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BEHAVIORISM
J>':""-&
University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee
Early forms of psychology assumed that mental life was the
appropri-
ate subject matter for psychology, and introspection was an
appropriate
method to engage that subject matter. In 1913, John B. Watson
proposed
an alternative: classical S–R behaviorism. According to Watson,
behav-
ior was a subject matter in its own right, to be studied by the
obser-
vational methods common to all sciences. Unfortunately, by
around
1930, Watson’s behaviorism had proved inadequate. Many

researchers
and theorists then adopted a view in which various organismic
entities
were inferred to mediate the relation between S and R:
mediational
S–O–R neobehaviorism. This general view has remained
influential,
although the details of the various versions have differed over
the
years. The behavior analysis of B. F. Skinner took an entirely
differ-
ent approach. Particularly important was the study of verbal
behavior.
Although behaviorism is often conventionally defined as an
approach
that seeks to explain behavior without directly appealing to
mental
or cognitive processes, this definition needs considerable
clarification,
especially as it pertains to Skinner’s behavior analysis and his
view of
behaviorism as a philosophy of science.
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>'6#;EE',"$A?;-<&E';-&'E"%&=<%&E'
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3. Behavior: Public and private. 2#=D"$UD'%;AS',&D;H<"-

;#'&H&A=E';-&'
T$,#<@#S'",E&-H;,#&C'A"=';##';-&>'/"%&',&D;H<"-
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,&D;H<"-;#'&H&A=E';-&'?&=&-%<A&?',S'=D&'=""#E'"-'@D;-
;@=&-<E=<@E'"N';A'",W
E&-H&-C'-;=D&-'=D;A',S';AS=D<AU'T&-
=;<A<AU'="'=D&'A;=$-&'"N'=D&'&H&A='<=E&#N'
iM"A;D"&'p'F;#%&-C')XXRj>'4ST<@;##SC'=D&E&'T-
<H;=&',&D;H<"-;#'&H&A=E'U;<A'
=D&<-
'[email protected]=<"A;#'E<UA<N<@;[email protected]&'=D-
"$UD'T$,#<@'-&#;=<"AE>'6"AE&l$&A=#SC'=D&-&'
<E'A"';TT&;#'="';$="A"%"$E'T-<H;=&'&A=<=<&E'N-
"%';A"=D&-'?<%&AE<"A;#'ESEW
=&%';E'@;$E&E'"N',&D;H<"->'V&D;H<"-;#'T-
<[email protected]<T#&E';-&'?&H&#"T&?'=D-"$UD'=D&'
;A;#SE<E'"N'T$,#<@',&D;H<"-';A?'=D&A'$E&?'<A'<A=&-T-
&=;=<"AE'"N'T-<H;=&'N"-%E>'
458 MOORE
F-<H;=&',&D;H<"-'<E'=D&-&N"-&'=D&'-
&@<T<&A='"N';A;#SE&E'"N'T$,#<@',&D;H<"-C'A"='
=D&';$="A"%"$E';A?'<A<=<;=<AU'?"A"-
'="'=D&%>'2E'$E&?'D&-&C'=D<E'E&AE&'"N'
T-<H;@S'<%T#<&E'=D;='<A'=D&'N$=$-&C'T&-
D;TE'Q<=D'=&@DA"#"U<@;#';?H;[email protected]&EC'T-
<W
H;=&',&D;H<"-;#'&H&A=E'%;S',&'%"-&'-
&;?<#S';@@&EE<,#&'="'"=D&-EC',$='&H&A'<N'
=D&S';-&'A"=C'=D&S'-&%;<A'A;=$-;#',&D;H<"-
;#'&H&A=E>'5A'E$%C'T-<H;=&',&D;HW

