: Increasing environmental awareness among societies is motivating consumers to use green
cosmetic products. Green skincare products are the fastest growing sector in the worldwide market
compared with other green cosmetic products. However, compared with general cosmetic products,
the market share of green cosmetic products in Indonesia is relatively low. The present research
investigated consumers’ purchasing intentions toward green skincare products in Indonesia using
the pro-environmental reasoned action (PERA) model.
The aim of this research is to understand the consumer behavior, attitude and usage
purposes of organic products in their daily life. The researcher was adopted survey
method to collect responses from 100 organic product consumers residing in Chennai city
of Tamil Nadu. The empirical results indicate that nine dimensions of usage purposes of
organic products were explored and the entire organic product consumers covered in this
survey are significantly classified into two groups such as, high users and moderate users
based on their attitude towards organic products consumption. To conclude, consumers
are advised to use more organic products due to health concern, and environmental
concern.
Are Cosmetics Used in Developing Countries Safe v2zq
Are Cosmetics Used in Developing Countries Safe - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~
In the last decades the uncontrolled impact of industrial activities on the natural
environment has created critical ecological concerns. The aggravation of phenomena like
climate change, ozone depletion, over exploitation of natural resources, air pollution, and
toxic wastes are harming the sustainable development of the planet and of the economic
system. For marketers, environmentalism has become a criterion influencing customer
purchase behaviour. Environmentally responsible consumption Follows & Jobber (2000)
emanated from criticism that the marketing concept ignored the impact of individual
consumption upon the society as a whole. Terms like green marketing and green
customer have evolved and a lot of work is being done to understand the awareness levels
of the customer, their attitudes towards the green products and their willingness to accept
and pay a premium for the green products.
Every year people living on the earth throw away enough garbage to cover a huge part of
the world. Most of the waste ends up in landfills which are very costly and which may
have a major impact on the environment and on the health of the people living on this
planet. Saving the environment has become a big issue in recent times. The messages are
being promoted as REDUCE, RE-USE and RECYCLE. The latest is that we can shop our
way to a healthier planet. Over the years, it is told to us that cool cars would make us free
and diet soda would make us popular. But there is some things money and advertising
can’t buy, and a clean environment is one of them. The hard fact is that global warming,
deforestation and other earthly ills cannot be solved by switching brands. It takes
resources to manufacture and transport all products, even those made from recycled
content. More often, it is greener to follow the old dictum: reduce, reuse, and recycle.
Even if the phrase 3Rs has been heard a thousand times before, but with the "green" word
now co-opted in the sales of services, the three R's are a phrase and a principle worth
reviving.
This study focuses on consumers and consumer behaviour in relation to environmental
friendly products. It starts from the assumption that environmental problems are closely
related to individual consumer behaviour, and that individual behaviour is one of the
major causes for the existing environmental problems. Without substantial changes, in
the long term these consumption practices present a serious threat to the environment and
to society as a whole.
The growing social and regulatory concerns for the environment lead an increasing number of companies to consider green issues as a major source of strategic change, in general and has complex implications on the technological strategy of a company and on its product innovations, in particular.
Sefewu emmanuel selorm.consumer green behavior in ghanaian soft drink industryEmmanuel Sel. Sefewu
A quantitative study to explore Ghanaian purchases behaviour towards products that promotes good health, environmentally friendly and promotes organisational ethical behaviour. An empirical evidence from Coca Cola consumers in Ghana
An Exploratory Study on Customer Preferences towards Pathanjali Ayurvedic Pro...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
FMCG market in India is facing tight competition from
the both domestic and international players. The awareness
towards the health related issues have given way for the
herbal and ayurvedic products in the same time. Ayurveda
is making way a big move into the air tight area of FMCG
and paving way towards success. A brand’s reputation is the
most valuable asset. In this digital era, and cluttered market
space where brands are jostling for visibility, their
reputation and credibility is what will set them apart.
Pathanjali the brand which is making big sales in the short
span with claiming the products are chemical free and herbal
and natural. Though Pathanjali, focis is on traditional food
products, soaps and toiletries it has diversified into the other
categories as well to grab the market. For example, Nestle’s
withdrawl of Maggie from the market when the instant
noodles had the harmful chemicals in the product, Pathanjali
used this opportunity to enter into the non- traditional
produce instatnt noodles though it mainly focus on the
traditional soaps and toiletries and FMCG products. The
FMCG market is so saturated and ruled by the gaints ,
Market entry of new brand is so difficult , pathanjali is
able to embrace the waves of swadeshi to sustain in the
market being the market challenger. This paper attempts to
explore how Pathanjali has been successful in this tight
competition and what made customers to accept Pathanjali.
The exploratory study is conducted to analyse the Customers
preferences towards ayurvedic and herbal products
especially the brand pathanjali.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
The aim of this research is to understand the consumer behavior, attitude and usage
purposes of organic products in their daily life. The researcher was adopted survey
method to collect responses from 100 organic product consumers residing in Chennai city
of Tamil Nadu. The empirical results indicate that nine dimensions of usage purposes of
organic products were explored and the entire organic product consumers covered in this
survey are significantly classified into two groups such as, high users and moderate users
based on their attitude towards organic products consumption. To conclude, consumers
are advised to use more organic products due to health concern, and environmental
concern.
Are Cosmetics Used in Developing Countries Safe v2zq
Are Cosmetics Used in Developing Countries Safe - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~
In the last decades the uncontrolled impact of industrial activities on the natural
environment has created critical ecological concerns. The aggravation of phenomena like
climate change, ozone depletion, over exploitation of natural resources, air pollution, and
toxic wastes are harming the sustainable development of the planet and of the economic
system. For marketers, environmentalism has become a criterion influencing customer
purchase behaviour. Environmentally responsible consumption Follows & Jobber (2000)
emanated from criticism that the marketing concept ignored the impact of individual
consumption upon the society as a whole. Terms like green marketing and green
customer have evolved and a lot of work is being done to understand the awareness levels
of the customer, their attitudes towards the green products and their willingness to accept
and pay a premium for the green products.
Every year people living on the earth throw away enough garbage to cover a huge part of
the world. Most of the waste ends up in landfills which are very costly and which may
have a major impact on the environment and on the health of the people living on this
planet. Saving the environment has become a big issue in recent times. The messages are
being promoted as REDUCE, RE-USE and RECYCLE. The latest is that we can shop our
way to a healthier planet. Over the years, it is told to us that cool cars would make us free
and diet soda would make us popular. But there is some things money and advertising
can’t buy, and a clean environment is one of them. The hard fact is that global warming,
deforestation and other earthly ills cannot be solved by switching brands. It takes
resources to manufacture and transport all products, even those made from recycled
content. More often, it is greener to follow the old dictum: reduce, reuse, and recycle.
Even if the phrase 3Rs has been heard a thousand times before, but with the "green" word
now co-opted in the sales of services, the three R's are a phrase and a principle worth
reviving.
This study focuses on consumers and consumer behaviour in relation to environmental
friendly products. It starts from the assumption that environmental problems are closely
related to individual consumer behaviour, and that individual behaviour is one of the
major causes for the existing environmental problems. Without substantial changes, in
the long term these consumption practices present a serious threat to the environment and
to society as a whole.
The growing social and regulatory concerns for the environment lead an increasing number of companies to consider green issues as a major source of strategic change, in general and has complex implications on the technological strategy of a company and on its product innovations, in particular.
Sefewu emmanuel selorm.consumer green behavior in ghanaian soft drink industryEmmanuel Sel. Sefewu
A quantitative study to explore Ghanaian purchases behaviour towards products that promotes good health, environmentally friendly and promotes organisational ethical behaviour. An empirical evidence from Coca Cola consumers in Ghana
An Exploratory Study on Customer Preferences towards Pathanjali Ayurvedic Pro...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
FMCG market in India is facing tight competition from
the both domestic and international players. The awareness
towards the health related issues have given way for the
herbal and ayurvedic products in the same time. Ayurveda
is making way a big move into the air tight area of FMCG
and paving way towards success. A brand’s reputation is the
most valuable asset. In this digital era, and cluttered market
space where brands are jostling for visibility, their
reputation and credibility is what will set them apart.
Pathanjali the brand which is making big sales in the short
span with claiming the products are chemical free and herbal
and natural. Though Pathanjali, focis is on traditional food
products, soaps and toiletries it has diversified into the other
categories as well to grab the market. For example, Nestle’s
withdrawl of Maggie from the market when the instant
noodles had the harmful chemicals in the product, Pathanjali
used this opportunity to enter into the non- traditional
produce instatnt noodles though it mainly focus on the
traditional soaps and toiletries and FMCG products. The
FMCG market is so saturated and ruled by the gaints ,
Market entry of new brand is so difficult , pathanjali is
able to embrace the waves of swadeshi to sustain in the
market being the market challenger. This paper attempts to
explore how Pathanjali has been successful in this tight
competition and what made customers to accept Pathanjali.
The exploratory study is conducted to analyse the Customers
preferences towards ayurvedic and herbal products
especially the brand pathanjali.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Physicochemical and sensory evaluations of moisturising lip balm using natur...Mohd Shukri Mat Nor
Abstract: Nowadays, people are demanding on the naturally derived cosmetic products, including lip balms. However, there is a lack of studies for the physicochemical properties of the formulated lip balms. Besides, there are little publications found on the use of beetroot as an active ingredient and colourant in lip balm formulation. Thus, this study aims to formulate lip balm using beetroot; and test the physicochemical properties of formulated lip balms to get three best formulations. The stability of these best lip balms was conducted for 4 weeks in room temperature and chiller conditions. Finally, a sensory evaluation was conducted to identify consumer acceptance towards the best lip balms. Lip balms placed in room temperature were all stable while few changes occurred for the lip balms placed in a chiller. All panellist preferred the same lip balm in the sensory test. The result of this study can be extended to assess the potential of beetroot in the formulation of other cosmetic products.
