The document discusses the anatomy of the inguinal region. It describes the boundaries and contents of the inguinal canal, including the spermatic cord in males which passes through it. The coverings of the spermatic cord are derived from layers in the abdominal wall. The inguinal region is an important site for hernias due to the passage of structures and potential weaknesses in the abdominal wall.
Anatomy and physiology of larynx presentation for MBBS 3rd year. This ppt presents the most detailed presentation of anatomy and physiology of larynx. Presenter was third year MBBS students of Nepalgunj Medical College and teaching hospital, Nepalgunj Nepal. Niraj Prasad Sah won the best presentation award for this during ENT posting. Have fun and check this out.
The document summarizes the topographic anatomy of the thorax. It describes the layers of the thoracic wall including skin, fascia, muscles and pleura. It notes the mammary glands are located between the second and seventh ribs and discusses their structure, blood supply and lymph drainage. The apex of the heart is normally found in the fifth left intercostal space. Surface landmarks and lines of orientation are also outlined.
The inguinal canal is a passage through the lower anterior abdominal wall that allows structures like the spermatic cord in males and round ligament of the uterus in females to pass between the abdomen and the external genitalia. It extends from the deep inguinal ring superiorly to the superficial inguinal ring inferiorly. The walls of the canal are formed by layers of abdominal muscles and fascia, with the anterior wall weaker near the superficial ring and posterior wall weaker at the deep ring, creating risks for the development of inguinal hernias.
This article covers the anatomy of the inguinal canal, including contents, borders,the spermatic cord,the ilioinguinal nerve and related clinical aspects, such as hernias
This document provides an overview of laryngeal anatomy including:
- The development of the larynx from embryology to differences between pediatric and adult larynx.
- Descriptions of the cartilages, muscles, membranes and nerves of the larynx.
- Details on the sizes and dimensions of structures in the larynx between males and females.
- Identification and descriptions of the supraglottic, glottic, and subglottic regions as well as the spaces within the larynx.
- Explanations of the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the larynx and their actions.
The hindgut develops from the caudal end of the embryonic gut tube. It gives rise to the distal two-thirds of the transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, and upper anal canal. The urorectal septum divides the hindgut into the anorectal canal and urogenital sinus. Failure of neural crest cell migration can result in Hirschsprung's disease where a portion of the colon lacks enteric ganglia and becomes constricted.
The hindgut develops from the caudal end of the embryonic gut tube. It gives rise to the distal two-thirds of the transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, and upper anal canal. The urorectal septum divides the hindgut into the anorectal canal and urogenital sinus. Failure of neural crest cell migration can lead to Hirschsprung's disease, where a portion of the colon lacks enteric ganglia and becomes constricted.
The larynx is a hollow muscular structure located in the neck that contains cartilages and serves important functions in breathing, swallowing, and voice production. It has three unpaired cartilages - the cricoid, thyroid, and epiglottis - and houses intrinsic muscles that control the tension of vocal folds and opening/closing of the rima glottidis. During respiration, the larynx functions as a sphincter and its muscles abduct the vocal folds to allow airflow. During swallowing and coughing, muscles close the larynx to prevent food/liquids from entering the lungs. Phonation occurs when vocal fold vibration produces sounds modulated by the vocal tract. The larynx receives its blood
Anatomy and physiology of larynx presentation for MBBS 3rd year. This ppt presents the most detailed presentation of anatomy and physiology of larynx. Presenter was third year MBBS students of Nepalgunj Medical College and teaching hospital, Nepalgunj Nepal. Niraj Prasad Sah won the best presentation award for this during ENT posting. Have fun and check this out.
The document summarizes the topographic anatomy of the thorax. It describes the layers of the thoracic wall including skin, fascia, muscles and pleura. It notes the mammary glands are located between the second and seventh ribs and discusses their structure, blood supply and lymph drainage. The apex of the heart is normally found in the fifth left intercostal space. Surface landmarks and lines of orientation are also outlined.
