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Acne and dark spots may not always be an issue for everyone. We all have different skin types and our skin reacts differently to certain ingredients in our skin care products or to every day routines in general. Overall, many people face skin discolorations on their face and body. Healthline states, “Discolored skin patches are irregular areas where there are changes in skin color. They are a common problem with a wide array of potential causes.” So whenever you see an area that may be lighter than your natural skin tone, this could be a sign of discoloration. Though discolorations may be harmless, like dark spots and hyperpigmentation, discolorations is a sign of excess melanin levels, which helps even out skin tone. So if the skin has unbalanced and excess melanin levels, it creates an uneven skin tone.
You know those pesky dark spots that make your skin tone look all uneven? They’re more than mere freckles; they’re mostly caused by sun exposure and damage over time.
Most people want to maintain a bright, radiant complexion. It is a sign of youth. Unfortunately, as we get older, our skin cells turnover at a slower rate. So, you are left with skin that has a dull appearance. Brightening Peel are designed to give your face a vibrant glow. They are designed to remove skin discoloration and melanin production.
Benefits of Brightening Fruit Peels
-Fruit peels are effective in treating skin concerns on the face, neck, and hands.
-Reduces acne, age spots,dark spots and uneven patches
-Effects of sun exposure are minimized
-Gives an even skin tone
-Minimizes the appearance of fine lines under the eyes and around the mouth caused due to ageing
- Eliminates wrinkles to some extent Other benefits of fruit peels include reinforced collagen production,
-reduction of open pores, elimination of excess surface oil and fights off
-visible signs of aging.
Dr Sachdeva’s Dental, Aesthetic And Implant Institute is one of the leading clinics in Delhi to offer brightening peels to give you a youthful and radiant skin.So hurry up and come book an appointment with us at Ashok Vihar, Delhi which has state of the art clinic and all the latest and advanced equipments.
To book an appointment contact:
Dr. Rajat Sachdeva
Director & Mentor
Dr Sachdeva’s, Dental Aesthetic And Implant Institute
I 101, Ashok Vihar Phase 1, Delhi- 110052
Contact us at
Phone : +919818894041,01142464041
Our Websites:
www.sachdevadentalcare.com
www.dentalimplantindia.co.in
www.dentalclinicindelhi.com
www.dentalcoursesdelhi.com
Facebook- dentalcoursesdelhi
Youtube- drrajatsachdeva
Linkedin- drrajatsachdeva
Slideshare- Dr Rajat Sachdeva
Twitter Page- drrajatsachdeva
Instagram page- surgicalmasterrajat
Shakura treatment provides long lasting and effective pigmentation removalajaykumaar1234
If you are looking for a permanent solution foryour pigmentation and dull skin concerns, the non-invasive and gentle Miroko™ Whitening Treatment is your skin's savior, the non-invasive and completely safe Shakura Miroko™ Whitening Treatment can be your savior. The treatment helps to reduce and prevent pigmentation, and brighten dull skin tones with the help of active ingredients such as Milk Essence and Roselle Extract. It does not involve any invasive or penetrative methods like laser treatment and injections.
Victoria facelift anti-ageing skincare routine for those in their 40sajaykumaar1234
Victoria Facelift's signature Victoria Power-Lift facial therapy uses V-factor. This formulation from the UK contains highly potent antioxidants such as oligopeptide-1 (EGF), which is involved in stimulating epidermal growth and repair, as well as the production of collagen and hyaluronic acid. It also contains Hibiscus Abelmoschus Seed Extract, which protects fibroblast growth factors and promotes collagen production.
Victoria Power-Lift ™ Facial Therapy is suitable for both men and women and does not involve botox, fillers, surgery, or any side effects.
Victoria Facelift's wide range of anti-ageing facial care products is highly acclaimed, providing immediate results while ensuring consumers a complete peace of mind. They can effectively remove crow's feet, forehead lines, laugh lines, sagging skin, double chins, etc.
Taking proper care of your skin, body, and mind is of utmost importance during this challenging period. Due to lack of care and messed-up routine, your skin faces lots of issues. Here are some common skin issues and their suggested solutions.
Dark circles and bags that appear below the eyes and give a tired look, unhealthy, exhausted and you look older. This appears due to skin problem, and reduces the beauty of your face. Don’t get worried, you can regain your youthful eyes by making few simple changes to your lifestyle.
You have probably researched how to say goodbye to dark circles and eye bags, and you would do almost anything to get rid of them. But, unfortunately, even after you have tried tons of expensive treatments, they just come back!
Dark circles under the eyes may look purple, blue, or dark brown — and you may be wondering if this calls for a serious health problem. The answer is no, but many patients feel that dark circles under the eye area make them look tired, older, and unhealthy.
