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HIV in Children: Preventing Mother-to-Child Transmission
Dr. Laura Guay, the Foundation’s Vice President of Research, also conducted a journalist training today sponsored by the National Press Foundation, teaching reporters about some of the most misunderstood issues concerning HIV and children
Wilm's tumor
Wilms' tumor is a rare, malignant kidney tumor that is most common in children under 5 years old. It makes up about 90% of all kidney tumors diagnosed in children. While the exact cause is unknown, risk factors include family history and certain birth defects. Symptoms can include an abdominal mass, swelling, pain, and high blood pressure. Diagnosis involves imaging tests, blood tests, biopsy and assessing the tumor stage. Treatment involves chemotherapy, surgery to remove the tumor and possibly the kidney, and sometimes radiation therapy. With treatment, about 90% of patients survive at least 5 years.
Prevention and treatment of hiv infection in pregnancy
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HIV IN PREGNANCY
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Down syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of an extra chromosome 21. It causes lifelong intellectual disability and developmental delays. There are three main types of Down syndrome - Trisomy 21, Mosaic Down syndrome, and Translocation Down syndrome. Trisomy 21 accounts for 95% of cases and is caused by abnormal cell division during conception. While Down syndrome cannot be prevented or cured, early intervention programs can help children with Down syndrome develop important skills and abilities. Individuals with Down syndrome also often face increased health risks such as heart defects and dementia. However, with medical advances, the average life expectancy for people with Down syndrome is now over 50 years.
Recommended
HIV in Children: Preventing Mother-to-Child Transmission
Dr. Laura Guay, the Foundation’s Vice President of Research, also conducted a journalist training today sponsored by the National Press Foundation, teaching reporters about some of the most misunderstood issues concerning HIV and children
Wilm's tumor
Wilms' tumor is a rare, malignant kidney tumor that is most common in children under 5 years old. It makes up about 90% of all kidney tumors diagnosed in children. While the exact cause is unknown, risk factors include family history and certain birth defects. Symptoms can include an abdominal mass, swelling, pain, and high blood pressure. Diagnosis involves imaging tests, blood tests, biopsy and assessing the tumor stage. Treatment involves chemotherapy, surgery to remove the tumor and possibly the kidney, and sometimes radiation therapy. With treatment, about 90% of patients survive at least 5 years.
Prevention and treatment of hiv infection in pregnancy
Consolidated guidelines on
the Use of Antiretroviral
Drugs for Treating and
Preventing HIV Infection
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Obs (renal disorders in pregnancy)
The document discusses physiological adaptations and renal disorders that can occur during pregnancy. The kidneys undergo dramatic changes during pregnancy with increases in renal plasma flow, GFR, and creatinine clearance. Asymptomatic bacteriuria occurs in 2-10% of pregnancies and can lead to urinary tract infections. Acute cystitis and pyelonephritis are also discussed. Chronic renal disease can impact both mother and fetus, with risks including preeclampsia and growth restriction. Management involves treatment of infections, blood pressure control, and dialysis if needed to preserve renal function and optimize outcomes.
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This document summarizes guidelines for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV in Ethiopia. It outlines the epidemiology of HIV in women and children, defining MTCT and PMTCT. Risks of MTCT are highest without intervention, ranging from 20-45%. The national PMTCT strategy includes: primary HIV prevention; preventing unintended pregnancies in HIV+ women; preventing transmission from mother to child; and treatment, care and support of women and families. Key components are counseling and testing, antenatal care, labor/delivery care, postpartum care, infant care including ARV prophylaxis, and lifelong ART for eligible mothers. National guidelines have opted for WHO PMTCT
HIV IN PREGNANCY
Lecture on HIV in Pregnancy given to PBL III students at the Cebu Institute of Medicine, sharing HARP statistics for April 2019
Assessment fetal growth
Antenatal diagnosis of fetal growth anomalies including biochemical and sonographic investigations, and subsequent management.
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Down syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of an extra chromosome 21. It causes lifelong intellectual disability and developmental delays. There are three main types of Down syndrome - Trisomy 21, Mosaic Down syndrome, and Translocation Down syndrome. Trisomy 21 accounts for 95% of cases and is caused by abnormal cell division during conception. While Down syndrome cannot be prevented or cured, early intervention programs can help children with Down syndrome develop important skills and abilities. Individuals with Down syndrome also often face increased health risks such as heart defects and dementia. However, with medical advances, the average life expectancy for people with Down syndrome is now over 50 years.