Customers’ Satisfaction on Agro-Chemical Products: An Evaluation with Referen...Mohammed Al-Amin
This study sought to determine customer satisfaction in the pesticide industry in Bangladesh with a focus on agro dealers in Kushtia, Jashore & Natore territory. It was guided by the following research objectives: to determine the level of customer satisfaction in the pesticide of Auto Crop Care Ltd (ACCL); and, to identify factors that contribute to customer satisfaction in the pesticide products of ACCL, The study used the descriptive survey design. The target of study consisted of all 50 registered agro dealers in Kushtia, Jashore & Natore areas
GREEN MARKETING - AN ANALYSIS OF CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR TOWARDS GREEN PRODUCTSTanushree Bhowmick
This paper was presented in the Ist International Conference on Business & Information Management (ICBIM), 2012, organized by NIT, Durgapur. This is basically a research paper aiming to contribute towards the growing ecological concern that most marketers want to address these days. It also tries to unveil consumer behaviour towards the purchase and consumption of eco-friendly products.
Green marketing refers to the process of selling products and/or services based on their environmental benefits. Such a product or service may be environmentally friendly in itself or produced and/or packaged in this way.
This paper presents an understanding of Personal Care Industry in India. The formal definition of personal care products is presented along with the categorization of personal care products. The paper highlights the consumer’s brand preferences of the Five Personal Care Products ( shaving creams, shaving blades, face cream, hair dye and deodorants). The present study is a sample study based on empirical data. The study is carried out by applying a focus group and survey method. Data for the study was collected from male visitors of different super markets, malls and specialty stores from twin cities of Hyderabad & Secunderabad. The primary data was collected from 1062 male respondents: Out of these 1062 responses, only 916 were considered for the purpose of analysis as these were complete and usable in all respects. An Empirical Study of Brand Consciousness prevalent among males is presented in this paper. Males who are generally considered as not being very particular about the brand they use in case of personal care products have proved to be otherwise.
Market Research on Gaps and Perennial Problems of Beauty Industry IIJSRJournal
The word ‘cosmetics’ is taken from a Greek word “kosmeticos” which means to embellish. Sure, cosmetics make you look good, but just like all things too good to be true, the positive benefits of using such products can take a toll on your health. Since early days materials used for remodelling or improvement of presence comes under the category of cosmetics. People want to look beautiful and the concept of cosmetics is as old as mankind and development. The need to beautify one’s own body and look beautiful has been a desire in the human race since the tribal days. Various beauty products such as skincare products, hair products, fragrances, oral hygiene, and nail products, which may contain toxic chemicals that can be destructive to health are used especially by women. Since long time cosmetics have been known to enhance the arrival of the human body. In a society obsessed with beauty, people are lured to fake their appearance as a cure for their insecurities the average woman uses 12 personal care products a day containing 168 different chemicals. A recent study has revealed that the skin may absorb up to 60 per cent of the chemicals in products it comes in contact with. But these products, which are imaginary to make us feel healthy and look beautiful, have a deep dark side. In our research analysis it is clearly depicting that most of the respondents are accepting that the advertisements, which are shown to us are purely the signs of marketing gimmicks. Various toxic ingredients and hazardous chemicals used in cosmetics are incorporated in beyond adequate limits. Cosmetics have not only seeped into the fashion world but are also playing a prominent role in one’s day-to-day life. Thus, it becomes a necessity to make people aware of various harmful effects of cosmetics and chemicals used in cosmetics. But our main concern is on the Revamping or doing a makeover of beauty industry with respect to aesthetics. With this Mission to provide best products and services using the best and most advanced cutting-edge technologies, procured in a sustainable manner while respecting our environment, contributing to well-being of our consumers, and enriching their lives.
CONSUMER PREFERENCIAL BUYING PATTERNS OF COSMETICS IN SOURTHERN PART OF TAMIL...IAEME Publication
Cosmetics as in the Indian Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940 mean “articles meant to be rubbed, poured, sprinkled, or sprayed or introduced into or otherwise applied to the human body or any part therefore for cleansing, beautifying, promoting attractiveness or altering the appearance. In the last few years the consumption of cosmetics has touched new heights and the curve is shooting upwards and hence the controls sought to be exercised on the drugs have been extended to a certain extent to the cosmetics”. In the modern world beauty is more than skin deep – it is feeling good as well as looking good. A healthy diet, with plenty of fresh fruits and vegetables and lot of mineral water to drink, regular exercise, fresh air sleep though gives a foundation for beauty routine, he sprawling beauty parlors for ladies and also men, and not speak of the change of times and emulation of other countries and Miss Universe contests have heightened craze for cosmetics.
In this Research I'll find all of possibility Eco Friend Auto Mobile out come and how eco friendly auto mobile are affect on non eco firendly auto mobile and how this can effect on sales in pakistan and global.
I'm want to pay gratitude towards my professor Dr. A.K. JAIN sir for providing me a such a vast opportunity to present and find out the strategies to stand in world as a global entity.
How they fight with the segregation mark among them ?
content: 1.Introduction
2.Financial Status
3.Market Share
4.Customer
5.Products
6.Area Of Operation
7.Product Mix
8.Pricing Strategies
9.Distribution Strategies
10.Promotion Strategies
11.Conclusion
The Role of Green Marketing and Green Brand Image in Enhancing Purchase Inten...ijtsrd
People are starting to become aware by starting to buy products that do not add to the environmental damage. People also switch to buying products that use basic ingredients that do not damage the environment or in other words environmentally friendly materials. This article will discuss Green Marketing, Green Brand Image, and Green Perceive Value which are topics relevant to the current situation, where changing market trends created by consumers are very influential for the sustainability of the companys operations. Furthermore, this will affect the image of environmentally friendly and also the value obtained in making purchasing decisions. The thing that needs to be considered is how to convince consumers that what they are buying is an environmentally friendly product. Green marketing has several advantages, and because of these advantages, green marketing has good prospects for enhancing brand image as a choice of marketing strategy to enhance a companys brand image. Companies that implement green marketing certainly have some more value than conventional strategies. Lena Ellitan "The Role of Green Marketing and Green Brand Image in Enhancing Purchase Intention" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47599.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/marketing/47599/the-role-of-green-marketing-and-green-brand-image-in-enhancing-purchase-intention/lena-ellitan
ISBN publication 5 A study on Green Marketing Strategies – A tool to achieve...Dr UMA K
DR UMA K “A study on Green Marketing Strategies – A tool to achieve sustainability”, in the Journal of “Emerging Perspectives on HR, Marketing & Finance”, in 1 day national seminar, Organized by Maharani’s women’s commerce and Management College, Paduvarahalli, Mysore. Published in ISBN: 978-93-5351-746-5, held on 16th March 2019, pp.159-164.
Physicochemical and sensory evaluations of moisturising lip balm using natur...Mohd Shukri Mat Nor
Abstract: Nowadays, people are demanding on the naturally derived cosmetic products, including lip balms. However, there is a lack of studies for the physicochemical properties of the formulated lip balms. Besides, there are little publications found on the use of beetroot as an active ingredient and colourant in lip balm formulation. Thus, this study aims to formulate lip balm using beetroot; and test the physicochemical properties of formulated lip balms to get three best formulations. The stability of these best lip balms was conducted for 4 weeks in room temperature and chiller conditions. Finally, a sensory evaluation was conducted to identify consumer acceptance towards the best lip balms. Lip balms placed in room temperature were all stable while few changes occurred for the lip balms placed in a chiller. All panellist preferred the same lip balm in the sensory test. The result of this study can be extended to assess the potential of beetroot in the formulation of other cosmetic products.
Customers’ Satisfaction on Agro-Chemical Products: An Evaluation with Referen...Mohammed Al-Amin
This study sought to determine customer satisfaction in the pesticide industry in Bangladesh with a focus on agro dealers in Kushtia, Jashore & Natore territory. It was guided by the following research objectives: to determine the level of customer satisfaction in the pesticide of Auto Crop Care Ltd (ACCL); and, to identify factors that contribute to customer satisfaction in the pesticide products of ACCL, The study used the descriptive survey design. The target of study consisted of all 50 registered agro dealers in Kushtia, Jashore & Natore areas
GREEN MARKETING - AN ANALYSIS OF CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR TOWARDS GREEN PRODUCTSTanushree Bhowmick
This paper was presented in the Ist International Conference on Business & Information Management (ICBIM), 2012, organized by NIT, Durgapur. This is basically a research paper aiming to contribute towards the growing ecological concern that most marketers want to address these days. It also tries to unveil consumer behaviour towards the purchase and consumption of eco-friendly products.
Green marketing refers to the process of selling products and/or services based on their environmental benefits. Such a product or service may be environmentally friendly in itself or produced and/or packaged in this way.
