Skeletal Keywords
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This document defines key terms related to the skeletal system, including types of bone movements like abduction, adduction, and circumduction. It also defines important bone and joint-related structures like cartilage, ligaments, tendons, and synovial joints. Additionally, it identifies calcium and minerals as vital for healthy bones and lists vertebrae as the bones that make up the spinal column.
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1. Skeletal muscles are made up of bundles of fibers called fascicles that are attached to bones via tendons.
2. Tendons are made of collagen fibers that connect muscles to bones and allow muscles to exert forces to cause movement by pulling on bones.
3. Muscles have an origin attachment point on one bone and an insertion attachment point on another bone. When the muscle contracts, it pulls the insertion bone toward the origin bone.
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Skeletal muscles are divided into three types - skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle. Skeletal muscle is voluntary and controls movement of the skeleton. Cardiac muscle is only found in the heart and contracts spontaneously. Smooth muscle lines organs and blood vessels and produces slow, involuntary contractions. Muscle contraction can be concentric (shortening), eccentric (lengthening), or isometric (static tension).
The skeleton provides structure and protection, allows for locomotion through muscle attachment, stores minerals, and enables senses like hearing. It is composed of cartilage and bone, with cartilage providing flexibility and bone providing rigidity. Joints connect bones and include synovial joints like the knee, fibrous joints with no movement, and
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The document discusses the human locomotor system, which includes bones, joints, muscles, and tendons that work together to allow movement of the body. The locomotor system has several functions - it moves parts of the body like the arms and legs, and some muscles like the heart move automatically. Bones provide structure and protection for organs, while joints connect two or more bones and muscles contract to pull on bones via tendons. The document provides tips for caring for the locomotor system such as warming up before exercise, stretching after, getting enough sleep, eating calcium-rich foods, and avoiding bad posture or heavy lifting.
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This document discusses the skeletal and muscular systems. It describes three types of skeletal systems - endoskeleton, exoskeleton, and hydroskeleton. The skeletal system functions include structure, support, and mobility. The axial skeleton contains 80 bones including the skull, thoracic cage, and vertebrae. The appendicular skeleton has 126 bones located in the limbs. Long bones, girdles, and digits are described. The document also discusses bone formation, joints, and the three types of muscles - smooth, cardiac, and skeletal. It provides details on muscle fiber structure and the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction.
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The document discusses the skeletal and muscular systems of the human body. It provides information about various bones, including that the longest bone is the femur. It notes that the vertebral column protects the spinal cord and that the skeleton's functions are to protect internal organs and allow movement. The document also contains multiple choice questions about bones, joints, and muscles.
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1. Skeletal muscles are made up of bundles of fibers called fascicles that are attached to bones via tendons.
2. Tendons are made of collagen fibers that connect muscles to bones and allow muscles to exert forces to cause movement by pulling on bones.
3. Muscles have an origin attachment point on one bone and an insertion attachment point on another bone. When the muscle contracts, it pulls the insertion bone toward the origin bone.
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The muscular system is made up of three types of muscle tissue: smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and skeletal muscle. Skeletal muscle is attached to bones by tendons and works in pairs of flexor and extensor muscles to move the skeleton. There are two main types of exercise for the muscular system - resistance exercise works against resistance to strengthen muscles while aerobic exercise strengthens the heart and increases endurance. Common muscular injuries include muscle strains from overstretching and tendonitis which is the inflammation of tendons.
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The skeletal system includes bones, joints, cartilages, and ligaments. It is subdivided into the axial skeleton which forms the longitudinal axis of the body, and the appendicular skeleton which includes the bones of the limbs and girdles. Bones have several functions including support, protection, movement, storage, and blood cell formation. There are four classifications of bones based on shape: long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones. The structure of long bones includes a diaphysis, epiphyses, articular cartilage, medullary cavity, and microscopic features like osteons, lacunae, and canaliculi.
Lesson 5 How Does the Skeletal System Work.pdf
The skeletal system is composed of bones, cartilages, ligaments and tissues that perform essential functions. It is divided into the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton includes the skull, backbone, breastbone and ribs and protects delicate organs. The appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the limbs and consists of 126 bones including shoulder bones, collar bones, arm bones, hip bones and leg bones. Bones are living tissues that contain calcium and collagen. They are connected by joints, tendons, ligaments and cartilage which allow different types of movement. Common bone injuries include sprains, fractures and dislocations. Bone diseases and proper bone health are also discussed.
2014 muscular and skeletal system
The document provides an overview of the skeletal and muscular systems. It discusses that the skeletal system includes bones, cartilage, joints, ligaments, and tendons that support, protect, and allow movement of the body. It also notes there are over 200 bones in the adult body. The document also outlines the three types of muscle tissue - skeletal, smooth, and cardiac - and their different functions. In summary, the document provides a high-level introduction to the key components and functions of the skeletal and muscular systems.
muscle11.ppt
The muscular system contains three types of muscle tissue - cardiac, smooth, and skeletal. Skeletal muscle is voluntary and found associated with bones, containing striated, multinucleated cells. Skeletal muscle functions include body movement, posture, and heat production. Muscles have properties of contractibility, excitability, and elasticity. Contractions can be isometric or isotonic, with isotonic contractions being either concentric to shorten a muscle or eccentric to lengthen it against resistance. Muscle fibers are bundled and innervated by motor neurons. Calcium release triggers cross-bridging between actin and myosin filaments, causing muscle contraction through an energy-requiring cycle.
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There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
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Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
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7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
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Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
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Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
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Skeletal Keywords
- 1. Skeletal System Key Words