5 skin care mistakes that are making you look olderIrena Brown
It not uncommon for women to have an entire drawer (or two or three) devoted to complexion-enhancing, anti-aging products. But in spite of good intentions, sometimes-simple mistakes or downright forgetfulness can age delicate skin. Nix bad habits and replace them with a few minor adjustments that just might make a world of difference.
It is powerful enough to fight all aging signs on skin. You can expect it to target wrinkles, fine lines, hyper pigmentation, discoloration, dryness, and dullness.
Along with acne and skin aging, enlarged pores are also one skin problem that tops the list. While they are entirely a cosmetic problem, some people find it annoying, and others think they would look better if they had smaller pores.
Pores are tiny openings in the skin that releases oils and sweat. They are also connected to your hair follicles. If your pores appear more prominent, it may be because of acne, increased sebum production, sun damage, and non-comedogenic makeup.
Although you can’t change the size of your pores, here are some ways to help minimize their appearance:
Dealing with wrinkles is a natural part of the aging process - but that does not mean you have to let them take over. You can’t stop time, but there are steps you can take to reduce the appearance of wrinkles, frown lines, and sagging skin.
Plastic surgery is prevalent. However, many people believe that the benefits of undergoing an invasive procedure outweigh the fear of the process and recovery time. The good news is, there is a vast range of great non-invasive skin treatments that can transform your skin without surgery or extensive downtime. Some remedies don’t even require needles!
Here are some of the non-invasive procedures that will take years off of your face:
Improve your skin texture and brightness with miraculous pure hyaluronic acid...Essentialskin
Get ready to improve your skin texture and brightness with our miraculous pure hyaluronic acid serum. We are there to helping women see and trust in their own beauty. Try this organic formula and see magic instantly. To know more you can visit here https://www.essentialskinsolutions.com/
Most of us head straight to our vanity tables for results of various skincare products. Although these skincare products are essential for skin health to cleanse, prevent, repair, and treat, what you eat affects your skin. As scientists learn more about diet and the body, it is increasingly evident that what you eat can significantly contribute to your health and skin aging.
Processed foods or foods high in sugar and fat can cause dry skin, acne, oiliness, and dark under-eye circles. But foods packed full of superfoods and lean, high-quality proteins are best for supporting skin health.
There are many types of acne, but the most common form occurs during the teenage years when young adults experience a dramatic increase in hormone levels. These hormones signal the skin glands to produce more oil. When this oil mixes with dead cells, it can clog pores in the skin and trap bacteria as well. The result is often a raised tissue area characterized by swelling, redness, and pus. These bumps are also known as “pimples, the symptom most commonly associated with acne. there is a scientific proven cure .
Zeta white review everything you need to knowzqlid irro
Suitable for all ages
Ideal for all skin tones and types
Natural and vegan-friendly ingredients
Results in as little as three weeks
Reduces dark spots and sun damage
Visibly brightens and lightens skin
click for best price : https://mixi.mn/?a=198133&c=8698&p=r
Contains papaya and lemon extract to lighten skin
Contains organic ingredients - no chemicals or toxins.
Natural remedy that is a safe alternative to skin bleaching
Results in as little as three weeks
Acne and dark spots may not always be an issue for everyone. We all have different skin types and our skin reacts differently to certain ingredients in our skin care products or to every day routines in general. Overall, many people face skin discolorations on their face and body. Healthline states, “Discolored skin patches are irregular areas where there are changes in skin color. They are a common problem with a wide array of potential causes.” So whenever you see an area that may be lighter than your natural skin tone, this could be a sign of discoloration. Though discolorations may be harmless, like dark spots and hyperpigmentation, discolorations is a sign of excess melanin levels, which helps even out skin tone. So if the skin has unbalanced and excess melanin levels, it creates an uneven skin tone.
You know those pesky dark spots that make your skin tone look all uneven? They’re more than mere freckles; they’re mostly caused by sun exposure and damage over time.
Most people want to maintain a bright, radiant complexion. It is a sign of youth. Unfortunately, as we get older, our skin cells turnover at a slower rate. So, you are left with skin that has a dull appearance. Brightening Peel are designed to give your face a vibrant glow. They are designed to remove skin discoloration and melanin production.
Benefits of Brightening Fruit Peels
-Fruit peels are effective in treating skin concerns on the face, neck, and hands.
-Reduces acne, age spots,dark spots and uneven patches
-Effects of sun exposure are minimized
-Gives an even skin tone
-Minimizes the appearance of fine lines under the eyes and around the mouth caused due to ageing
- Eliminates wrinkles to some extent Other benefits of fruit peels include reinforced collagen production,
-reduction of open pores, elimination of excess surface oil and fights off
-visible signs of aging.