The inguinal canal is a passage through the lower anterior abdominal wall that allows structures like the spermatic cord in males and round ligament of the uterus in females to pass between the abdomen and the external genitalia. It extends from the deep inguinal ring superiorly to the superficial inguinal ring inferiorly. The walls of the canal are formed by layers of abdominal muscles and fascia, with the anterior wall weaker near the superficial ring and posterior wall weaker at the deep ring, creating risks for the development of inguinal hernias.
This article covers the anatomy of the inguinal canal, including contents, borders,the spermatic cord,the ilioinguinal nerve and related clinical aspects, such as hernias
This document provides an overview of laryngeal anatomy including:
- The development of the larynx from embryology to differences between pediatric and adult larynx.
- Descriptions of the cartilages, muscles, membranes and nerves of the larynx.
- Details on the sizes and dimensions of structures in the larynx between males and females.
- Identification and descriptions of the supraglottic, glottic, and subglottic regions as well as the spaces within the larynx.
- Explanations of the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the larynx and their actions.
The hindgut develops from the caudal end of the embryonic gut tube. It gives rise to the distal two-thirds of the transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, and upper anal canal. The urorectal septum divides the hindgut into the anorectal canal and urogenital sinus. Failure of neural crest cell migration can result in Hirschsprung's disease where a portion of the colon lacks enteric ganglia and becomes constricted.
The hindgut develops from the caudal end of the embryonic gut tube. It gives rise to the distal two-thirds of the transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, and upper anal canal. The urorectal septum divides the hindgut into the anorectal canal and urogenital sinus. Failure of neural crest cell migration can lead to Hirschsprung's disease, where a portion of the colon lacks enteric ganglia and becomes constricted.
The larynx is a hollow muscular structure located in the neck that contains cartilages and serves important functions in breathing, swallowing, and voice production. It has three unpaired cartilages - the cricoid, thyroid, and epiglottis - and houses intrinsic muscles that control the tension of vocal folds and opening/closing of the rima glottidis. During respiration, the larynx functions as a sphincter and its muscles abduct the vocal folds to allow airflow. During swallowing and coughing, muscles close the larynx to prevent food/liquids from entering the lungs. Phonation occurs when vocal fold vibration produces sounds modulated by the vocal tract. The larynx receives its blood
The cervical lymph nodes are arranged in a collar around the neck from below the chin to the back of the head. They can be divided into superficial and deep groups. The deep cervical nodes form a chain along the internal jugular vein and receive lymph from all other cervical nodes. Enlarged cervical lymph nodes can indicate infection or cancer in structures that drain to those nodes, such as the tonsils, tongue, or pharynx. Examination of cervical nodes helps locate potential pathological sources.
This presentation provides an overview of the gross anatomy of the inguinal canal, a passage in the lower abdomen that allows the spermatic cord (in males) or round ligament (in females) to pass from the abdomen to the scrotum (in males) or labia majora (in females). The presentation includes images and diagrams to help explain the anatomy of the inguinal canal
The larynx lies in the neck opposite the third to sixth cervical vertebrae. It contains cartilages like the thyroid, cricoid, and arytenoid cartilages which are involved in phonation and airway protection. The larynx has intrinsic muscles like the lateral cricoarytenoid muscle which abduct the vocal cords, and extrinsic muscles like the thyrohyoid muscle which elevate the larynx. The larynx has membranes and ligaments connecting the cartilages, and is supplied by nerves like the recurrent laryngeal nerve which innervates the intrinsic laryngeal muscles.
Anatomy of larynx is a complicated topic for many students. This is our attempt at making the topic a little easier for them to understand with the practical aspects of learning the anatomy.
Larynx is the voice box present in the neck above trachea and also forms an important pathway for air passage for breathing. The most important structure in the neck so as to support our survival nad the disease which are quite common causes of change in voice as a complaint, it becomes even more important to understand it's exact anatomy for students in medical field so as to diagnose and treat the patient correctly. As they say you can only diagnose a disease when you know what a normal structure looks like. Anatomy of neck is very sophisticated in ways it accomodates many evident blood vessels and nerves along with the thyroid gland which all reside in close proximity with larynx. And all the structures pertaining to larynx as in cartilages, ligaments, vocal folds and epiglottis are equally delicate and can have injury if person operating does not have the correct knowledge of anatomy of larynx along with its physiology. The most common of pathologies of larynx relate to the vocal cord dysfunction due to physiological or anatomical disturbance in their structure and can be very distressing to the patient, hence the need to understand it's anatomy and physiology.
