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Sinus and Fistula Definition Types Etiology Investigation Treatment
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Sinus and fistula
a basic and concise description of one of the most common clinical condition we encounter in our daily practice. this info has been gathered from several sources. feel free to point out any mistakes. :)
Cold abscess
1) Cold abscesses are collections of pus that develop slowly without signs of inflammation and are usually caused by tuberculosis infection elsewhere in the body, commonly the lymph nodes or bones.
2) They form via a pathological process where the tuberculosis bacteria are phagocytosed by immune cells, forming granulomas with caseous necrosis that can break down and track along tissue planes, appearing as painless swellings distant from the original infection site.
3) Diagnosis involves tuberculin skin testing, biopsy or aspiration of the abscess, and radiological imaging like ultrasound or CT scan may help locate the abscess. Treatment consists of anti-tuberculosis drugs alongside drainage of palpable abscesses.
Surgery thyroid
Goiter refers to an enlargement of the thyroid gland. It can be caused by various factors including iodine deficiency, autoimmune thyroid conditions, drugs, radiation exposure, and unusual dietary habits. Goiters are classified as toxic or non-toxic and can be diffuse, multinodular, or nodular. Clinical examination involves inspection of the neck to evaluate size, shape, surface, borders, and movement with swallowing. Palpation is used to assess temperature, consistency, mobility, and presence of thyroid toxicity. Investigations may include blood tests, imaging, and fine needle aspiration biopsy to diagnose the cause of the goiter. Treatment options depend on the underlying pathology but may involve surgery, medication, or radioactive
Salivary gland tumors
This document provides information on tumors of the salivary glands. It discusses the anatomy and histology of salivary glands, classification of salivary gland tumors, and specifics on certain tumor types including pleomorphic adenoma and Warthin's tumor. Pleomorphic adenoma is the most common benign salivary gland tumor, characterized by epithelial and mesenchymal differentiation. Warthin's tumor commonly occurs bilaterally in the parotid glands of older smoking males. The document covers epidemiology, etiology, histogenesis, clinical features, investigation, pathology and treatment of various salivary gland tumors.
Ameloblastoma
1) Ameloblastoma is a benign, locally invasive odontogenic tumor of enamel organ-type tissue that is the second most common odontogenic tumor.
2) It typically presents as a painless swelling in the mandible and is classified based on histological and clinical features into subtypes including follicular, plexiform, unicystic, and peripheral ameloblastoma.
3) Treatment involves surgical resection such as segmental resection for large tumors due to the high recurrence risk with more conservative treatments like curettage or enucleation.
Swelling - Examination
Examination of Swelling in a patient is always a task for MBBS students. This PPT provides the students, how to elicit a history & also the easy way to examine a swelling.
Infective endocarditis
Infective endocarditis is a microbial infection of the heart that has proven difficult to treat as its incidence and mortality have not decreased in recent decades despite medical advances. It presents in various forms depending on factors like the microorganism, underlying heart condition, and patient characteristics. Guidelines are often based on expert opinion due to the low incidence of the disease and lack of randomized trials.
Cystic hygroma
Cystic hygroma (CH), also known as cystic lymphangioma, is a benign cystic lesion of the lymphatic system that most commonly affects the head and neck region in children. It presents as soft, painless masses of cysts and can cause complications if it impinges on surrounding structures. Treatment involves complete surgical excision when possible, though this is not always feasible due to the involvement of critical structures. Other options include sclerotherapy or watchful waiting for asymptomatic cases. CH is associated with genetic conditions like Down syndrome and its cause involves abnormalities in lymphatic development and connections.
Recommended
Sinus and fistula
a basic and concise description of one of the most common clinical condition we encounter in our daily practice. this info has been gathered from several sources. feel free to point out any mistakes. :)
Cold abscess
1) Cold abscesses are collections of pus that develop slowly without signs of inflammation and are usually caused by tuberculosis infection elsewhere in the body, commonly the lymph nodes or bones.
2) They form via a pathological process where the tuberculosis bacteria are phagocytosed by immune cells, forming granulomas with caseous necrosis that can break down and track along tissue planes, appearing as painless swellings distant from the original infection site.