Dr Sachdeva’s Dental, Aesthetic And Implant Institute is one of the leading clinics in Delhi to offer brightening peels to give you a youthful and radiant skin.So hurry up and come book an appointment with us at Ashok Vihar, Delhi which has state of the art clinic and all the latest and advanced equipments.
To book an appointment contact:
Dr. Rajat Sachdeva
Director & Mentor
Dr Sachdeva’s, Dental Aesthetic And Implant Institute
I 101, Ashok Vihar Phase 1, Delhi- 110052
Contact us at
Phone : +919818894041,01142464041
Our Websites:
www.sachdevadentalcare.com
www.dentalimplantindia.co.in
www.dentalclinicindelhi.com
www.dentalcoursesdelhi.com
Facebook- dentalcoursesdelhi
Youtube- drrajatsachdeva
Linkedin- drrajatsachdeva
Slideshare- Dr Rajat Sachdeva
Twitter Page- drrajatsachdeva
Instagram page- surgicalmasterrajat
Shakura treatment provides long lasting and effective pigmentation removalajaykumaar1234
If you are looking for a permanent solution foryour pigmentation and dull skin concerns, the non-invasive and gentle Miroko™ Whitening Treatment is your skin's savior, the non-invasive and completely safe Shakura Miroko™ Whitening Treatment can be your savior. The treatment helps to reduce and prevent pigmentation, and brighten dull skin tones with the help of active ingredients such as Milk Essence and Roselle Extract. It does not involve any invasive or penetrative methods like laser treatment and injections.
Victoria facelift anti-ageing skincare routine for those in their 40sajaykumaar1234
Victoria Facelift's signature Victoria Power-Lift facial therapy uses V-factor. This formulation from the UK contains highly potent antioxidants such as oligopeptide-1 (EGF), which is involved in stimulating epidermal growth and repair, as well as the production of collagen and hyaluronic acid. It also contains Hibiscus Abelmoschus Seed Extract, which protects fibroblast growth factors and promotes collagen production.
Victoria Power-Lift ™ Facial Therapy is suitable for both men and women and does not involve botox, fillers, surgery, or any side effects.
Victoria Facelift's wide range of anti-ageing facial care products is highly acclaimed, providing immediate results while ensuring consumers a complete peace of mind. They can effectively remove crow's feet, forehead lines, laugh lines, sagging skin, double chins, etc.
Taking proper care of your skin, body, and mind is of utmost importance during this challenging period. Due to lack of care and messed-up routine, your skin faces lots of issues. Here are some common skin issues and their suggested solutions.
Dark circles and bags that appear below the eyes and give a tired look, unhealthy, exhausted and you look older. This appears due to skin problem, and reduces the beauty of your face. Don’t get worried, you can regain your youthful eyes by making few simple changes to your lifestyle.
You have probably researched how to say goodbye to dark circles and eye bags, and you would do almost anything to get rid of them. But, unfortunately, even after you have tried tons of expensive treatments, they just come back!
Dark circles under the eyes may look purple, blue, or dark brown — and you may be wondering if this calls for a serious health problem. The answer is no, but many patients feel that dark circles under the eye area make them look tired, older, and unhealthy.
5 skin care mistakes that are making you look olderIrena Brown
It not uncommon for women to have an entire drawer (or two or three) devoted to complexion-enhancing, anti-aging products. But in spite of good intentions, sometimes-simple mistakes or downright forgetfulness can age delicate skin. Nix bad habits and replace them with a few minor adjustments that just might make a world of difference.
It is powerful enough to fight all aging signs on skin. You can expect it to target wrinkles, fine lines, hyper pigmentation, discoloration, dryness, and dullness.
Along with acne and skin aging, enlarged pores are also one skin problem that tops the list. While they are entirely a cosmetic problem, some people find it annoying, and others think they would look better if they had smaller pores.
Pores are tiny openings in the skin that releases oils and sweat. They are also connected to your hair follicles. If your pores appear more prominent, it may be because of acne, increased sebum production, sun damage, and non-comedogenic makeup.
Although you can’t change the size of your pores, here are some ways to help minimize their appearance:
Dealing with wrinkles is a natural part of the aging process - but that does not mean you have to let them take over. You can’t stop time, but there are steps you can take to reduce the appearance of wrinkles, frown lines, and sagging skin.
Plastic surgery is prevalent. However, many people believe that the benefits of undergoing an invasive procedure outweigh the fear of the process and recovery time. The good news is, there is a vast range of great non-invasive skin treatments that can transform your skin without surgery or extensive downtime. Some remedies don’t even require needles!