The larynx is a hollow musculoligamentous structure located in the neck above the trachea. It contains several cartilages including the thyroid, cricoid, epiglottis, and arytenoid cartilages. Intrinsic muscles like the lateral cricoarytenoid adduct the vocal cords during phonation, while the cricothyroid tenses the vocal cords. During phonation, air forced through the closed rima glottis causes vibration of the true vocal cords, producing sound. The larynx is supplied by the recurrent laryngeal nerve for motor function and internally for sensory function below the vocal cords.
It is just a concise presentation about anatomy of larynx & TB tree. little bit about anaesthetic consideration regarding vocalcordpalsy and aspiration pneumonitis.
This document provides information on the anatomy of the breast and axillary region. It describes the lobes, ducts, blood and lymphatic supply of the breast. It also discusses the diagnosis of breast diseases through patient history, physical examination, and various imaging modalities. Key points include the importance of family history and reproductive factors in diagnosis. Physical exam focuses on inspecting for masses, skin changes, nipple retraction or discharge. Palpation examines the breast tissue and lymph nodes for abnormalities.
The larynx lies in the neck opposite the third to sixth cervical vertebrae. It contains cartilages like the thyroid, cricoid, and epiglottis which connect via joints like the cricoarytenoid. Membranes and muscles within the larynx facilitate functions like phonation and respiration. The larynx is innervated by the recurrent and superior laryngeal nerves and has lymphatic drainage to cervical nodes.
This document summarizes several anatomical spaces in the neck, including the submental, submandibular, peritonsillar, parapharyngeal, retropharyngeal, prevertebral, carotid, parotid, and visceral spaces. It also describes key structures and contents of each space. Additionally, it reviews the neck venous system, describing veins such as the external jugular, anterior jugular, internal jugular, subclavian, and their tributaries. The document provides clinical relevance for several spaces as routes of infection spread.
The parotid gland is the largest salivary gland located below and in front of the ear. It is invested by a thick fascial capsule. The facial nerve exits the skull and passes through the gland, dividing into branches that supply facial muscles. The parotid duct exits from the anterior border of the gland and opens into the mouth. The gland receives blood supply from the external carotid artery and drains into local lymph nodes and veins leading to the internal and external jugular veins.
The document summarizes key aspects of larynx anatomy. It discusses:
1) The larynx functions to protect the lower respiratory tract, provide a controlled airway, and enable phonation, coughing, and lifting.
2) It consists of cartilages including the thyroid, cricoid, epiglottis, and arytenoid cartilages joined by membranes and ligaments.
3) Intrinsic muscles control the laryngeal inlet and vocal cord movements to modulate phonation, respiration, and protection of the airway.
The body cavity forms from lateral plate mesoderm splitting into parietal and visceral layers. As the embryo develops, lateral body wall folds meet at the midline and fuse to close the ventral body wall except at the connecting stalk, forming the primitive body cavity. Cells of the parietal and visceral layers form serous membranes lining body cavities. The septum transversum and pleuropericardial folds divide the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity, with the diaphragm developing from the septum transversum, pleuroperitoneal membranes, somites, and mesentery of the esophagus.
Maternal Anatomy by _ Dr. tejaswini [Autosaved].pptxDrTejaswini7
The document describes the anatomy of the anterior abdominal wall and female external and internal generative organs. It discusses the layers of the anterior abdominal wall in detail. It then describes the structures of the external genitalia including the vulva, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, vestibule, and Bartholin's glands. It also provides an overview of the internal generative organs such as the vagina, cervix, uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes. It discusses the blood supply, nerve supply and ligaments associated with the female pelvic anatomy.
1) The larynx is located between the pharynx and trachea and acts as a protective sphincter for the airway. It consists of cartilages, ligaments, and membranes.