<"-;#'&H&A=E'i;j';-&'A"='<A';A"=D&-'?<%&AE<"Aq'i,j';-
&'A"=';'A&@&EE;-S';A=&@&?W
&A='"-'%&?<;="-'N"-';'T$,#<@#S'",E&-H;,#&',&D;H<"-
;#'&H&A=q'[email protected]';-&'A&<=D&-'
<A<=<;=<AU'A"-'"-<U<A;=<AU'@;$E&E'"N',&D;H<"-
C';#=D"$UD'=D&S'@;A'T"=&A=<;##S'
@"A=-<,$=&'="'?<[email protected]<%<A;=<H&'@"A=-
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;#'&H&A=E'QD<@D';-&'A"='T$,#<@#S'",E&-HW
;,#&>k'5='?"&E'A"='%&;A'g;A'&f=-&%&';TT-
";@D'=D;='<E'N;A;=<@;##S'-&E=-<@=&?'
="'"A#S'=D&'T$,#<@#S'",E&-H;,#&'<A'"-?&-'="'%&&='@&-
=;<A'@"[email protected]&T=<"AE'"N'QD;='
[email protected]<&[email protected]&'%$E=',&C';A?'-&l$<-
&E'=D&-&N"-&'=D;='&H&-S=D<AU'=D;='<E'A"='T$,#<@#S'
",E&-H;,#&',&'&<=D&-'i;j'<UA"-&?',S',&D;H<"-
;#'[email protected]<&[email protected]&'"-'i,j'=-&;=&?';E';'
=D&"-&=<@;#'@"[email protected]=C'QD<@D'<E'=D&A'"T&-
;=<"A;##S'?&N<A&?'<A'=&-%E'"N'T$,W
#<@#S'",E&-H;,#&'H;-<;,#&E>k'4D&',$#O'"N'=-
;?<=<"A;#'[email protected]"#"US'&%,-;@&E'=D<E'
E&@"A?'%&;A<AUC'D"Q&H&-'<%T#<@<=#S>
4. Opposition to
mentalism.':&A=;#<E%'<E'=D&';TT&;#'="'@;$E&E'"N',&D;H

W
<"-'i&>U>C';@=EC'E=;=&EC'%&@D;A<E%EC'T-
"@&EE&EC'&A=<=<&EC'N;@$#=<&EC'[email protected]=$-
&Ej'
N-"%'"=D&-'?<%&AE<"AE'i&>U>C'A&$-
;#C'%&A=;#C'@"UA<=<H&C'[email protected]<@C'@"[email
protected]&T=$;#C'
%SE=<@;#C'=-
;[email protected]&A?&A=;#j'<A';A'&fT#;A;=<"A'"N',&D;H<"
->'P"Q&H&-C'=D&-&'
<E'A"'#<=&-;#'%&A=;#'?<%&AE<"A'=D;='?<NN&-E'N-
"%';',&D;H<"-;#'?<%&AE<"A>'
6"AE&l$&A=#SC'g%&A=;#'=;#Ok'<A'=-
;?<=<"A;#'[email protected]"#"US'?"&E'A"='"@@$-',&W
@;$E&'"N'=D&';@=$;#'<AN#$&[email protected]&'"N'TD&A"
%&A;'N-"%'=D&'%&A=;#'?<%&AE<"A>'
3;=D&-C'%&A=;#'=;#O'"@@$-E',&@;$E&'"N';'Q<?&'H;-
<&=S'"N'"=D&-'&f=-;A&"$E'
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=;<A'@;E&E'%&A=;#'=;#O'%;S';TT&;-'="',&'H;#<?C'
,$=';AS';TT;-
&A='H;#<?<=S'<E',&@;$E&'=D&'=;#O'E"%&D"Q'=;O&E'<A=
"';@@"$A='
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&#;=<"AE',&=Q&&A',&D;H<"-'
;A?'&AH<-"A%&A=C'T;==&-AE'"N'"AU"<AU',&D;H<"-C'"-
'T-<H;=&',&D;H<"-;#'&H&A=EC'
-;=D&-'=D;A'E"[email protected];##&?'%&A=;#'N;@="-
E'=D;=';-&'-&U;-?&?';E'?<NN&-&A='N-"%',&W
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="'=-;@&'=D&'"-<U<A'"N'=D&'E=;=&EC'<N';AS'<A=&-
A;#'E=;=&'<E'&H&A'-&#&H;A=C',;@O'