This paper presents an understanding of Personal Care Industry in India. The formal definition of personal care products is presented along with the categorization of personal care products. The paper highlights the consumer’s brand preferences of the Five Personal Care Products ( shaving creams, shaving blades, face cream, hair dye and deodorants). The present study is a sample study based on empirical data. The study is carried out by applying a focus group and survey method. Data for the study was collected from male visitors of different super markets, malls and specialty stores from twin cities of Hyderabad & Secunderabad. The primary data was collected from 1062 male respondents: Out of these 1062 responses, only 916 were considered for the purpose of analysis as these were complete and usable in all respects. An Empirical Study of Brand Consciousness prevalent among males is presented in this paper. Males who are generally considered as not being very particular about the brand they use in case of personal care products have proved to be otherwise.
Market Research on Gaps and Perennial Problems of Beauty Industry IIJSRJournal
The word ‘cosmetics’ is taken from a Greek word “kosmeticos” which means to embellish. Sure, cosmetics make you look good, but just like all things too good to be true, the positive benefits of using such products can take a toll on your health. Since early days materials used for remodelling or improvement of presence comes under the category of cosmetics. People want to look beautiful and the concept of cosmetics is as old as mankind and development. The need to beautify one’s own body and look beautiful has been a desire in the human race since the tribal days. Various beauty products such as skincare products, hair products, fragrances, oral hygiene, and nail products, which may contain toxic chemicals that can be destructive to health are used especially by women. Since long time cosmetics have been known to enhance the arrival of the human body. In a society obsessed with beauty, people are lured to fake their appearance as a cure for their insecurities the average woman uses 12 personal care products a day containing 168 different chemicals. A recent study has revealed that the skin may absorb up to 60 per cent of the chemicals in products it comes in contact with. But these products, which are imaginary to make us feel healthy and look beautiful, have a deep dark side. In our research analysis it is clearly depicting that most of the respondents are accepting that the advertisements, which are shown to us are purely the signs of marketing gimmicks. Various toxic ingredients and hazardous chemicals used in cosmetics are incorporated in beyond adequate limits. Cosmetics have not only seeped into the fashion world but are also playing a prominent role in one’s day-to-day life. Thus, it becomes a necessity to make people aware of various harmful effects of cosmetics and chemicals used in cosmetics. But our main concern is on the Revamping or doing a makeover of beauty industry with respect to aesthetics. With this Mission to provide best products and services using the best and most advanced cutting-edge technologies, procured in a sustainable manner while respecting our environment, contributing to well-being of our consumers, and enriching their lives.
CONSUMER PREFERENCIAL BUYING PATTERNS OF COSMETICS IN SOURTHERN PART OF TAMIL...IAEME Publication
Cosmetics as in the Indian Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940 mean “articles meant to be rubbed, poured, sprinkled, or sprayed or introduced into or otherwise applied to the human body or any part therefore for cleansing, beautifying, promoting attractiveness or altering the appearance. In the last few years the consumption of cosmetics has touched new heights and the curve is shooting upwards and hence the controls sought to be exercised on the drugs have been extended to a certain extent to the cosmetics”. In the modern world beauty is more than skin deep – it is feeling good as well as looking good. A healthy diet, with plenty of fresh fruits and vegetables and lot of mineral water to drink, regular exercise, fresh air sleep though gives a foundation for beauty routine, he sprawling beauty parlors for ladies and also men, and not speak of the change of times and emulation of other countries and Miss Universe contests have heightened craze for cosmetics.
In this Research I'll find all of possibility Eco Friend Auto Mobile out come and how eco friendly auto mobile are affect on non eco firendly auto mobile and how this can effect on sales in pakistan and global.
I'm want to pay gratitude towards my professor Dr. A.K. JAIN sir for providing me a such a vast opportunity to present and find out the strategies to stand in world as a global entity.
How they fight with the segregation mark among them ?
content: 1.Introduction
2.Financial Status
3.Market Share
4.Customer
5.Products
6.Area Of Operation
7.Product Mix
8.Pricing Strategies
9.Distribution Strategies
10.Promotion Strategies
11.Conclusion
The Role of Green Marketing and Green Brand Image in Enhancing Purchase Inten...ijtsrd
People are starting to become aware by starting to buy products that do not add to the environmental damage. People also switch to buying products that use basic ingredients that do not damage the environment or in other words environmentally friendly materials. This article will discuss Green Marketing, Green Brand Image, and Green Perceive Value which are topics relevant to the current situation, where changing market trends created by consumers are very influential for the sustainability of the companys operations. Furthermore, this will affect the image of environmentally friendly and also the value obtained in making purchasing decisions. The thing that needs to be considered is how to convince consumers that what they are buying is an environmentally friendly product. Green marketing has several advantages, and because of these advantages, green marketing has good prospects for enhancing brand image as a choice of marketing strategy to enhance a companys brand image. Companies that implement green marketing certainly have some more value than conventional strategies. Lena Ellitan "The Role of Green Marketing and Green Brand Image in Enhancing Purchase Intention" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47599.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/marketing/47599/the-role-of-green-marketing-and-green-brand-image-in-enhancing-purchase-intention/lena-ellitan
ISBN publication 5 A study on Green Marketing Strategies – A tool to achieve...Dr UMA K
DR UMA K “A study on Green Marketing Strategies – A tool to achieve sustainability”, in the Journal of “Emerging Perspectives on HR, Marketing & Finance”, in 1 day national seminar, Organized by Maharani’s women’s commerce and Management College, Paduvarahalli, Mysore. Published in ISBN: 978-93-5351-746-5, held on 16th March 2019, pp.159-164.
The purpose of this study is to describe the various initiatives introduced by the Indian companies namely HCL, LG India and Wipro InfoTech for promoting Green Marketing along with the reasons behind these companies adopted this great Initiative.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS ON CONSUMER’S PERCEPTION TOWARDS CONSUMPTION OF GREEN PR...IAEME Publication
Global environmental problems are growing day-by-day and the concern about
environmental problems is also given importance by everybody. All environmental
problems are generated by human-beings. So, there is great need to identify the
consumers’ perception towards green products available in the society. The present
study was an attempt to have insights of the consumers’ perception towards the
consumption of green products using percentage analysis and ANOVA. The study
helps the entrepreneurs to understand the perception of the consumer and formulate
their strategies based on it. It further helps to sensitize the people towards
environmental issues and help them modify their behaviour accordingly to consume
green products and save the earth. A sample of 250 consumers who were using green
products has been covered in the study and the results were highlighted using
diagrams and tables.
A STUDY ON CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR ON GREEN MARKETING WITH REFERENCE TO ORGANIC FO...IAEME Publication
Background: In recent decades the concept of marketing environmental friendly products, in the aspects ranging from production to packing is getting attention to protect our environment as well as the life of human beings. Specifically the focus and awareness about organic products is increased day by day. Objectives: Hence the researcher made an attempt find out the consumer behavior towards marketing of organic products and impact of green marketing on the purchasing behavior of organic products Tiruchirappalli district. Methodology: To resolve the objective the researcher has collected 175 primary data with the support of structured questionnaire. And the collected data were analyzed with support descriptive analysis, simple regression and of chi squire test. Findings: The outcome of analysis shows that awareness on green products market has gained momentum and people are very much aware on the impact of inorganic products. The green marketing has notable impact on the purchasing behavior of organic products. Specifically the focus of female respondent and graduate respondents were giving more preference to organic products.
go green - green marketing its rise for an eco friendly processes in indiaKumar Goud
Abstract: Green marketing is a phenomenon which has developed particular important in the contemporary market. This concept has enabled for the re-marketing and packaging of accessible products which already adhere to such guidelines. Moreover, the development of green marketing has opened the door of opportunity for companies to co-brand their products into separate line, lauding the green-friendliness of some while ignoring that of others. Such marketing techniques will be explained as a direct result of movement in the minds of the consumer market. As a result of this businesses have increased their rate of targeting consumers who are concerned about the environment. These same consumers through their concern are interested in integrating environmental issues into their purchasing decisions through their incorporation into the process and content of the marketing strategy for whatever product may be required. This paper discusses how businesses have increased their rate of targeting green consumers, those who are concerned about the environment and allow it to affect their purchasing decisions. The paper identifies the three particular segments of green consumers and explores the challenges and opportunities businesses have with green marketing. The paper also examines the present trends of green marketing in India and describes the reason why companies are adopting it and future of green marketing and concludes that green marketing is something that will continuously grow in both practice and demand.
Keywords - Green Marketing, Green Product, Recyclable, Environmentally safe, Eco Friendly.
Companies today, move towards green as the consumers are concerned about the natural surroundings. Natural environmental influence our day-today lives in many ways, yet only few academics have discussed green issues in Sri Lankan context. Hence, this paper is an attempt to investigate the consumers purchasing behavior and attitudes towards eco-friendly fast moving consumer goods (FMCG) with special reference to cosmetics &personal care products.
This study sought to ascertain the green business best practices for enterprise sustainability in SouthSouth
Nigeria.. The population for the study was 23,985 managers of registered enterprises in the six states of
South-South Nigeria. Multistage sampling technique was adopted in this study.
Green Marketing incorporates greening products and greening firms. The increasing exposure of global market products and environmental issues like global warming, impact of environmental pollution in turn has raised the green sensitivity of consumers for being eco-friendly and green marketing oriented. However in recent past green consumerism also has been gaining its lime light, Green consumerism has started playing a substance role in ushering corporate environmentalism and constructing business firms green marketing oriented. However, this is not widespread and is still evolving.
