEGRATION OF CRS INTO MIUS STRUCTURE
Water
7,965 GJ 13,280 GJ
Exhaust gases
Auxiliary boiler
Fuel Space heating
Water 2,690 GJ
14,690 GJ
Hot water
12,000 GJ
Steam Wasted
4,252 GJ Domestic hot water
22,000 GJ
Fuel Hot gases Absorption
11,023 GJ chiller
Rejected heat
5.50 GWhe 22,793 GWh
60,526 GJ
Compression
0.21 GWhe air-conditioning
Air
Domestic and auxiliary
5.29 GWhe electricity
SOLAR TOWER
Example of a 450-unit apartment complex in Spain
22. MIUS Solar Tower:
Application to a shopping center
1400
- Stable demand
- 85 % during day-time 1200
October
- High consumption at November
peak periods
Power Demand (kWe)
1000 December
- Monthly differences January
between 800-1,300 kW 800 February
March
- Demand increase
april
between June and 600 may
October.
June
- Peaks in July and 400 July
Christmas August
September
200
Operation strategy: 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
- Night-time: Grid
Solar Time (h)
- From 6:00 to 20:00 solar
hybrid turbine in power island Demand from 6 to 20 h: 4,348 MWe and
mode 18,890 MWth
23. Proposal of a small-size tower plant
Small tower and heliostats that reduce visual impact and
achieve higher field efficiencies (up to 4% more than large
area heliostats).
Air as heat transfer media in a pressurized volumetric
receiver (3.4 MWth outlet).
Use of an efficient (39.5 %) small solar-gas turbine (1.36
MWe) with intercooling, heat recuperation and low working
temperature (860 ºC).
Waste heat (670 kWth) at 198 ºC for water heating and
space cooling/heating.
Operation in a fuel-saver mode
As in the case of dish system parks, the small tower fields
for distributed power should target maximum unattended
operation, to minimize O&M costs.
24. MIUS solar tower technical specifications
Tower optical height (m) 26
Number heliostats 345
Heliostat surface (m2) 19.2
Receiver surface (m2) 16.5
Receiver tilt angle (º) 30
Land (m2) 38,000
Design point Power Efficiency
DNI (W/m2) 875 ----
Power onto mirrors area (MWt) 5.8 100 %
Gross power onto receiver (MWt) 4.3 74 %
Power to turbine (MWt) 3.4 80 %
Gross electric power (MWe) 1.4 39 %
Total efficiency ---- 23 %
Investment
Heliostats 995,765 $
Land 62,745 $
Tower 104,575 $
Receiver 484,750 $
Inst.&Control 107,000 $
Power block 1,146,000 $
Fixed cost 65,350 $
Direct capital cost 2.97 M$
Installed cost (including turbine set) 2,120 $/kW
26. Theoretical solarization based on Turbine Heron H-1 and 10
pressurized volumetric receivers
1.0 bar
1.0 bar
198 ºC 573 ºC
Intercooler
8.9 bar
151 ºC Recuperator
8.9 bar
3.0 bar 573 ºC
25 ºC 740 ºC
661 ºC 757 ºC
R1 R2 R3 R7 R8
3.0 bar
137 ºC 3.1 bar
635 ºC
R4 R5 R6 R9 R10
HPC LPC
8.9 bar 3.1 bar
860 ºC 860 ºC
C1 C2 C3 PT
PR=3.0 PR=2.7 1.36 MWe
PR=3.0
1.0 bar
15 ºC
Air filter Heatflow SOLAR R1-R6 = 1.95 MW
Heatflow SOLAR R7-R10 = 1.49 MW
1.0 bar Total = 3.44 MW
15 ºC Air inlet
m=5.15 kg/s
27. MIUS Solar Tower: Application to a shopping center
Solar electricity production = 2,456 MWh
Fossil electricity production = 1,892 MWh
Solar electricity excess = 428 MWh
28. MIUS Solar Tower: Application to a shopping center
56 % power demand supplied Few hours at loads of 20 %
by solar (683 toe) during start-ups
Typical solar working load 75 %
29. MIUS Solar Tower: Application to a shopping center
Solar is contributing to the waste heat produced with 4,374 GJ that
represents 49.5% of the heat demand.
30. CONCLUSIONS
CSP is focusing its growth still on first generation
large-fields
The solar field should be small and modular to account
for the maximum flexibility in approaching real
systems.
Up to 60% future cost reduction should come from
R&D.
Solgemac project objectives are modularity,
dispatchability and efficiency by high flux/high T.
A potential niche for the application of dish-engine
systems and small solar towers to Modular Integrated
Utility Systems has been identified.