="'@"A=;@='Q<=D'=D&'&AH<-
"A%&A=C'[email protected]'=D;='=D&'E=;=&E';-
&'A"='<A?&T&A?&A=C'
;$="A"%"$E'@"A=-<,$=<"AE'"N'=D&'"-U;A<E%'N-
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;#O'&A=;<#E'N;AW
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'&f=-;A&"$E';A?'<--&#&H;A='
-&;E"AEC'[email protected]';E',S',&<AU'T;-='"N'=D&'U&A&-
;#'H<&Q'"N'D$%;A'A;=$-&'=D;='<E'
=;@<=#S';EE$%&?'="',&'=-$&';A?'<E'?&&T#S'<AU-
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'?<%&AE<"A;#'ESE=&%q'i,j'
="';NN"-
?'[email protected]"%T&=&[email protected]&Ck'="',&';'%&?<;
="-C'"-'="',&';'A&@&EE;-S'<A<=<;=<AU'"-'
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;#'&H&A=q'[email protected]'="',&'T;-='
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<AE<@'[email protected]"#"U<@;#'%;O&$T'=D;='?&N<A&E'
D$%;A'A;=$-&q';A?'i?j'="'
-&l$<-&';'?<NN&-&A='%"?&'"N'<Al$<-
S'=D;A'?"&E'T$,#<@#S'",E&-H;,#&',&D;H<"->'
3;?<@;#',&D;H<"-<E=E';-
U$&'=D;='=D&'%&A=;#'=;#O'<E'="',&'-
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=E';==&A=<"A';Q;S'N-"%C';A?'=D&-&N"-&'
459V8P2!5G35/:

<A=&-N&-
&E'Q<=DC'=D&';A;#SE<E'"N'[email protected]=<"A;#'-
&#;=<"AE',&=Q&&A',&D;H<"-';A?'
&AH<-"A%&A=;#'H;-<;,#&E>'5A'T;-=<@$#;-C'N;<#$-
&'="'@"[email protected]&<H&'"N'T-<H;=&'TD&W
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'=D;A'%&A=;#'"T&AE'=D&'?""-'="'=-;?<=<"A;#'?$W
;#<E=<@'@"[email protected]&T=<"AE'"N'=D&'@;$E&E'"N',
&D;H<"-';A?'$#=<%;=&#S';'gA"=D<AU'@;A'
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="'-&E&;[email protected]'D;E',&@"%&'"-
=D"?"f'<A'@"A=&%T"-;-
S'[email protected]"#"US'=D;='E$TT"-=E'
%&A=;#<E=<@';A;#SE&E'"N',&D;H<"->'4D<E'"-
<&A=;=<"A'$E&E'T$,#<@#S'",E&-HW
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'=D&'%&A=;#'@;$E&E'<A'"-?&-'="'
%&&='=D&'T-&E$%&?'-&l$<-
&%&A=E'"N'[email protected]<&[email protected]&';A?'<E'@;
##&?'g%&=D"?"#"U<@;#'
,&D;H<"-<E%>k
5. Selection by consequences.'/&#&@=<"A',S'&AH<-
"A%&A=;#'@"AE&l$&[email protected]&E'
<E'=D&'E<UA<N<@;A='@;$E;#'%"?&C';='=D-
&&'#&H&#E['i;j'TDS#"U&ASs=D&'#&H&#'"N'=D&'
ET&@<&EC'?&;#='Q<=D',S';',&D;H<"-
W;A;#S=<@;##S'<AN"-%&?',&D;H<"-;#'U&A&=<@Eq'
i,j'"A="U&ASs=D&'#&H&#'"N'=D&'<A?<H<?$;#'"-
U;A<E%'?$-<AU'<=E'#<N&=<%&C'?&;#='
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;#s=D&'#&H&#'"N'=D&'@$#=$-&C'?&;#='
Q<=D',S';',&D;H<"-W;A;#S=<@;##S'<AN"-%&?'@$#=$-;#'"-
'E"@<;#';A=D-"T"#"US>