Article 1 A CONCEPTUAL STUDY ON GREEN MARKETING TOWARDS ORGANIC PRODUCTS Dr...Dr UMA K
Dr. UMA. K
Assistant Professor in Commerce
Reference: UMA K (2017) “A CONCEPTUAL STUDY ON GREEN MARKETING TOWARDS ORGANIC PRODUCTS”, (IJMSRR) International Journal of Management and Social Science Research Review, Peer Reviewed & Indexed Journal, Impact Factor: 4. 695, E- ISSN - 2349-6746, ISSN -2349-6738, Vol-1, Issue – 37, Page No 112-118.
article 1 July -2017 A conceptual study on geen marketing towars organic prod...Educational
Research Paper
Impact Factor: 4. 695
Peer Reviewed & Indexed Journal
IJMSRR
E- ISSN - 2349-6746
ISSN -2349-6738
International Journal of Management and Social Science Research Review, Vol-1, Issue – 37, July -2017 Page 112
A CONCEPTUAL STUDY ON GREEN MARKETING TOWARDS ORGANIC PRODUCTS
Uma K
“Green Environment” relates to the concerns for environmental conservation and improved health of the environment. This includes supporting practices like informed consumption, conservation practices and investment in renewable energy.Why is green environment important?
Going green reduces air pollution and environmental toxins that could affect our body's immune system that fights infections, and that could expose us to diseases and fatal illnesses
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This study aimed to describe female colleger knowledge of Family Welfare Department for cosmetic uses. Includes facial skin care and makeup cosmetics. This type of research is descriptive quantitative. Sampling technique in this study using proportional random sampling technique were 70 female colleger of Family Welfare Department year entry 2013. Techniques of Data collection using the test in the form of multiple choice questionnaire items. Data analysis technique used is descriptive analysis formula with help of a computer program Microsoft Excel. The results showed that the knowledge of the facial skin care cosmetics is included in less category (80.00%) and knowledge of makeup cosmetics is included in less category (82.86%).
honey as-immunomodulator in wound healingHaloCantik
ABSTRACT
Honey is a popular natural product that is used in the treatment of burns and a broad spectrum of injuries, in particular chronic wounds. The antibacterial potential of honey has been considered the exclusive criterion for its wound healing properties. The antibacterial activity of honey has recently been fully characterized in medical- grade honeys. Recently, the multifunctional immunomodulatory properties of honey have attracted much attention. The aim of this review is to provide closer insight into the potential immunomodulatory effects of honey in wound healing. Honey and its components are able to either stimulate or inhibit the release of certain cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, interleukin-6) from human monocytes and macrophages, depending on wound condition. Similarly, honey seems to either reduce or activate the production of reactive oxygen species from neutrophils, also depending on the wound microenvironment. The honey-induced activation of both types of immune cells could promote debridement of a wound and speed up the repair process. Similarly, human keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and endothelial cell responses (e.g., cell migration and proliferation, collagen matrix production, chemotaxis) are positively affected in the presence of honey; thus, honey may accelerate reepithelization and wound closure. The immunomodulatory activity of honey is highly complex because of the involvement of multiple quantitatively variable com- pounds among honeys of different origins. The identification of these individual compounds and their contributions to wound healing is crucial for a better under- standing of the mechanisms behind honey-mediated healing of chronic wounds.
ABSTRACT With the rise in prevalence of antibiotic- resistant bacteria, honey is increasingly valued for its antibacterial activity. To characterize all bactericidal factors in a medical-grade honey, we used a novel approach of successive neutralization of individual honey bactericidal factors. All bacteria tested, including Bacillus subtilis, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus au- reus, extended-spectrum J3-lactamase producing Esche- richia coli, ciprofloxacin-resistant Pseudomonas aerugi- nosa, and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium, were killed by 10 –20% (v/v) honey, whereas >40% (v/v) of a honey-equivalent sugar solution was required for similar activity. Honey accumulated up to 5.62 ±
0.54 mM H2O2 and contained 0.25 ± 0.01 mM methyl-
glyoxal (MGO). After enzymatic neutralization of these two compounds, honey retained substantial activity. Using B. subtilis for activity-guided isolation of the additional antimicrobial factors, we discovered bee defensin-1 in honey. After combined neutralization of H2O2, MGO, and bee defensin-1, 20% honey had only minimal activity left, and subsequent adjustment of the pH of this honey from 3.3 to 7.0 reduced the activity to that of sugar alone. Activity against all other bacteria tested depended on sugar, H2O2, MGO, and bee defensin-1. Thus, we fully characterized the antibacterial activity of medical-grade honey.—Kwak- man, P. H. S., te Velde, A. A., de Boer, L., Speijer, D., Vandenbroucke-Grauls, C. M. J. E., Zaat, S. A. J. How honey kills bacteria. FASEB J. 24, 2576 –2582 (2010).
Knowledge of the moisture and temperature conditions influencing growth of microorganisms in honey has long been used to control the spoilage of honey. However, the need for additional microbiological data on honey will increase as new technologies for, and uses of honey develop. Microorganisms in honey may influence quality or safety. Due to the natural properties of honey and control measures in the honey industry, honey is a product with minimal types and levels of microbes. Microbes of concern in post-harvest handling are those that are commonly found in honey (i.e., yeasts and spore-forming bacteria), those that indicate the sanitary or commercial quality of honey (i.e., coliforms and yeasts), and those that under certain conditions could cause human illness.
Clover honey is popular due to its sweet, mildly floral taste.
Unlike other common sweeteners like table sugar, it’s rich in antioxidants and anti-inflammatory compounds that may benefit your health.
This article reviews the uses, nutrition, and health benefits of clover honey.
Antimicrobial, immunomodulatory and cytotoxic activities of green synthesized...HaloCantik
Calotropis procera and Somra (Acacia) honey are used in traditional medicine. The benefits of mixing 20% Somra honey and C. procera leaf water extract (CPLWExt) were aimed to be studied. Honey/CPLWExt were utilized to produce silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) separately. AgNPs were characterized via UV/Vis and electron microscope scanning. Bio-molecules in CPLWExt/honey were investigated utilizing FT-IR spectroscopy. Biological activities of CPLWExt and honey were tested. The outcomes showed that CPLWExt and honey have numerous functional groups and could produce AgNPs. CPLWExt, CPLWExt + AgNPs, honey and honey + AgNPs hindered the growth of rat splenocytes, while CPLWExt + honey invigorated it. Antimicrobial power was found in CPLWExt and honey, which increased in the presence of AgNPs. Honey/honey + AgNPs suppressed the proliferation of HeLa and HepG2 cells. In conclusion, honey/CPLWExt could produce AgNPs and showed immunomodulatory and antibacterial power. Somra honey/honey + AgNPs have anticancer power. Somra honey + CPLWExt reflected a good immunostimulatory powers that can be nominated as an immunostimulant.
The sources and quality of iranian honeyHaloCantik
Iran is one of the largest honey-producing countries worldwide and is considered as an important source of honey for international markets. However, since Iran is not registered for honey export to Europe, the quality of Iranian honey remains unknown to European traders. As the first step in filling this gap, we analyzed 225 honey samples using palynology, sensory, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and conventional physicochemical analyses as outlined by the European Union coordinated control plan. The results show that while various types of genuine unifloral honey can be harvested in Iran, 85% of collected samples were adulterated.
This Special Issue of the Journal of Apicultural Research (JAR) comprises the honey chapter (de Almeida-Muradian et al., 2020) of the COLOSS BEEBOOK Volume III “Standard methods for Apis mellifera hive product research”. The chapter describes the properties of Apis mellifera honey and standard protocols for the main methods of honey analysis. Further review papers and original research articles on honey and its properties can be found in the JAR Special Issue “Honey” published in issue 57
Bioactive compounds and antibacterial activities in crystallized honey liquef...HaloCantik
The effect of ultrasound on the crystal size, phenols, flavonoids, Maillard products and antibacterial activity of crystallized honeys was studied. Three multifloral honeys (M), one monofloral (MO) and one honeydew (HD) honey were used. Ultrasound was performed at 42 kHz for different times (0, 5, 10 and 15 min). The antibacterial activities were tested against Salmonella typhimurium, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. In all honeys, the parameters analyzed had significant differences ((P < 0.05)). After 15 min of ultrasound the HD had increments of 44 mg of gallic acid/100 g of honey in phenols, and some M showed increase in flavonoids (5.64 mg of quercitin /100 g of honey) and improvement in inhibition against Salmonella typhimurium was 13.1%. In some honeys the correlation between phenols or flavonoids and antibacterial activity were significant ((P < 0.05)). No correlation was found between Maillard products and antibacterial activity. The ultrasound treatment effect on the crystal size, phenols, flavonoid, Maillard products, and antibacterial activity of crystallized honeys were different in each honey.
Unifloral ajwain honey ameliorates differential inhibition of matrix metallop...HaloCantik
Free radicals lead to inflammation, which in turn could intervene several chronic diseases including cancer. The promising scientific finding for anti-cancer properties of honey is an area of great interest.
Objective
The present study was designed to investigate the in vitro biological effects (cytotoxic, and anti-inflammatory through differential inhibition of metalloproteinases and antioxidant) of unifloral Ajwain honey along with its physicochemical properties (pH, moisture, ash content, electrical conductivity, color, protein).
Materials and methods
Three Ajwain honey samples (AJ-1, AJ-2, and AJ-3) were collected from different geographical origins of Western Ghats of India. Melissopalynological analysis was carried out to confirm uniflorality. Physicochemical analysis for ash, moisture content, pH, electrical conductivity, color, and total protein was estimated. Total polyphenol, total flavonoid content, and ferric reducing ability of plasma assay were determined using appropriate methods. The cytotoxic effect was assessed against breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231) by 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and the anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by gelatin zymography of matrix metalloproteinases MMP-2 and MMP-9 proteins.