Down syndrome
Down syndrome is a genetic condition where a person has three copies of chromosome 21 instead of the usual two. This extra genetic material causes developmental delays and other issues. Down syndrome can range from mild to severe depending on the individual. Over 90% of Down syndrome cases are caused by trisomy 21, where there are three copies of chromosome 21. Physical signs include a flattened nose, small ears and mouth, upward slanting eyes, and short hands and fingers. The risk of having a child with Down syndrome increases with the mother's age. Complications can include heart defects, leukemia, and early-onset Alzheimer's disease.
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This document discusses gestational diabetes and gestational hypertension. It begins by defining the two conditions and describing their pathophysiology. It then covers screening and diagnosis of gestational diabetes, including risk factors, diagnostic testing guidelines from different organizations, and treatment targets. Treatment involves nutritional therapy, glucose monitoring, and insulin if needed to control blood glucose levels and prevent complications.
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This document discusses gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). It defines GDM as carbohydrate intolerance that is recognized or begins during pregnancy. The document discusses the types, risk factors, pathophysiology, screening recommendations, and classifications of diabetes in pregnancy according to White's groups. It notes that GDM occurs in about 7% of pregnancies globally and prevalence varies between racial/ethnic groups and countries. Screening is recommended between 24-28 weeks of gestation using a 75g oral glucose tolerance test.
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This document provides information on diabetes including definitions, epidemiology, diagnosis, etiologic classifications, physiology, presentation, investigations, management, treatment, insulin types, and special considerations for pediatric diabetes. It defines diabetes as a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia caused by insulin deficiency or resistance. Key points include that type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition resulting in absolute insulin deficiency, while type 2 involves insulin resistance with relative deficiency. Diagnosis requires hyperglycemic symptoms and blood glucose criteria. Management involves a multidisciplinary team, medical treatment including insulin administration and nutrition management, and screening for acute and long-term complications.
Antenatal assesment of featl well being
The document discusses various methods for assessing fetal well-being during pregnancy, including clinical evaluation, biochemical tests, and biophysical tests. Clinical evaluation involves monitoring the mother's weight, blood pressure, fetal growth and movement. Biophysical tests examine the fetus's heart rate and movement patterns in response to stimuli. These include the non-stress test (NST), biophysical profile (BPP), and contraction stress test. Ultrasound evaluates fetal anatomy and growth, while Doppler ultrasound assesses blood flow in vessels. Together these tools provide information on the fetus's health and help guide management to improve birth outcomes.
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This lecture describes the approach to screening, diagnosis and management of HIV and TB infection among pregnant patients. Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV infection mainly based on the Philippine Obstetrical and Gynecological Society Clinical Practice Recommendations.
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A baby was born to an epileptic mother who had taken phenytoin until 10 weeks of pregnancy. The baby exhibited multiple congenital anomalies including a short neck, slanted eyes, depressed nasal bridge, and nail and digit hypoplasia. Based on the maternal history and features of the newborn, the baby was diagnosed with fetal hydantoin syndrome. Fetal hydantoin syndrome is characterized by a pattern of abnormalities caused by exposure to hydantoin anti-epileptic drugs in utero. The case report discusses the potential teratogenic effects of hydantoin and importance of counseling women of reproductive age taking anti-epileptics.
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- Diabetic patients should be categorized into very high, high, or moderate/low risk groups based on their health conditions and diabetes control to determine if fasting is safe.
- Those at very high or high risk of complications from fasting, such as those with severe diabetes or other health issues, should not fast during Ramadan. Others may fast with proper education, medical guidance, and glucose monitoring.
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Acute glomerulonephritis is an acute inflammation of the renal glomeruli characterized by sudden onset of oliguria, hematuria, hypertension and edema. It is commonly caused by a streptococcal infection and results in the deposition of immune complexes in the glomeruli. On pathology, glomeruli appear enlarged and infiltrated by polymorphs with epithelial crescents. Immunofluorescence shows "lumpy-bumpy" deposits of immunoglobulin and complement. Management involves controlling hypertension and edema with diuretics, treating any underlying infection, and managing complications such as acute renal failure. The prognosis is generally good with complete recovery in most cases.
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Infections during pregnancy can harm the fetus if they are transmitted vertically. Certain infections like HIV, HBV, CMV, rubella, and toxoplasmosis pose particular risks. It is important for pregnant women to be screened for these infections. Clinical microbiology services play an important role in diagnosing infections and informing physicians about test implications. Proper specimen collection and interpretation of results are crucial. Bacterial infections like urinary tract infections and group B streptococcal infection also require screening and treatment to prevent complications.