6. Verbal behavior as operant behavior.'!&-,;#',&D;H<"-'<E';'-
&E$#='"N'
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&E&A=;=<"A;#'"-'#"U<@;#'T-"W
@&EE&E'=D;=';-&'&fT#<@<=#S'D&#?'="',&'A"A,&D;H<"-
;#>'ZA"Q#&?U&'@#;<%E'[email protected]'
;E'[email protected]<&A=<N<@'=D&"-
<&E';A?'&fT#;A;=<"AE';-&'H&-,;#'TD&A"%&A;';A?'%;S',&'
;A;#SL&?';E'[email protected]'-;=D&-
'=D;A';E'@"[email protected]=<"AE'D;H<AU';'-&T-
&E&A=;=<"A;#'
"-'#"U<@;#'E=;=$E'=D;='<E'&fT#<@<=#S'A"A,&D;H<"-
;#>'5A?&&?C'="'H<&Q'=D&%';E'
A"A,&D;H<"-
;#'@"[email protected]=<"AE'<E'="';@@&T='%&A=;#<E=<@';
EE$%T=<"AE';,"$='=D&'A;W
=$-&'"N'=D&'T-"@&EE&E';@@"-?<AU'="'QD<@D'D$%;AE';-
&'E;<?'="',&@"%&'OA"Q#W
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=;[email protected]&'"N'
-
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'=D&'[email protected]<&A=<N<@'H&-,;#',&D;H<"-
'=D;='@"AE=<W
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"%'OA"Q#&?U&'@#;<%E>'4D<E'%&A=;#<E=<@'
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<&E';A?'&fT#;A;=<"AE'=D;=';TT&;#'="'
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[email protected]<,&?'<A'?<NN&-&A='=&-%EC';A?'%&;E$-
&?C'<N';=';##C'<A'?<NN&-&A='?<%&AE<"A;#'
ESE=&%EC'<AE=&;?'"N'=D&"-<&E'=D;=';-&'N"-
%;#';A?'&@"A"%<@;#'-&T-&E&A=;=<"AE'
"N'?;=;C'-&[email protected]&?'="';'%<A<%;#'A$%,&-'"N'=&-
%E>'2TT-"T-<;=&#S'N"-%$#;=&?'
[email protected]<&A=<N<@'E=;=&%&A=E';##"Q'<A?<H<?$;
#E'="',&D;H&'&NN&@=<H&#S'Q<=D"$='?<-&@='
"-'T-"#"AU&?'T&-
E"A;#'@"A=;@='Q<=D'=D&'@"?<N<&?'E<=$;=<"AE>
7. Pragmatism.'B<H&A'=D&'T-&@&?<AU'T-
<[email protected]<T#&EC'=D&'<%T"-
=;[email protected]&'"N'
OA"Q#&?U&'@#;<%E'<E'h$?U&?'<A'=&-%E'"N'=D&<-'T-
;U%;=<@'@"A=-<,$=<"A'="'
T-;@=<@;#C'&NN&@=<H&';@=<"A'i&>U>C'T-
&?<@=<"A';A?'@"A=-"#j>'Y"-'&f;%T#&C'=Q"'
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N"[email protected]&%&A='N"$A?'<A'A;=$-&';A?'i,j'="'N"-
%$#;=&'-$#&E'"-'#;QE'=D;='%;O&'<='
$AA&@&EE;-S'="',&'?<-
&@=#S'&fT"E&?'="'=D&'@"A=<AU&[email protected]<&E'="
'E&@$-&'?&E<-&?'

"[email protected]"%&E>'4D&E&'U";#E'@"$#?',&'E;<?'="'#&;
?'<A'=$-A'="'<[email protected]&;E&?'g$A?&-W
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"%"=&E'&NN&@=<H&';@=<"A'Q<=D'
-&ET&@='="'A;=$-&>
8. Social activism.'G$-'@$#=$-&'ED"$#?';@=<H&#S'T-
"%"=&'T-;@=<@&E'=D;='
<[email protected]&;E&'=D&'l$;#<=S'"N'#<N&'N"-
'<=E'@<=<L&AE>'GA&'"N'=D&E&'<E'=D&'-&h&@=<"A'"N'
460 MOORE
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U-
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&f;%T#&C',S'E=-&AU=D&A<AU'-&T&-="<-
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T-&E$%;,#S',&A&N<='<N'T&-E"AE';-&',&==&-'-&;?&-EC'"-
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&'=D-<H&E'QD&A'<='=&;@D&E'<=E'%&%,&-E'
="',&'@"[email protected]&-A&?';,"$='=D&'Q&#N;-
&';A?'$#=<%;=&'E$-H<H;#'"N'=D&'@$#=$-&C'
-;=D&-'=D;A'h$E='=D&<-
'"QA'<%%&?<;=&'Q&##W,&<AU>'^AN"-=$A;=&#SC'=D&'-

;?<W
@;#',&D;H<"-<E='U";#E'-$A'@"$A=&-
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&;='%<E$A?&-E=;A?<AU';A?'
-&E<E=;[email protected]&>
9. Summary.'2'@"%T-
&D&AE<H&'[email protected]<&[email protected]&'"N',&D;H
<"-'<E'@"[email protected]&-A&?'Q<=D';@W
@"$A=<AU'N"-C'T-&?<@=<AUC'@"A=-
"##<AUC'<AN#$&[email protected]<AUC'&fT#;<A<AUC';A?'
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#"@O<AU';--;AU&%&A=E'<E'E<UA<N<@;A=>
Summary and Conclusions