2) The larynx contains several intrinsic muscles that control the opening and closing of the vocal folds and laryngeal inlet. These muscles receive innervation from the recurrent laryngeal nerve and external laryngeal nerve.
3) The blood supply to the upper half of the larynx comes from the superior laryngeal artery while the lower half is supplied by the inferior laryngeal artery. Lymphatic drainage is to the deep cervical nodes.
he uterus and vagina are supported by various structures and connective tissues, and the integrity of these supporting factors is crucial for maintaining pelvic organ function and preventing conditions such as pelvic organ prolapse.
Understanding the anatomy and surgical importance of the supporting factors of the uterus and vagina is essential for gynecologists, urogynecologists, and pelvic reconstructive surgeons involved in the diagnosis and management of pelvic organ prolapse and related conditions.
The document discusses the anatomy of the perineum region in males and females. It describes key structures like the urogenital triangle, anal triangle, levator ani muscle, pelvic fascia, perineal membrane, superficial and deep perineal pouches, urogenital diaphragm, and perineal body. It provides details on the layers of fascia in the region, contents of the pouches, functions of the perineal body, and injuries that can occur like lacerations or episiotomies. The document is authored by Dr. Mohamed El fiky, Professor of anatomy and embryology.
The document provides an overview of larynx anatomy. It describes the larynx's location and divisions. Key points include:
- The larynx sits above the trachea and consists of cartilages like the thyroid, cricoid, and arytenoid cartilages connected by ligaments and muscles.
- It is divided into the supraglottis, glottis, and subglottis based on vocal fold positioning.
- Intrinsic muscles like the lateral and posterior cricoarytenoid muscles control vocal fold movement and tension.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the larynx. It describes the skeletal framework including cartilages like the thyroid, cricoid, epiglottis and arytenoid cartilages. It outlines the joints, ligaments, muscles, interior spaces and divisions of the larynx. Key structures are the true and false vocal cords that make up the glottis. The document also briefly discusses the blood supply, nerve supply and functions of the larynx such as phonation and swallowing.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the larynx. It describes the skeletal framework including cartilages like the thyroid, cricoid, epiglottis and arytenoid cartilages. It outlines the joints, ligaments, muscles, interior spaces and divisions of the larynx. Key structures are the true and false vocal cords that make up the glottis. The document also briefly discusses the physiology, functions, blood supply and development of the larynx.
The larynx is located in the anterior midline of the upper neck. It contains 9 cartilages including the thyroid, cricoid, and arytenoid cartilages. The larynx functions in phonation, respiration, protection of the airway, and deglutition. During phonation, the vocal folds within the larynx vibrate, controlled by intrinsic laryngeal muscles. The larynx contains two pairs of folds - the vestibular folds and true vocal folds located within the rima glottidis.
The cervical lymph nodes are arranged in a collar around the neck from below the chin to the back of the head. They can be divided into superficial and deep groups. The deep cervical nodes form a chain along the internal jugular vein and receive lymph from all other cervical nodes. Enlarged cervical lymph nodes can indicate infection or cancer in structures that drain to those nodes, such as the tonsils, tongue, or pharynx. Examination of cervical nodes helps locate potential pathological sources.
This presentation provides an overview of the gross anatomy of the inguinal canal, a passage in the lower abdomen that allows the spermatic cord (in males) or round ligament (in females) to pass from the abdomen to the scrotum (in males) or labia majora (in females). The presentation includes images and diagrams to help explain the anatomy of the inguinal canal
The larynx lies in the neck opposite the third to sixth cervical vertebrae. It contains cartilages like the thyroid, cricoid, and arytenoid cartilages which are involved in phonation and airway protection. The larynx has intrinsic muscles like the lateral cricoarytenoid muscle which abduct the vocal cords, and extrinsic muscles like the thyrohyoid muscle which elevate the larynx. The larynx has membranes and ligaments connecting the cartilages, and is supplied by nerves like the recurrent laryngeal nerve which innervates the intrinsic laryngeal muscles.