Heart disease in pregnancy
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Approach to a child with failure to thrive
This document discusses failure to thrive (FTT) in children. It defines FTT as inadequate physical growth compared to peers. FTT can be caused by inadequate calorie intake, absorption, increased needs, or utilization. It affects 5-10% of young children. Causes include psychosocial factors, infections, gastrointestinal issues, and neurological problems. Evaluation of a child with FTT involves medical history, physical exam, lab tests, and assessing nutrition. Treatment focuses on improving the child's diet and development stimulation, caregiver skills, and treating any underlying medical issues. Regular follow up is also important.
Gdm drnur ho
This document discusses gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). It defines GDM as glucose intolerance that begins during pregnancy and usually disappears after delivery. Risk factors for GDM include family history of diabetes, obesity, and previous GDM. Women at high risk should be screened between 16-18 weeks of pregnancy using a glucose challenge test, and all pregnant women should be screened between 24-28 weeks. Diagnosis is made if two or more values on an oral glucose tolerance test are abnormal. Management involves medical nutrition therapy, blood glucose monitoring, and possibly insulin therapy to control blood sugar levels and minimize risks to both mother and baby.
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Down syndrome
Down syndrome is a genetic condition where a person has three copies of chromosome 21 instead of the usual two. This extra genetic material causes developmental delays and other issues. Down syndrome can range from mild to severe depending on the individual. Over 90% of Down syndrome cases are caused by trisomy 21, where there are three copies of chromosome 21. Physical signs include a flattened nose, small ears and mouth, upward slanting eyes, and short hands and fingers. The risk of having a child with Down syndrome increases with the mother's age. Complications can include heart defects, leukemia, and early-onset Alzheimer's disease.
Gestational Diabetes & Gestational HTN
This document discusses gestational diabetes and gestational hypertension. It begins by defining the two conditions and describing their pathophysiology. It then covers screening and diagnosis of gestational diabetes, including risk factors, diagnostic testing guidelines from different organizations, and treatment targets. Treatment involves nutritional therapy, glucose monitoring, and insulin if needed to control blood glucose levels and prevent complications.
Gestational diabetes mellitus by sushant
This document discusses gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). It defines GDM as carbohydrate intolerance that is recognized or begins during pregnancy. The document discusses the types, risk factors, pathophysiology, screening recommendations, and classifications of diabetes in pregnancy according to White's groups. It notes that GDM occurs in about 7% of pregnancies globally and prevalence varies between racial/ethnic groups and countries. Screening is recommended between 24-28 weeks of gestation using a 75g oral glucose tolerance test.
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This document provides information on diabetes including definitions, epidemiology, diagnosis, etiologic classifications, physiology, presentation, investigations, management, treatment, insulin types, and special considerations for pediatric diabetes. It defines diabetes as a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia caused by insulin deficiency or resistance. Key points include that type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition resulting in absolute insulin deficiency, while type 2 involves insulin resistance with relative deficiency. Diagnosis requires hyperglycemic symptoms and blood glucose criteria. Management involves a multidisciplinary team, medical treatment including insulin administration and nutrition management, and screening for acute and long-term complications.
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The document discusses various methods for assessing fetal well-being during pregnancy, including clinical evaluation, biochemical tests, and biophysical tests. Clinical evaluation involves monitoring the mother's weight, blood pressure, fetal growth and movement. Biophysical tests examine the fetus's heart rate and movement patterns in response to stimuli. These include the non-stress test (NST), biophysical profile (BPP), and contraction stress test. Ultrasound evaluates fetal anatomy and growth, while Doppler ultrasound assesses blood flow in vessels. Together these tools provide information on the fetus's health and help guide management to improve birth outcomes.
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This lecture describes the approach to screening, diagnosis and management of HIV and TB infection among pregnant patients. Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV infection mainly based on the Philippine Obstetrical and Gynecological Society Clinical Practice Recommendations.
FETAL HYDANTOIN SYNDROME final
A baby was born to an epileptic mother who had taken phenytoin until 10 weeks of pregnancy. The baby exhibited multiple congenital anomalies including a short neck, slanted eyes, depressed nasal bridge, and nail and digit hypoplasia. Based on the maternal history and features of the newborn, the baby was diagnosed with fetal hydantoin syndrome. Fetal hydantoin syndrome is characterized by a pattern of abnormalities caused by exposure to hydantoin anti-epileptic drugs in utero. The case report discusses the potential teratogenic effects of hydantoin and importance of counseling women of reproductive age taking anti-epileptics.
pediatric lymphomas
This document provides an overview of pediatric lymphomas. It discusses cervical adenopathy concerns, indications for biopsy, staging evaluations, lymphoma classifications including Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, clinical presentations, treatment approaches, and prognostic factors. Key points covered include types of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, characteristics of Burkitt's lymphoma, signs of Hodgkin's disease, and treatment dependent on age, stage and tumor burden.