Y"-',&D;H<"-';A;#SE=EC',&D;H<"-
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References
VG35+BC'8>'B>'i)X91j>'A history of experimental
psychology>'+&Q']"-OC'+]['
2TT#&="AW6&A=$-SW6-"N=E>
623+2FC'3>'i)X.(j>'4&E=;,<#<=S';A?'%&;A<AU>'Philosophy
of Science, 3C'R)XdRK)>
623+2FC'3>'i)X.Kj>'4&E=;,<#<=S';A?'%&;A<[email protected]
"A=<A$&?>'Philosophy of
Science, 4C')dR1>
6242+52C'2>'6>C'p'P23+2MC'/>'i8?E>j>'i)Xeej>'The selection
of behavior: The

operant behaviorism of B. F. Skinner: Comments and
controversies.
6;%,-<?U&['6;%,-<?U&'^A<H&-E<=S'F-&EE>
MG+2PG8C'J>C'p'F27:83C'M>'i)XXRj>'Learning and complex
behavior>'+&&?D;%'
P&<UD=EC':2['2##SA';A?'V;@"A>
P8:F87C'6>'B>C'p'GFF8+P85:C'F>'i)XRej>'/=$?<&E'<A'=D&'#
"U<@'"N'&fT#;A;=<"A>'
Philosophy of Science, 115C').9d)K9>
Z2+4G3C'J>'3>'i)X.ej>'4D&'"T&-;=<"A;#'T-
<[email protected]<T#&'<A'=D&'TDSE<@;#';A?'
[email protected]"#"U<@;#'[email protected]<&[email protecte
d]&E>'The Psychological Record, 2C'..0>
Z5:V78C'B>'i)Xe9j>'6"A?<=<"A<AU';A?'#&;-
A<AU>'5A'/>'Z"@D'p'M>'8>'7&;-S'i8?E>jC'
A century of psychology as science'iTT>'0eRd.01j>'+&Q']"-
OC'+]['
:@B-;QWP<##>
:266G3�^GM278C'Z>C'p':88P7C'F>'i)XRej>'GA';'?<E=<[email
protected]=<"A',&=Q&&A'
DST"=D&=<@;#'@"[email protected]=E';A?'<A=&-
H&A<AU'H;-<;,#&E>'Psychological Review,
55C'X9d)1K>
:GG38C'J>'i)XXXj>'GA'=D&'T-
<[email protected]<T#&E'"N',&D;H<"-<E%>'5A'V>'2>'4DS&-
'i8?>jC'
The philosophical foundations of behaviorism'iTT>'R)d(ej>'M"-
?-&@D=C'+7['
Z#$Q&->

:GG38C'J>'i011ej>'Conceptual foundations of radical
behaviorism>'6"-AQ;##W
"AWP$?E"AC'+]['/#";A>
/Z5++83C'V>'Y>'i)XR9j>'4D&'"T&-
;=<"A;#';A;#SE<E'"N'[email protected]"#"U<@;#'=&-%E>'
Psychological Review, 52C'0K1d0KKC'0X)d0XR>
/Z5++83C'V>'Y>'i)XeXj>'Recent issues in the analysis of
behavior>'6"#$%,$EC'
GP[':&--<##>
4G7:2+C'8>'6>'i)XRXj>'M<[email protected]$EE<"A['5A=&--
&#;=<"AED<TE',&=Q&&A'T&[email protected]&T=<"A'
;A?'T&-E"A;#<=S['2'ES%T"E<$%>'Journal of Personality,
18C'Red91>
I24/G+C'J>'V>'i)X).j>'[email protected]"#"US';E'=D&',&D;H<"
-<E='H<&QE'<=>'Psychological
Review, 20,')9ed)KK>'
463V8P2!5G35/:
/=$?S'�$&E=<"AE
' )>'V-<&N#S'?&[email protected]<,&'=D&'@D;-;@=&-
<E=<@E'"N'[email protected]=$-;#<E%C';@@"-?<AU'="'
=D&';-=<@#&>'^E&'=D&'=&-%E'introspection';A?'contents of
consciousness
OA"Q#&?U&;,#S'<A'S"$-';AEQ&->
' 0>'V-<&N#S'?&[email protected]<,&'=D&'@D;-;@=&-
<E=<@E'"N'[email protected]=<"A;#<E%C';@@"-?<AU'="'

=D&';-=<@#&>'
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<"-<E%C';@@"-?<AU'="'=D&';-=<@#&>'Ê&'=D&'=&-
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Sketch4D&[email protected]#U@;#3&@-C01))C()CRRXd.docx

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