Anatomy of larynx is a complicated topic for many students. This is our attempt at making the topic a little easier for them to understand with the practical aspects of learning the anatomy.
Larynx is the voice box present in the neck above trachea and also forms an important pathway for air passage for breathing. The most important structure in the neck so as to support our survival nad the disease which are quite common causes of change in voice as a complaint, it becomes even more important to understand it's exact anatomy for students in medical field so as to diagnose and treat the patient correctly. As they say you can only diagnose a disease when you know what a normal structure looks like. Anatomy of neck is very sophisticated in ways it accomodates many evident blood vessels and nerves along with the thyroid gland which all reside in close proximity with larynx. And all the structures pertaining to larynx as in cartilages, ligaments, vocal folds and epiglottis are equally delicate and can have injury if person operating does not have the correct knowledge of anatomy of larynx along with its physiology. The most common of pathologies of larynx relate to the vocal cord dysfunction due to physiological or anatomical disturbance in their structure and can be very distressing to the patient, hence the need to understand it's anatomy and physiology.
The larynx is a hollow musculoligamentous structure located in the neck above the trachea. It contains several cartilages including the thyroid, cricoid, epiglottis, and arytenoid cartilages. Intrinsic muscles like the lateral cricoarytenoid adduct the vocal cords during phonation, while the cricothyroid tenses the vocal cords. During phonation, air forced through the closed rima glottis causes vibration of the true vocal cords, producing sound. The larynx is supplied by the recurrent laryngeal nerve for motor function and internally for sensory function below the vocal cords.
It is just a concise presentation about anatomy of larynx & TB tree. little bit about anaesthetic consideration regarding vocalcordpalsy and aspiration pneumonitis.
This document provides information on the anatomy of the breast and axillary region. It describes the lobes, ducts, blood and lymphatic supply of the breast. It also discusses the diagnosis of breast diseases through patient history, physical examination, and various imaging modalities. Key points include the importance of family history and reproductive factors in diagnosis. Physical exam focuses on inspecting for masses, skin changes, nipple retraction or discharge. Palpation examines the breast tissue and lymph nodes for abnormalities.
The larynx lies in the neck opposite the third to sixth cervical vertebrae. It contains cartilages like the thyroid, cricoid, and epiglottis which connect via joints like the cricoarytenoid. Membranes and muscles within the larynx facilitate functions like phonation and respiration. The larynx is innervated by the recurrent and superior laryngeal nerves and has lymphatic drainage to cervical nodes.
This document summarizes several anatomical spaces in the neck, including the submental, submandibular, peritonsillar, parapharyngeal, retropharyngeal, prevertebral, carotid, parotid, and visceral spaces. It also describes key structures and contents of each space. Additionally, it reviews the neck venous system, describing veins such as the external jugular, anterior jugular, internal jugular, subclavian, and their tributaries. The document provides clinical relevance for several spaces as routes of infection spread.
The parotid gland is the largest salivary gland located below and in front of the ear. It is invested by a thick fascial capsule. The facial nerve exits the skull and passes through the gland, dividing into branches that supply facial muscles. The parotid duct exits from the anterior border of the gland and opens into the mouth. The gland receives blood supply from the external carotid artery and drains into local lymph nodes and veins leading to the internal and external jugular veins.
The document summarizes key aspects of larynx anatomy. It discusses:
1) The larynx functions to protect the lower respiratory tract, provide a controlled airway, and enable phonation, coughing, and lifting.
2) It consists of cartilages including the thyroid, cricoid, epiglottis, and arytenoid cartilages joined by membranes and ligaments.
3) Intrinsic muscles control the laryngeal inlet and vocal cord movements to modulate phonation, respiration, and protection of the airway.
The body cavity forms from lateral plate mesoderm splitting into parietal and visceral layers. As the embryo develops, lateral body wall folds meet at the midline and fuse to close the ventral body wall except at the connecting stalk, forming the primitive body cavity. Cells of the parietal and visceral layers form serous membranes lining body cavities. The septum transversum and pleuropericardial folds divide the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity, with the diaphragm developing from the septum transversum, pleuroperitoneal membranes, somites, and mesentery of the esophagus.