Fasting with Diabetes by Dr Shahjada Selim
- Fasting during Ramadan presents risks for those with diabetes like hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia due to changes in eating, sleeping, and medication patterns.
- Diabetic patients should be categorized into very high, high, or moderate/low risk groups based on their health conditions and diabetes control to determine if fasting is safe.
- Those at very high or high risk of complications from fasting, such as those with severe diabetes or other health issues, should not fast during Ramadan. Others may fast with proper education, medical guidance, and glucose monitoring.
Acute glomerulonephritis for UGs
Acute glomerulonephritis is an acute inflammation of the renal glomeruli characterized by sudden onset of oliguria, hematuria, hypertension and edema. It is commonly caused by a streptococcal infection and results in the deposition of immune complexes in the glomeruli. On pathology, glomeruli appear enlarged and infiltrated by polymorphs with epithelial crescents. Immunofluorescence shows "lumpy-bumpy" deposits of immunoglobulin and complement. Management involves controlling hypertension and edema with diuretics, treating any underlying infection, and managing complications such as acute renal failure. The prognosis is generally good with complete recovery in most cases.
PMTCT of HIV and MTCT plus
A presentation made to the year five MBChB students of Makerere University College of Health Sciences on the 18th of September 2014.
Precocious puberty
This document discusses precocious puberty in a 3 year old girl. On examination, she had breast enlargement and pubic hair development consistent with Tanner stages B3 and Ph2. Lab tests found elevated LH and FSH. Ultrasound showed enlarged uterus and ovaries. The document then reviews physiology of puberty, Tanner staging of breast and pubic hair development, defines precocious puberty, and discusses causes and treatment options like GnRH agonists or surgery.
Infections in pregnant women
Infections during pregnancy can harm the fetus if they are transmitted vertically. Certain infections like HIV, HBV, CMV, rubella, and toxoplasmosis pose particular risks. It is important for pregnant women to be screened for these infections. Clinical microbiology services play an important role in diagnosing infections and informing physicians about test implications. Proper specimen collection and interpretation of results are crucial. Bacterial infections like urinary tract infections and group B streptococcal infection also require screening and treatment to prevent complications.
Heart disease in pregnancy
Heart disease occurs in approximately 1% of pregnancies and can be caused by rheumatic heart disease, congenital heart defects, or other conditions like ischemic heart disease. Diagnosis involves taking a medical history and performing a physical exam, chest X-ray, electrocardiogram, and echocardiogram. Pregnancy places additional strain on the heart and can exacerbate existing heart conditions or lead to heart failure. Management involves rest, diet, infection prevention, hospitalization if decompensation occurs, and possibly medical treatments like diuretics, beta blockers, or surgical treatments such as cardiac surgery or therapeutic abortion in severe cases. During labor, vaginal delivery is preferred if possible but induction is not recommended if acute heart
Approach to a child with failure to thrive
This document discusses failure to thrive (FTT) in children. It defines FTT as inadequate physical growth compared to peers. FTT can be caused by inadequate calorie intake, absorption, increased needs, or utilization. It affects 5-10% of young children. Causes include psychosocial factors, infections, gastrointestinal issues, and neurological problems. Evaluation of a child with FTT involves medical history, physical exam, lab tests, and assessing nutrition. Treatment focuses on improving the child's diet and development stimulation, caregiver skills, and treating any underlying medical issues. Regular follow up is also important.
Gdm drnur ho
This document discusses gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). It defines GDM as glucose intolerance that begins during pregnancy and usually disappears after delivery. Risk factors for GDM include family history of diabetes, obesity, and previous GDM. Women at high risk should be screened between 16-18 weeks of pregnancy using a glucose challenge test, and all pregnant women should be screened between 24-28 weeks. Diagnosis is made if two or more values on an oral glucose tolerance test are abnormal. Management involves medical nutrition therapy, blood glucose monitoring, and possibly insulin therapy to control blood sugar levels and minimize risks to both mother and baby.
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سكري الحمل
- 1. مرض السكري أثناء الحمل وكيفية التعامل معه
- 4. الأعراض
- 5. المضاعفات
- 6. كيف تتعاملين مع سكري الحمل أول ا
- 7. ثاني ا