Honey bee survival mechanisms against the parasiteHaloCantik
The ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor is the most significant pathological threat to the western honey bee, Apis mellifera, leading to the death of most colonies if left untreated. An alternative approach to chemical treatments is to selectively enhance heritable honey bee traits of resistance or tolerance to the mite through breeding programs, or select for naturally surviving untreated colonies. We conducted a literature review of all studies documenting traits of A. mellifera populations either selectively bred or naturally selected for resistance and tolerance to mite parasitism. This allowed us to conduct an analysis of the diversity, distribution and importance of the traits in different honey bee populations that can survive V. destructor globally. In a second analysis, we investigated the genetic bases of these different phenotypes by comparing ’omics studies (genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics) of A. mellifera resistance and tolerance to the parasite. Altogether, this review provides a detailed overview of the current state of the research projects and breeding efforts against the most devastating parasite of A. mellifera. By highlighting the most promising traits of Varroa-surviving bees and our current knowledge on their genetic bases, this work will help direct future research efforts and selection programs to control this pest. Additionally, by comparing the diverse populations of honey bees that exhibit those traits, this review highlights the consequences of anthropogenic and natural selection in the interactions between hosts and parasites.
Graphical abstract
The asteroid impact that killed the dinosaurs could also indirectly form the path of the largest wave ever found on Earth.
A series of comb-like structures more than three stories high and nearly two Eiffel Towers apart appear to be buried about 1,500 feet beneath central Louisiana. The big feature is the megariplet formed by the massive tsunami created by the Chicxulub asteroid impact, the researchers said in a letter to Earth and Planetary Research on Sept. 15.
Psychology has struggled for a century to make sense of the mindneHaloCantik
Crucial details of the Little Albert experiment remain unclear or in dispute, such as who the child was, whether he had any neurological conditions and why the boy was removed from the experiment, possibly by his mother, before the researchers could attempt to reverse his learned fears. Also uncertain is whether he experienced any long-term effects of his experience.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
HOT NEW PRODUCT! BIG SALES FAST SHIPPING NOW FROM CHINA!! EU KU DB BK substit...GL Anaacs
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We specializes in exporting high quality Research chemical, medical intermediate, Pharmaceutical chemicals and so on. Products are exported to USA, Canada, France, Korea, Japan,Russia, Southeast Asia and other countries.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
1. Article
The Investigation of Consumers’ Behavior Intention
in Using Green Skincare Products: A
Pro-Environmental Behavior Model Approach
Jacky Chin 1,2,*, Bernard C. Jiang 1, Ilma Mufidah 1,3, Satria Fadil Persada 4 and
Bustanul Arifin Noer 4
1 Department of Industrial Management, NationalTaiwanUniversityof Science andTechnology, 43,
KeelungRoad, Da’an District, Taipei106, Taiwan;bcjiang@mail.ntust.edu.tw (B.C.J.);
ilma.mufidah1@gmail.com (I.M.)
2 Department of Industrial Engineering, Mercu Buana University, Jakarta 11650, Indonesia
3 Department of Industrial Engineering, Telkom University, Bandung 40257, Indonesia
4 Department of Business Management, Institut Teknologi SepuluhNopember (ITS), Surabaya 60111,
Indonesia;satriafadil@mb.its.ac.id(S.F.P.);bustanul@ie.its.ac.id(B.A.N.)
* Correspondence: d10301801@mail.ntust.edu.tw
Received:4 September 2018;Accepted:25 October 2018;Published:28 October 2018
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Abstract: Increasingenvironmental awareness amongsocieties is motivatingconsumers to use green
cosmetic products. Green skincareproducts arethe fastestgrowing sector in the worldwide market
compared with other green cosmetic products.However, compared with general cosmetic products,
the market shareof green cosmetic products in Indonesia is relatively low.The present research
investigated consumers’ purchasingintentions toward green skincareproducts in Indonesia using
the pro-environmental reasoned action (PERA) model. A total of 251 female consumers participated
in this study. Structural equation modeling was conducted to reveal the relationshipsbetween the
five factors in the PERA model. The results indicated that perceived authority support (PAS) has
a positiveeffect on perceived environmental concern (PEC). PAS and PEC have positiveeffects on
attitude (AT) and subjectivenorms (SN), and AT and SN have positiveeffects on behavioral intention
(BI) to purchasegreen skincareproducts,with the key factor being attitude. The PERA model was
ableto describe62.6% of the BI to purchasegreen skincareproducts.Green skincarecompanies
are recommended to produce more green skincareproducts and market the products by involving
public figures and emphasizingthe green attributes. Furthermore, we recommend that green skincare
companies produce quality and sustainableproducts usingquality processes,and beinvolved in
pro-environmental activity to increaseconsumer attention to the green skincareproducts.
Keywords: behavioral intention;pro-environmental reasoned action;green skincare;CFA; structural
equation modeling(SEM)
1. Introduction Galvanic Spa
Environmental issues haveincreasingly become a part of public concern over the pastfew
decades [1], motivatingconsumers to purchasegreen products.The increasingawareness among
consumers to purchasegreen products has led to increasingattention focused on green consumerism[2].
Accordingto a worldwide survey conducted by Nielsen Company in 2015 [3], the Asia-Pacific
area has the second highest number of consumers who wish for increased availability of green
products in the market. As a consequence, green strategy has become a critical aspectin supporting
business sustainability.Green companies havebecome more important in modern manufacturing[4,5].
However, few companies are capableof implementing green strategy in their organization.Many
Sustainability 2018, 10, 3922;doi:10.3390/su10113922 www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability
Sustainability 2018, 10, 3922 2of15
companies implemented the green concept as piece meal becauseof vague and varyingdefinitions
of “green” that have led to different interpretations among practitioners [4,6].The term “green”
was defined as the “environment need to be partof the consideration for products or services that
will notpollute the earth or deplore natural resources”[7].Considerableeffort is required to be a
truly green company. Companies have to implement environmentally friendly initiatives into their
activities to embrace the opportunities.The term “environmentally friendly”was sourced from social
discourseand is based on the values,attitudes,perceptions, knowledge, and behaviors related to the
environment. The companies that implement environmentally friendly initiatives areableto increase
consumer purchasingintention toward green products and supportthe global trend to protect the
environment [4,8].
2. Accordingto Cheong et al.[9], Indonesia will beone of the top fivecosmetics markets for the
next 10–15 years as a resultof its position as SoutheastAsia’s largesteconomy. Indonesia has a gross
domestic product (GDP) of US$888.5 billion,a population of 250 million,and risingincomes (World
Bank, 2015) [9]. In 2017,the Indonesian GDP growth rate was expected to increaseto 7%. Moreover,
the demand for budget consumer products among Indonesia’s middleclass hasincreased.This has
led to the rapid and consistentgrowth of the demand for cosmetics and personal careproducts.Skin
careis one of the two largestcategories of productsales,accountingfor 20% of the cosmetics market.
Green initiativetrends among companies worldwidehave led to the creation and production of green
cosmetics products to attract consumers.Skincareproducts arebeing transformed to green skincare
products.There is a highlighted demand for green skincareproducts becauseconsumers arebecoming
increasingly concerned aboutbuying ecofriendly products.Green skincareproducts reach the fastest
growing market compared with other green cosmetic products [10–12]. As in many other countries,
green cosmetics in Indonesia areaccountingfor a growing shareof the market. Accordingto a survey
conducted by Euromonitor International in 2015,the market shareof green cosmetics in Indonesia
was increasing[13].However, compared with general cosmetic products,the market shareof green
cosmetic products in Indonesia is relatively low.Green cosmetics aremore expensive, which has led
to fewer customers intendingto buy the products [13]. Moreover, there are fewer green cosmetics
availablein Indonesia Galvanic Spa compared with general cosmetic products. Accordingly,there is
background for
green consumer research in Indonesia with the aimof increasingIndonesian consumer intention to
purchasegreen cosmetics products,and particularly green skincareproducts.The potentially large
market for cosmetic products in Indonesia provides more room for green cosmetics,particularly green
skincareproducts,to attractmore consumers and supportthe need to protect the environment.
Several studies haveaddressed the topic of green cosmetics.Pudaruth et al.investigated
consumer purchasingpatterns of green cosmetics [12]. They used multipleregression and found
that some factors,such as belief of the ethical claims in green messages,brand image, usage
experience, sales representative,and social influences,affected green cosmetics purchasingpatterns.
Hansen et al.[14] combined the theory of reasoned action (TRA) with a value-driven approach and
found that self-transcendence and self-enhancement affect the attitudes toward free-of cosmetics
(cosmetics free from chemicals and other non-natural ingredients).However, in most green cosmetics
research,there is a lack of behavioral research.Behavior influences the consumer purchasingintention
of green skincareproducts.This study examines the consumer behavior and intention to purchase
green cosmetics.The findings of this research serve as a reference for cosmetic companies designing
green cosmetic strategies.
Developed by Ajzen and Fishbein,the TRA delivered a significantfundamental theoretical
model for investigatinghuman behavior [14]. More recently, Postmus [15] identified the factor
influencingconsumers’green buyingbehavior usingthe TRA. One of Postmus’s research subjects
was the green cosmetics company.Corporate green reputation was found to be influenced by
consumer green buying behavior.Researchers have studied the purchasingintention of general
skincareproducts usingtheTRA, which was modified or combined with other theories [16–18].
Sustainability 2018, 10, 3922 3of15
Attitudes, consumer innovativeness,attribute, self-image,and normative influencewere confirmed to
influencethe consumer intention to purchasethe skincareproduct.