Maternal Anatomy by _ Dr. tejaswini [Autosaved].pptxDrTejaswini7
The document describes the anatomy of the anterior abdominal wall and female external and internal generative organs. It discusses the layers of the anterior abdominal wall in detail. It then describes the structures of the external genitalia including the vulva, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, vestibule, and Bartholin's glands. It also provides an overview of the internal generative organs such as the vagina, cervix, uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes. It discusses the blood supply, nerve supply and ligaments associated with the female pelvic anatomy.
1) The larynx is located between the pharynx and trachea and acts as a protective sphincter for the airway. It consists of cartilages, ligaments, and membranes.
2) The larynx contains several intrinsic muscles that control the opening and closing of the vocal folds and laryngeal inlet. These muscles receive innervation from the recurrent laryngeal nerve and external laryngeal nerve.
3) The blood supply to the upper half of the larynx comes from the superior laryngeal artery while the lower half is supplied by the inferior laryngeal artery. Lymphatic drainage is to the deep cervical nodes.
he uterus and vagina are supported by various structures and connective tissues, and the integrity of these supporting factors is crucial for maintaining pelvic organ function and preventing conditions such as pelvic organ prolapse.
Understanding the anatomy and surgical importance of the supporting factors of the uterus and vagina is essential for gynecologists, urogynecologists, and pelvic reconstructive surgeons involved in the diagnosis and management of pelvic organ prolapse and related conditions.
The document discusses the anatomy of the perineum region in males and females. It describes key structures like the urogenital triangle, anal triangle, levator ani muscle, pelvic fascia, perineal membrane, superficial and deep perineal pouches, urogenital diaphragm, and perineal body. It provides details on the layers of fascia in the region, contents of the pouches, functions of the perineal body, and injuries that can occur like lacerations or episiotomies. The document is authored by Dr. Mohamed El fiky, Professor of anatomy and embryology.
The document provides an overview of larynx anatomy. It describes the larynx's location and divisions. Key points include:
- The larynx sits above the trachea and consists of cartilages like the thyroid, cricoid, and arytenoid cartilages connected by ligaments and muscles.
- It is divided into the supraglottis, glottis, and subglottis based on vocal fold positioning.
- Intrinsic muscles like the lateral and posterior cricoarytenoid muscles control vocal fold movement and tension.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the larynx. It describes the skeletal framework including cartilages like the thyroid, cricoid, epiglottis and arytenoid cartilages. It outlines the joints, ligaments, muscles, interior spaces and divisions of the larynx. Key structures are the true and false vocal cords that make up the glottis. The document also briefly discusses the blood supply, nerve supply and functions of the larynx such as phonation and swallowing.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the larynx. It describes the skeletal framework including cartilages like the thyroid, cricoid, epiglottis and arytenoid cartilages. It outlines the joints, ligaments, muscles, interior spaces and divisions of the larynx. Key structures are the true and false vocal cords that make up the glottis. The document also briefly discusses the physiology, functions, blood supply and development of the larynx.
The larynx is located in the anterior midline of the upper neck. It contains 9 cartilages including the thyroid, cricoid, and arytenoid cartilages. The larynx functions in phonation, respiration, protection of the airway, and deglutition. During phonation, the vocal folds within the larynx vibrate, controlled by intrinsic laryngeal muscles. The larynx contains two pairs of folds - the vestibular folds and true vocal folds located within the rima glottidis.
Nano-gold for Cancer Therapy chemistry investigatory projectSIVAVINAYAKPK
chemistry investigatory project
The development of nanogold-based cancer therapy could revolutionize oncology by providing a more targeted, less invasive treatment option. This project contributes to the growing body of research aimed at harnessing nanotechnology for medical applications, paving the way for future clinical trials and potential commercial applications.
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide, prompting the need for innovative treatment methods. Nanotechnology offers promising new approaches, including the use of gold nanoparticles (nanogold) for targeted cancer therapy. Nanogold particles possess unique physical and chemical properties that make them suitable for drug delivery, imaging, and photothermal therapy.