3) Diagnosis involves tuberculin skin testing, biopsy or aspiration of the abscess, and radiological imaging like ultrasound or CT scan may help locate the abscess. Treatment consists of anti-tuberculosis drugs alongside drainage of palpable abscesses.
Surgery thyroid
Goiter refers to an enlargement of the thyroid gland. It can be caused by various factors including iodine deficiency, autoimmune thyroid conditions, drugs, radiation exposure, and unusual dietary habits. Goiters are classified as toxic or non-toxic and can be diffuse, multinodular, or nodular. Clinical examination involves inspection of the neck to evaluate size, shape, surface, borders, and movement with swallowing. Palpation is used to assess temperature, consistency, mobility, and presence of thyroid toxicity. Investigations may include blood tests, imaging, and fine needle aspiration biopsy to diagnose the cause of the goiter. Treatment options depend on the underlying pathology but may involve surgery, medication, or radioactive
Salivary gland tumors
This document provides information on tumors of the salivary glands. It discusses the anatomy and histology of salivary glands, classification of salivary gland tumors, and specifics on certain tumor types including pleomorphic adenoma and Warthin's tumor. Pleomorphic adenoma is the most common benign salivary gland tumor, characterized by epithelial and mesenchymal differentiation. Warthin's tumor commonly occurs bilaterally in the parotid glands of older smoking males. The document covers epidemiology, etiology, histogenesis, clinical features, investigation, pathology and treatment of various salivary gland tumors.
Ameloblastoma
1) Ameloblastoma is a benign, locally invasive odontogenic tumor of enamel organ-type tissue that is the second most common odontogenic tumor.
2) It typically presents as a painless swelling in the mandible and is classified based on histological and clinical features into subtypes including follicular, plexiform, unicystic, and peripheral ameloblastoma.
3) Treatment involves surgical resection such as segmental resection for large tumors due to the high recurrence risk with more conservative treatments like curettage or enucleation.
Swelling - Examination
Examination of Swelling in a patient is always a task for MBBS students. This PPT provides the students, how to elicit a history & also the easy way to examine a swelling.
Infective endocarditis
Infective endocarditis is a microbial infection of the heart that has proven difficult to treat as its incidence and mortality have not decreased in recent decades despite medical advances. It presents in various forms depending on factors like the microorganism, underlying heart condition, and patient characteristics. Guidelines are often based on expert opinion due to the low incidence of the disease and lack of randomized trials.
Cystic hygroma
Cystic hygroma (CH), also known as cystic lymphangioma, is a benign cystic lesion of the lymphatic system that most commonly affects the head and neck region in children. It presents as soft, painless masses of cysts and can cause complications if it impinges on surrounding structures. Treatment involves complete surgical excision when possible, though this is not always feasible due to the involvement of critical structures. Other options include sclerotherapy or watchful waiting for asymptomatic cases. CH is associated with genetic conditions like Down syndrome and its cause involves abnormalities in lymphatic development and connections.
Multi nodular goitre (MNG)
seminar presentation on multinodular goitre
Ref: Bailey and love's short practice of surgery
SRB Manual of surgery
Osteomyelitis of jaws dikiohs
This document discusses osteomyelitis of the jaws, including predisposing factors, pathogenesis, classification, clinical presentation, radiographic features, and management. It notes that osteomyelitis typically occurs due to spread of an odontogenic infection or trauma. Predisposing factors include age, immunosuppression, drugs, local factors like osteoporosis, and malnutrition. Management involves both medical approaches like antibiotics and surgical approaches like incision and drainage, debridement, and sequestrectomy. The document also discusses a recent study finding that pentoxifylline and tocopherol used as an adjunct for more than 3 months can help increase bone density and decrease inflammation in osteomyelitis.
Angular chilitis
Angular cheilitis is a condition that causes red, swollen patches in the corners of the lips. It can be caused by infections like yeast or bacteria, nutritional deficiencies like iron or vitamin B, allergic reactions, or underlying conditions that cause dry mouth. Symptoms include red, cracked, painful skin at the corners of the mouth. Diagnosis involves examining the lesions and testing for infections or nutritional problems. Treatment focuses on treating any infections with antifungals or antibiotics, addressing nutritional deficiencies, using moisturizers, and treating underlying causes like dry mouth.