Although researchers havemodeled the factors that influenceconsumer purchasingintention for
skin careproducts usingthe TRA, research modeling consumer purchasingintention toward green
skincareproducts usingtheTRA is lacking.Previous studies proved that combiningor extending
the TRA with other theories and factors is critical for obtainingspecific findings and analyzingthe
findings [16–20].This findingwas supported by Askadilla and Krisjanti [21],who mentioned that
manufacturers should focus on environmental issues to market green cosmetics products.According
to Liobikien˙eand Bernatonien˙e [22], the factors that influenceconsumer intention to purchase
green cosmetics are different across differenttypes of green cosmetics.The findings underlined
the importance of research to model consumer intention to purchasegreen skincareproducts.
This study is the firstto apply the newly developed pro-environmental reasoned action (PERA)
model to study consumer purchasingintention of green skincareproducts.The PERA model is a
continuation of the TRA model by addingtwo pro-environmental factors—perceived authority support
(PAS) and perceived environmental concern (PEC)—as its antecedents. Persada and Lin [23] mentioned
that PEC is an “individual feelingconcerningwith any physical activities leadingto pro-environmental
3. consequences” [24]. Accordingto Galvanic Spa Fransson and Gärling[25],every individual has specific
concerns
about the environment. This PERA model was newly developed by Nadlifatin etal.[26] to analyze
eco-label productusage in society. The present study also proposes a new hypothesis that was not
investigated in the previous research of Nadlifatin etal.[26]. More importantly,the research about
green marketing and green consumers has not been highlighted in Indonesia.Room for such research
in Indonesia has been mentioned [27]. This study hypothesizes the relationship of the two additional
pro-environmental factors (PAS and PEC) in the PERA model usinga casestudy from Indonesian
female green skincarecustomers.Overall,themain contribution of this study is validatingthe newly
developed PERA model to analyzefemale Indonesian customers’intentions to purchasegreen skincare
products.In this study, the additional relationship of PAS and PEC is hypothesized, enrichingthe
previous study of Nadlifatin etal.[26]. This study identifies the key factors that influencethe consumer
green skincareproductpurchasingintention usingthe PERA model. This model is suitablefor
pro-environmental behavior, as itcan properly explain the consumers behavior intention. Lastly,this
study provides managerial recommendation to increaseIndonesian femalecustomers’ intentions to
purchasegreen skincareproducts.
Given this context, supportingthe use of green skincareproducts has become necessary,especially
because skincareproducts dominatethe cosmetics market. The importantperspective in the present
research is the consumer’s perspective as the end user. Our research questions were as follows:
1. Can the PERA model be applied to analyzingthe female Indonesian customers’intention to
purchasegreen skincareproducts?
2. What are the factors and key factors that influencethe female Indonesian customers’intention to
purchasegreen skincareproducts?
3. What managerial recommendations can be provided to increasefemale Indonesian customers’
intention to purchasegreen skincareproducts?
To summarize,the present study aimed to answer these research questions by clarifyingthe key
factors of pro-environmental theory of reasoned action (PERA) that influenceconsumer green skincare
product purchasingintention,and to explore the potential relationship within perceived authority
supportand perceived environmental concern.
To address the purposeconstraints,we (1) validated the PERA model for analyzingthefemale
Indonesian customers’intention to purchasegreen skincareproducts and (2) identified the literature
framework in terms of perceived authority supportand perceived environmental concern, and tested
the relationship between PAS and PEC. This research provides the managerial recommendation
for green skincarecompanies to increasetheir consumers’purchasingintention.The rest of this
Sustainability 2018, 10, 3922 4of15
paper is arranged as follows.Section 2 discusses therelated literatureand research model. Several
hypotheses are proposed in this section,includingtheresearch methodology. Section 3 provides the
results,followed by the discussion in Section 4.Section 5 summarizes the research with practical and
theoretical information.
2. Hypothesis Development and Research Model
2.1. Description of Green Cosmetics and Green Skincare
Current environmental issues haveincreased consumer intention to purchasegreen products.
Green products are developed or improved accordingto ecological standards.Green products have
several advantages such as minimizingtheuse of natural resources,they are safer and less toxic,and
they are packaged usingreusablematerial [28–30].As one type of green product, green cosmetics
have gained more attention among consumers. Green cosmetics are made from natural ingredients
without any chemical agents, artificial coloring,or other substances.Green cosmetics areoften called
organic cosmetics [31].There are certain challenges to formulatingorganic cosmetics becauseorganic
cosmetics have to guarantee efficiency,stability,and safety [28].
This study focused on green skincareproducts as a type of green cosmetic product. Skinca re
involves all practices related to enhancingthe skin’s appearanceand relievingskin conditions[32].
Green skincaredoes not use synthetic chemicals [4].All the ingredients in these products aresourced
from botanical sources.Theseproducts are manufactured by preservingthe integrity of the ingredients.
2.2. Theory of Reasoned Action and Pro-Environmental Reasoned Action
The theory of reasoned action (TRA) predicts the intention to perform a behavior based on the
normative belief and attitude of an individual [33,34].The TRA spawned influential research in
the field of social psychology history [35].Haleet al.[36] mentioned that the aimof the TRA is to
4. explain volitional behavior.There are four latent variables in theTRA model: attitude, subjective
norms, intention, and behavior. Several studies modified the useof the TRA model for some
specific applications,includingthis paper.In several studies,the TRA was adapted to environmental
studies (studies related to environmental behavior and pro-environmental research) [14,37,38]. The
pro-environmental reasoned action (PERA) is an extension of the TRA that incorporates environmental
consideration.PERA combines the TRA with two additional factors;namely,perceived authority
support(PAS) and perceived environmental concern (PEC), as seen in Figure 1. As mentioned in
previous research,the organizational reputation of the TRA model has influenced consumer green
buyingbehavior. However, studies that proposemanagerial interpretation in order to understand
consumer purchasingintention toward green skincareproducts arelacking,although managerial
decisions play an importantroleas policy makers for corporatestrategy. Therefore, we also discuss
managerial interpretation of the results of this research.
As mentioned in Persada and Lin [23], perceived authority support (PAS) is the individual
perception toward any individual or organization thatis ableto support, grant, or obstructa person
from performing a specific behavior.In this study, green skincarecompanies havethe authority to
supportor obstruct an individual in protectingthe environment. Companies that have implemented
the green concept have issued policies,programs,or advertisements that supportenvironmental
awareness.The green concepts implemented in the company’s business plan,such as green product
promotion, green marketing, environmental management, and overall greeningof the company, show
the company’s commitment to the environment [6]. Biloslavo and Trnavˇceviˇc [39] mentioned that
the purpose, activities,and materialsof green companies should bein harmony with the natural and
cultural environment. Green companies not only need to be committed to environmental sustainability,
but also need to be committed to financial and social sustainability.Consumers are expected to be
motivated to purchasethe green products through the company’s pro-environmental programs.These
programs motivate the consumer to purchasethe green (skincare) products as a representation of their
Sustainability 2018, 10, 3922 5of15
environmental awareness [26].Under the green concept implemented in the company, the company
and consumers can work together to supportthe environment.
Figure 1. The hypothesized model.
In this study, the perceived authority support(PAS) is the perception of the consumer about any
product, regulation,facility,and supportprovided by the green company that motivates the consumer
to purchasegreen (skincare) products as a representation of their environmental awareness [26].Studies
proved that pro-environmental support from the authority holder positively influences individual
perception to perform specific pro-environmental activities [24,26,40,41].The PAS was confirmed to
positively influencethe PEC in environmental impactassessmentparticipation [42],but not specifically
green skincarepurchasingbehavior.If the company effectively motivates the consumer to purchase
green products, consumers will feel that it is good to use green products.Thus, we proposethat the
PAS positively influences thePEC in terms of green skincarepurchasingbehavior.Accordingly,the
followinghypotheses are proposed:
Hypothesis 1 (H1): Perceived authority support(PAS) has a positiveeffect on the attitude (AT) of purcha sing
green skincareproducts.
Hypothesis 2 (H2): Perceived authority support(PAS) positively affects the subjectivenorms (SN) of
purchasinggreen skincareproducts.
Hypothesis 3 (H3): Perceived authority support(PAS) positively affects the perceived environmental concern
(PEC) of purchasinggreen skincareproducts.
The definitions of environmental concerns vary,rangingfrom the specific attitudes of
pro-environmental behavior, to a more encompassingvalueorientation.Italso ranges fromthe
specific attitudes thatdetermine intention to a more general attitude. Environmental concern expresses
individual self-interesttoward the environment. Accordingly,in this study,the PEC is the consumer’s
feeling about pro-environmental physical activities.Environmental concern is expected to influencethe
individual to perform pro-environmental activities.The consumers with high environmental awareness
tend to purchaseeco-friendly products to show their environmental concern [43]. In this study, the
consumers with high environmental awareness were expected to buy green skincareproducts.Several
studies confirmed the positiveinfluenceof the PEC on individual pro-environmental activities,such
as pro-environmental shares,green energy system adoption, and green product purchasing[44–46].
Accordingly,the followinghypotheses are proposed:
Sustainability 2018, 10, 3922 6of15
5. Hypothesis 4 (H4): Perceived environmental concern (PEC) positively affects the attitude (AT) of purchasing
green skincareproducts.
Hypothesis 5 (H5): Perceived Nu Skin environmental concern (PEC) positively affects the subjectivenorms (SN)
of
purchasinggreen skincareproducts.