How to Control Your Asthma Tips by gokuldas hospital.Gokuldas Hospital
Respiratory issues like asthma are the most sensitive issue that is affecting millions worldwide. It hampers the daily activities leaving the body tired and breathless.
The key to a good grip on asthma is proper knowledge and management strategies. Understanding the patient-specific symptoms and carving out an effective treatment likewise is the best way to keep asthma under control.
Giloy in Ayurveda - Classical Categorization and SynonymsPlanet Ayurveda
Giloy, also known as Guduchi or Amrita in classical Ayurvedic texts, is a revered herb renowned for its myriad health benefits. It is categorized as a Rasayana, meaning it has rejuvenating properties that enhance vitality and longevity. Giloy is celebrated for its ability to boost the immune system, detoxify the body, and promote overall wellness. Its anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and antioxidant properties make it a staple in managing conditions like fever, diabetes, and stress. The versatility and efficacy of Giloy in supporting health naturally highlight its importance in Ayurveda. At Planet Ayurveda, we provide a comprehensive range of health services and 100% herbal supplements that harness the power of natural ingredients like Giloy. Our products are globally available and affordable, ensuring that everyone can benefit from the ancient wisdom of Ayurveda. If you or your loved ones are dealing with health issues, contact Planet Ayurveda at 01725214040 to book an online video consultation with our professional doctors. Let us help you achieve optimal health and wellness naturally.
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga-GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS-2024.pdfOsvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
Gastrointestinal Infections
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS result from the ingestion of pathogens that cause infections at the level of this tract, generally being transmitted by food, water and hands contaminated by microorganisms such as E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter, Staphylococcus, Rotavirus among others that are generally contained in feces, thus configuring a FECAL-ORAL type of transmission.
Among the factors that lead to the occurrence of gastrointestinal infections are the hygienic and sanitary deficiencies that characterize our markets and other places where raw or cooked food is sold, poor environmental sanitation in communities, deficiencies in water treatment (or in the process of its plumbing), risky hygienic-sanitary habits (not washing hands after major and/or minor needs), among others.
These are generally consequences (signs and symptoms) resulting from gastrointestinal infections: diarrhea, vomiting, fever and malaise, among others.
The treatment consists of replacing lost liquids and electrolytes (drinking drinking water and other recommended liquids, including consumption of juicy fruits such as papayas, apples, pears, among others that contain water in their composition).
To prevent this, it is necessary to promote health education, improve the hygienic-sanitary conditions of markets and communities in general as a way of promoting, preserving and prolonging PUBLIC HEALTH.
Gastritis and Gastric Health
Gastric Health is one of the most relevant concerns in human health, with gastrointestinal infections being among the main illnesses that affect humans.
Among gastric problems, we have GASTRITIS AND GASTRIC ULCERS as the main public health problems. Gastritis and gastric ulcers normally result from inflammation and corrosion of the walls of the stomach (gastric mucosa) and are generally associated (caused) by the bacterium Helicobacter pylor, which, according to the literature, this bacterium settles on these walls (of the stomach) and starts to release urease that ends up altering the normal pH of the stomach (acid), which leads to inflammation and corrosion of the mucous membranes and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
In addition to bacterial infections, gastritis and gastric ulcers are associated with several factors, with emphasis on prolonged fasting, chemical substances including drugs, alcohol, foods with strong seasonings including chilli, which ends up causing inflammation of the stomach walls and/or corrosion. of the same, resulting in the appearance of wounds and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
Among patients with gastritis and/or ulcers, one of the dilemmas is associated with the foods to consume in order to minimize the sensation of pain and discomfort.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Breast cancer: Post menopausal endocrine therapyDr. Sumit KUMAR
Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
Staging involves determining the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is commonly used. Accurate staging is critical as it guides treatment decisions.
Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
“Psychiatry and the Humanities”: An Innovative Course at the University of Mo...Université de Montréal
“Psychiatry and the Humanities”: An Innovative Course at the University of Montreal Expanding the medical model to embrace the humanities. Link: https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/-psychiatry-and-the-humanities-an-innovative-course-at-the-university-of-montreal