Here are some of the non-invasive procedures that will take years off of your face:
Improve your skin texture and brightness with miraculous pure hyaluronic acid...Essentialskin
Get ready to improve your skin texture and brightness with our miraculous pure hyaluronic acid serum. We are there to helping women see and trust in their own beauty. Try this organic formula and see magic instantly. To know more you can visit here https://www.essentialskinsolutions.com/
Most of us head straight to our vanity tables for results of various skincare products. Although these skincare products are essential for skin health to cleanse, prevent, repair, and treat, what you eat affects your skin. As scientists learn more about diet and the body, it is increasingly evident that what you eat can significantly contribute to your health and skin aging.
Processed foods or foods high in sugar and fat can cause dry skin, acne, oiliness, and dark under-eye circles. But foods packed full of superfoods and lean, high-quality proteins are best for supporting skin health.
There are many types of acne, but the most common form occurs during the teenage years when young adults experience a dramatic increase in hormone levels. These hormones signal the skin glands to produce more oil. When this oil mixes with dead cells, it can clog pores in the skin and trap bacteria as well. The result is often a raised tissue area characterized by swelling, redness, and pus. These bumps are also known as “pimples, the symptom most commonly associated with acne. there is a scientific proven cure .
Zeta white review everything you need to knowzqlid irro
Suitable for all ages
Ideal for all skin tones and types
Natural and vegan-friendly ingredients
Results in as little as three weeks
Reduces dark spots and sun damage
Visibly brightens and lightens skin
click for best price : https://mixi.mn/?a=198133&c=8698&p=r
Contains papaya and lemon extract to lighten skin
Contains organic ingredients - no chemicals or toxins.
Natural remedy that is a safe alternative to skin bleaching
Results in as little as three weeks
this ppt presentation handles the topic of acne vulgaris which has proven to be a wide epic disease necessitating pharmacologic and non pharmacologic care for best outcomes
Common Skin Problems and their solutions for healthy skin.pdfsamiaamin9
In this file, you will get knowledge about common skin problems and their solutions. Skin sicknesses are conditions that affects your skin. These illnesses might cause rashes, aggravation, irritation or other skin changes. Some skin conditions might be hereditary, while way of life elements might cause others. Skin illness treatment might incorporate meds, creams, or lifestyle changes.
Fair Look lotion Ayurvedic Preparation for Fair and Beautiful skin. Fair Look is an anti marks fairness cream. Used For: Removing Anti marks from your skin, dark spots on face, pimples on face, dark circles under eyes etc... Precaution: Test it on your hand along
with sediment before applying it on your face.
Spending time on the sun may have its benefits, but doing it too much and not wearing protection can be harmful for your skin. Too much and constant UV exposure can cause premature aging, with visible skin damage like wrinkling of the skin and age spots.
If you are looking for professional, high-quality facial products and anti-aging serum, appearance no further than the Tree of Life serum.
Learn more: https://beautycareathome.com/best-cerave-moisturizing-cream-for-face/
It will give you the care that your skin needs to keep it looking earlier, healthier and fresher than ever.
Chemical peels are used to improve and smooth the texture of skin by removing the outermost layer of skin.They can reduce freckles, age spots, dark patches and can give you a nourished and healthy skin.
Various peels can be used according to your requirements like glycolic acid, salicylic acid, lactic acid or carbolic acid.You will need to avoid sun for around 1 month and a little swelling might occur post treatment.They are ideal treatments for people with fair skin but shows good results even in people with dark skin.
Chemical peeling is done at Dr Sachdeva's Dental clinic and Facial aesthetic centre in Delhi. So hurry up and come book an appointment with us at Dr.Sachdeva’s Dental Institute, Ashok Vihar, Delhi which has state of the art clinic and all the latest and advanced equipments.
To book an appointment contact:
Dr. Rajat Sachdeva
Director & Mentor
Dr Sachdeva’s Dental Aesthetic And Implant Institute
I 101, Ashok Vihar Phase 1, Delhi- 110052
Contact us at
Phone : +919818894041,01142464041
Our Websites:
www.sachdevadentalcare.com
www.dentalimplantindia.co.in
www.dentalclinicindelhi.com
www.dentalcoursesdelhi.com
Facebook- dentalcoursesdelhi
Youtube- drrajatsachdeva
Linkedin- drrajatsachdeva
Slideshare- Dr Rajat Sachdeva
Twitter Page- drrajatsachdeva
Instagram page- surgicalmasterrajat
Acne and blackheads treatment and healthy skin with egg yolk …Christopher Dill
When you feel that you are in need of a facial, there is a choice as to where you will go to receive it. A spa experience will give you the most highly trained estheticians who will cleanse your skin, exfoliate it and send you home with the supplies needed to continue the regime at home.
There are many people having other kind of dark (black) spots on the face. Dark spots are also known as freckles, sunspots, age spots etc. and are caused due to excessive exposure of the skin to the sun. Here are best home remedies for dark spots on face.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group of receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a teamof receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a team wwww.lisywomensclinic.co.za/
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
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