Ajzen [47] stated that behavioral intention (BI) is the motivation, the effort of the individual to
perform a behavior that controls whether or not a behavior is performed. Attitude (AT) is the degree to
which a person has a favorableor unfavorableevaluation or appraisal of the behavior in question. The
subjectivenorm (SN) is the perceived social pressureto perform or not perform a behavior.In the TRA,
the strongest predictor of behavior is the intention and the intention is the resultof individual attitude
and normative influence [36]. Several researchers have proven the positiveinfluenceof attitude and
normative belief on pro-environmental behavior [23,48,49].
Hypothesis 6 (H6): Attitude (AT) positively affects the behavioral intention (BI) of purchasinggreen
skincareproducts.
Hypothesis 7 (H7): Subjective norms (SN) positively affects the behavioral intention (BI) of purchasingthe
green skincareproducts.
2.3. Methodology
2.3.1. Participants and Procedure Nu Skin
The green skincareproducts studied were two green skincareproducts fromtwo well -known
cosmetics brands in Indonesia;namely skincareX and skincareY. Both of the two green skincare
products were chosen because of their high potential market sharecompared with other green skincare
products in Indonesia.More importantly,both green skincareproducts havebeen certified by Ecocert
as eco-friendly products.The population of this study was all-femalecustomers of skincareX and
skincareYin Indonesia,in Jakarta and Surabaya.Jakarta and Surabaya arethe two largestcities
in Indonesia,and both cities arelocated on Java Island,which holds 54%(261 million people) of
the Indonesian population.Jakarta and Surabaya,as major citiesin SoutheastAsia,can represent
other developing countries.Non-probability samplingwas used in August 2017 over a period of four
weeks. Purposivesamplingwas used by determining the specific sampleon the basis of relevance
or knowledge (about the green skincareproduct) [50]. The sampleframe of this study was female
customers usingskincareX and skincareYaged 21 to 50 years old. These age limits were chosen
because women older than 20 years old tend to be economically independentand women older than
50 years old tend to spend less on beauty products.
The respondents of this study were consumers of the chosen skincareproducts.The respondents
filled in a questionnairethatwas either an offlineor onlinesurvey.The onlinesurvey was conducted
by providingan onlineform of the questionnaire.The offlinesurvey was provided by administeringa
paper-based questionnaire.Before the questionnaires were distributed,we introduced the concept of
green skincareand conducted initial questions to prospectiverespondents. The question was whether
they recognize green skin careproduct,x or y, and have they ever used one or both of these products.If
they answered “yes” for both questions,then they were allowed to continue to the main questionnaire.
A total of 260 questionnaires weredistributed (nine incomplete answers were removed), so 251 female
respondents participated in this study by fully completing the questionnaire.The high response
rate meant that non-responsebias was not a concern [51]. Next, the common methods bias testwas
conducted usingthe common latent factor in confirmatory factor analysis(CFA) to capture the variance
between all variables [52].There was no significantcommon methods bias in the variablesample.
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2.3.2. Measures of the Construct Nu Skin
The questionnairein this study consisted of two parts. The firstpartof the questionnaireincluded
questions related to respondent demographics,such as types of the skincarefrequently used, age,
marriagestatus,education,job, salary,and monthly budget to purchasegreen skincareproducts.
The second partof the questionnaireincluded PERA-related questions. To test the hypothesis,we
used the followingconstruct:PAS, PEC, AT, SN, BI. Each constructhad three indicators (items).In
total, 15 questions (items) were used in the questionnaire,as shown in Table 1. PAS was evaluated
usingscaleitems adapted from Persada [23] and Nadlifatin et al.[26].PEC was evaluated using
scaleitems adapted from Fransson and Gärling[25].AT was evaluated usingscaleitems adapted
from Turaga [23,25,53–55]. SNs were evaluated usingscaleitems adapted from Hsu et al.[4] and
Trafimow [56]. BI was evaluated usingscaleitems adapted from Hsu et al.[4] and Trafimow [56]. All
constructs were evaluated usinga five-point Likert scalerangingfrom 1 as “strongly disagree” to 5 as
6. “strongly agree”. Before analyzingthe proposed model, the firststep was to test the reliability and
convergent validity of the survey items, and the factor loadingvalues had to exceed the recommended
minimum measurement (0.7) to showthat all itemare an appropriateexplanation for the dimensionality
of the factors [54]. The constructvalidity measures used in this study were item loading,average
varianceextracted (AVE), and composite reliability (CR).Next, the value of the compositereliability
had to exceeded the minimum measurement (0.7) to show that all questionnaireitems passed the
reliability test[54].
Table 1. The questionnaire items regarding the research constructs. PAS—perceivedauthoritysupport;
PEC—perceivedenvironmental concern;AT—attitude; SN—subjective norms;BI—behavioral intention.
Construct Measurement Item
PAS PAS 1 I have hada chance to use greenskincare products through the
pro-environmental policyimplementedin the greencompany.
PAS 2 Green skincare companies give me the freedomto make myowndecisionto use
green skincare products.
PAS 3 I feel that I have the option to use greenskincare products.
PEC PEC 1 Environmental awarenessis influencing me to use greenskincare products.
PEC 2 Environmental awareness makesme want to purchase greenskincare products.
PEC 3
I am veryworriedabout the state of the worldenvironment andwhat that will
mean for myfuture, soI needto protect the environment byusing greenskincare
products.
AT AT 1 For me, using greenskincare products occurs when the manufacturer
appropriatelyimplements their green business.
AT 2 For me, using the greenskincare is wise.
AT 3 For me, using the greenskincare is favorable/enjoyable.
SN SN 1 My familyandclose friends recommendthat I use greenskincare products.
SN 2 My familyandclose friends wouldprefer that I use greenskincare products.
SN 3 My familyandclose friends want me to use green skincare products.
BI BI 1 I am likelyto buygreenskincare products.
BI 2 I will buygreenskincare products as soon as I runout of the skincare products I
am currentlyusing.
BI 3 I will recommend green skincare products to other people.
2.3.3. Statistical Analysis
In this study, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted usingstructural equation
modeling (SEM) to test the validity of the proposed PERA model. The SEM was run usingthe
Sustainability 2018, 10, 3922 8of15
analysisof moment structure (AMOS) software packageIBM®SPSS®AMOS version 22.0.0, Meadville,
PA, USA. The CFA was used to test the model validity (the validity of the relationship between latent
variables).Fivelatent variables (with seven hypothesized relationships) were tested: PAS, PEC, AT,
SN, and BI. In this study, the model reliability was tested usingCronbach’s alpha.The model validity
was assessed by examiningthe overall fitand constructvalidity [57].The overall fitindex used in this
study was X2/df (relativechi-square),comparativefit index (CFI), Tucker Lewis index (TLI), and root
mean squareerror of approximation (RMSEA) [58]. The constructvalidity measures used in this study
were item loading,AVE, and CR. The proposed hypotheses were tested usingthe significanceof the
correlation based on the bootstrap result[26].
3. Results
With regard to age, of the 251 female respondents, the majority were 21–30 years old (76.4%),
followed by 31–40 years old (12.4%) and 41–50 years old (11.2%). The scores of the 251 respondents
were in the range of 3.26 to 4.07, showinga neutral to agreeing response [26]. The model was reliable,
supported by the minimum Cronbach’s alpha scoreof 0.7 [59,60]. The reliability scoreconfirmed the
internal consistency of the measures [42,61,62]. The item loadings wereideal,shown by a scoreabove
0.7, indicatingthehigh loadingof items in the specific construct[57,63,64].All the AVE scores were
acceptable(Table 2), shown by scores above0.5, which indicated the acceptableaverage percentage
of varianceextracted among items of the specific construct[41,57,63].The CR scores were acceptable
(Figure 2), given the scoreabove 0.7 [57]. The CR is a reliability testbased on factor loadingas the
parameter accordingto the constructed formula [26,40,65].
Table 2. Construct validitytest. AVE—average variance extracted;CR—composite reliability.
Factor Item Factor Loading
(_0.7) 1
Cronbach
7. Alpha (_0.7) 1 CR (_0.6) 1 AVE (_0.5) 1
PAS
PAS1 0.760
PAS2 0.831 0.842 0.847 0.650
PAS3 0.825
PEC
PEC1 0.917
PEC2 0.865 0.880 0.886 0.722
PEC3 0.760
AT
AT1 0.705
AT2 0.795 0.790 0.791 0.559
AT3 0.740
SN
SN1 0.827
SN2 0.888 0.905 0.904 0.760
SN3 0.899
BI
BI1 0.838
BI2 0.841 0.895 0.860 0.673
BI3 0.780
1 indicates the requiredvalue[42,61,62].
Sustainability 2018, 10, 3922 9of15
Figure 2. The construct validitymodel result. CR—composite reliability.
The overall fitscores of the model showed good fit(Table 3). All the X2/df, CFI, and TLI scores
were acceptable—below 3, above 0.9, and approaching1,respectively [57].X2/df showed that the
model fit the data [66]. The acceptableCFI and TLI values supportthe high fit improvement compared
with the baselinemodel and the higher normed chi-squarevaluefor the null model compared with the
specified model [57,63,66]. The RMSEA scorebelow 0.08 confirmed that the model not only fits the
sample,but also fits thepopulation [57].
Table 3. Overall fit test. X2 = chi-square, df = degrees of freedom, X2/df = relative/normed
chi-square, CFI = comparative fit index, TLI = Tucker-Lewisindex, and RMSEA= root meansquare
error approximation.
Statistic
Value
The Proposed Model Recommended
1. X2/df 2.096 _3 [57]
2. CFI 0.96 _0.9 [57]
3. TLI 0.95 _0.9 [57]
4. RMSEA 0.066 <0.08 [67]
Table 4 reveals the strength of the direct relationship between constructs.There were seven
significantcorrelationsfound in the PERA model, and the strongest was AT with BI (_ = 0.607,p 0.003),
supportingH6.
Table 4. Significance ofthe correlation result.
Correlation between Factors B P Hypothesis
AT <— PAS 0.308 0.016 ** H1: supported
SN <— PAS 0.298 0.008 *** H2:supported
PEC <— PAS 0.596 0.002 *** H3:supported
AT <— PEC 0.499 0.003 *** H4: supported
SN <— PEC 0.220 0.100 * H5:supported
BI <— AT 0.607 0.003 *** H6: supported
BI <— SN 0.345 0.002 *** H7:supported
* p _ 0.1; **p _ 0.05; ***p _ 0.01.
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4. Discussion
4.1. Statistical Interpretation
The proposed hypotheses of the relationship amongthe latent constructs in the PERA model
were tested. There were seven significantand positivecorrelationsfound in the model. As seen in
Table 4 and Figure 3, the perceived authority support has a positiveand directeffect on attitude,
subjectivenorms, and perceived environmental concern. For H1, the coefficientbetween perceived
authority support and attitude was significantwith a p-value below 0.016. The positiveeffect of
8. perceived authority support on attitude _(PAS!AT = 0.308) showed the degree of influenceperceived by
the consumers’ attitudes. PAS proves the relatively lowinfluenceof green skincarecompanies.For H2,
the coefficientbetween PAS and SN was also significantwith a p-valuebelow 0.008.This showed that
high PAS is strongly associated with SN. The positiveeffect of PAS on SN (_(PAS!SN = 0.298)) highlights
the degree of influenceof the authority holder on social norms.Wesuggest that companies focus more
on green programs and green marketing to promote the benefit of green skincareproducts,and combine
these programs with other factors to enrich their marketing strategy. Green skincarecompanies need
to promote green skincareproducts by involvingpublicfigures and heads of communities to gain
consumer attention. The main hypothesis,which proposed that perceived authority support would
influencethe perceived environmental concern (H3), was successfully supported (Table 3). The path
for H3 was significant(p < 0.002). The positiveeffect of PAS on PEC (_(PAS!PEC = 0.596)) showed the
degree of influenceperceived by the consumer environmental concern. This correlation was nottested
in the previous research of Nadlifatin etal.[26]. The relatively high influencedegree confirms that
green policies and programs initiated by green skincarecompanies areableto increaseconsumer
awareness toward the environment. However, there is still roomfor green skincarecompanies to
increaseconsumers’environmental concern by creatingmore green programs to promote the benefits
of a sustainableenvironment.
Figure 3. The pro-environmental reasonedaction(PERA)model result.
PEC was confirmed to positively influenceattitudes and subjectivenorms (H4 and H5). The
positiveeffect of PEC on AT (_(PEC!AT = 0.499)) shows the degree of influenceon consumer attitude.
The medium influenceshowed that consumers’ environmental concern moderately and positively
affects consumer attitude. This situation has someadvantages for green skincarecompanies because
the consumers’ environmental awareness motivates the consumers to use green skincareproducts.
Thus, the green skincarecompany can try to combine the green attribute of skincareproducts with
other factors in their marketing strategy. As a consequence, consumers with high environmental
awareness will purchasegreen skincareproducts in response.The positiveeffect of PEC on SNs
(_(PEC!SN = 0.22)) showed the degree of influenceon the social norms.PEC had littleinfluenceon
Sustainability 2018, 10, 3922 11 of15
the subjectivenorms, indicatingthatthe environmental awareness of an individual does notalways
affect the environmental awareness of the society. The correlation of PEC on SNs was less significant
compared with other hypothesized correlations.The correlation results indicated thatPEC has more
influenceon the consumers’ attitudes rather than on the consumers’ subjectivenorms. As an impact,
compared with consumer attitude (_(AT!BI = 0.607)), the SNs have lesser influenceon consumer BI to
purchasegreen skincareproducts (_(SN!BI = 0.345)), affected by the indirectinfluenceof the relationship
between PEC and SN. As a result, we suggest that companies issuepolicies and programs,such as
rewards and subsidies,to strengthen the effect of the subjectivenorms on the consumers.
For the lasthypothesis,the coefficient between AT and BI was significant(p < 0.003). The degree of
influenceof AT on BI (_(AT!BI = 0.607)) was the highestof all correlation results in themodel. This value
confirms that the key factor that influences consumers’intention to purchasegreen skincareproducts
is AT.We advisethat improvinggreen promotion strategy can enhance the positiveperception of green
skincareproducts.Finally,thevalidated PERA model in this study had five factors that described
62.6% of the total consumer intention to purchasegreen skincareproducts (R2 = 0.626). The remaining
37.4% might originatebeyond the PERA model. This obtained R2 valueis comparableto previous
research [26]. Based on these results,this study has significantimplicationsfor researchers studying
green products. The study tested the extended PERA model when applied to green skincareproducts
in Indonesia,which represents developingcountries.Next, the results of this study can be useful for
companies manufacturinggreen products in other Southeast Asia countries thathave similar economic
and demographic backgrounds.
4.2. Managerial Interpretation
In this research,we discussed the results of the PERA model and the managerial interpretation.
The resultshows that the PERA model described 62.6% of total consumers’ intention to purchasethe
green skincareproducts.Related to the result, where above 50% indicates a very good value, especially
in terms of intention to buy, is a motivational prefix for the actual purchase.Based on this result,
the management within the company can develop a marketing strategy whilealso encouragingthe
community to carefor the environment. This is in linewith the relationship between PAS and PEC in
this research.
In order to understand consumer purchasingintention toward green skincareproducts from
9. a managerial perspective,which is differentfrom other research,our model shows a significant
relationship between main variables.The model results showPAS has a positiveinfluenceon AT, SN,
and PEC. As an organization,green skincarecompanies should help consumers to be awareof the
environment. Thus, they need to produce a good quality productand use a high quality production
process.Good product quality and quality production createa positivepublic reputation,so that
consumers will trustand use the products. PEC positively influenced AT (_(PEC!AT = 0.499)). This
condition has advantages for personal purchasingpower of green cosmetics becauseenvironmental
concern inspires consumers to buy green products. Cosmetic marketing managers should improve
sales plansto warrantthe quality of green products to customers and improve their green brand image
via the Internet and social media sites,which notonly provides a financial pointof view, but shows
how the company cares about green initiatives.Participatingin several pro-environmental events for
the company is also a good approach.
5. Conclusions
We used the newly developed PERA model for investigatingconsumer BI to purchasegreen
skincareproducts.The PERA model was newly proposed by Nadlifatin etal.[26] and was proven
to be applicableto pro-environmental research regardingconsumers’ intention to use eco-labeled
products.The PERA model is an extension of the TRA that considers PEC and PAS. This study
extended the application of the PERA model. We analyzed the intention of consumers to purchase
green skincareproducts.The results confirmed that PAS positively affects PEC, whilePAS and PEC
Sustainability 2018, 10, 3922 12 of15
have a positiveeffect on AT and SN, and AT and SN have a positiveeffect on the BI to purchasegreen
skincareproducts.This study’s findings reveal thatattitude is the key determinant that predicts the
behavioral intention,as was found by Nadlifatin [26].We recommend that green skincarecompanies
implement some programs and strategies such as emphasizingthe green attributes of the company
and the products that supportenvironmental sustainability.Lastly,we recommend that green skincare
companies be involved in many pro-environmental activities.Theconsumers were expected to intend
to purchasegreen skincareproducts as a representation of their environmental awareness.
This study validated the PERA model for application in the analysisof consumer purchasing
intention toward green skincareproducts.All seven proposed hypotheses were supported. We
developed a method to describethe causality of the positiverelationshipsof AT, SN, and BI, as well as
the connection between PEC and PAS. The PERA model was developed from many studies of green
products,which also supportthe results of this study [16–18]. Thus, this study contributes to the
developing green product literature.By increasingconsumer intention to purchasegreen skincare
products,we will becloser to achieving the goal of a sustainableenvironment. The limitation of this
study is the narrowcoverage of the respondents, as well as the exploration factors.In SEM, the model
that is best supported may depend on samplesize,and some researchers recommended a sample
sizeminimum of 200. Wolf et al.demonstrated that model characteristics,such as samplesizeand
degree of factor determinacy, affect the accuracy of the parameter estimates and model fit statistics[68].
Further research should identify the potential factors outsidethe PERA model, such as motivation and
behavior control,that are responsiblefor the remaining37.4% contribution by involvingrespondents
from a wider scopeand enhancingthe coverage by includingrespondents from several countries.We
also recommend presenting practical implementations of the managerial implicationsin futurestudies.
Author Contributions: B.C.J., S.F.P., and B.A.N. guidedthe manuscript writing, supervisedthe research, and
reviewedthe manuscript. J.C. andI.M. processed andanalyzedthe data, conductedthe literature review, and
wrote the manuscript.
Funding: This researchreceived noexternal funding.
Acknowledgments: The authors would like to thankto Shu-Chiang Lin for initiallyguiding the research, as well
as Ghea Cinantya Puspita for collectingthe data andwriting the initial report.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare noconflict of interest.