Mucocele and Renula
Mucocele and ranula are lesions caused by the extravasation of mucus from salivary glands into surrounding tissues. Mucoceles are commonly caused by trauma that severs or obstructs salivary ducts, allowing mucus to pool in surrounding tissues. Ranulas specifically occur on the floor of the mouth associated with sublingual or submandibular gland ducts. Histologically, they consist of mucus-filled cavities surrounded by granulation tissue and inflammatory cells. Treatment involves complete surgical excision to prevent recurrence.
Osteomyelitis
Osteomyelitis is an inflammatory condition of bone tissue that is typically caused by bacterial infection. It begins in the bone marrow and can spread to involve the cortical bone and periosteum if left untreated. Key factors in its progression include impaired blood flow and immune function. It is classified as either suppurative (characterized by pus formation) or non-suppurative. Suppurative osteomyelitis may be acute or chronic, while non-suppurative types include chronic diffuse sclerosing osteomyelitis and Garre's sclerosing osteomyelitis. Treatment involves long-term antibiotic therapy along with surgical debridement to improve blood supply and support healing.
Salivary glands disorders ii
The document discusses various salivary gland disorders including infections, inflammatory conditions, cysts, tumors and other pathologies. It provides details on:
- Acute and chronic bacterial sialadenitis, most commonly caused by retrograde infection from the mouth. Acute infections more often affect the parotid gland.
- Viral infections like mumps can cause acute non-suppurative sialadenitis. Mumps is spread through droplets and involves the parotid glands.
- Sjögren's syndrome is an autoimmune condition characterized by lymphocytic destruction of exocrine glands causing dry mouth and eyes. Diagnosis involves labial biopsy.
- Common benign sal
Cyst
This document provides an overview of cysts that can occur in the oral and maxillofacial tissues. It defines cysts and discusses their classification, pathogenesis, clinical examination, and specific types such as odontogenic cysts, inflammatory cysts, dentigerous cysts, and odontogenic keratocysts. The pathogenesis involves initiation, cyst formation, and enlargement. Clinical examination includes symptoms, signs, radiographic features, and biopsy for diagnosis. Treatment depends on the type and size of the cyst.
Corrosive esophageal injury
This document describes the case of a 30-year-old male who ingested toilet cleaning acid 6 hours prior. He presented with oropharyngeal pain, increased salivation, dysphagia, and odynophagia, but no chest pain, epigastric pain, vomiting, or hematemesis. Examination found oral and pharyngeal mucosal burns, with normal systemic exam. This case is then used to discuss issues related to the acute management, role of endoscopy, and classification of corrosive injuries.
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1. An aneurysm is an abnormal dilatation of an artery caused by atherosclerosis or trauma that weakens the arterial wall. There are true, false, fusiform, and saccular aneurysms.
2. Mycotic aneurysms are caused by bacterial infections like Staphylococcus aureus. Dissecting aneurysms involve a tear in the arterial intima allowing blood to dissect between the media layers.
3. Cirsoid aneurysms are rare arteriovenous fistulas or malformations usually involving the superficial temporal artery that appear as pulsating swellings. Diagnosis involves Doppler, CT, or angiogram and treatment requires ligation of the feeding artery.
Neck dissection
Elevate the skin flaps superiorly to the level of the ramus of mandible. Identify and protect the external jugular vein.
Surgeon: Okay, elevating the skin flaps now. Carefully dissecting in the plane just deep to the platysma muscle. There's the external jugular vein, I'm protecting that as I elevate the flap. Almost to the level of the ramus now.
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Surgical audit is a process that systematically analyzes surgical care quality against standards to improve patient outcomes. It involves collecting data on parameters like mortality, complications and outcomes and comparing results to peers to identify areas for improvement. The goal is continuous quality improvement through a non-punitive, educational process. Surgical audit has existed for centuries but modern methods began in the early 1900s and involve retrospective review of existing data to guide practice changes.
Simple bone cyst
Simple bone cysts, also known as unicameral bone cysts, are benign bone lesions of unknown cause that typically occur in the metaphysis of long bones like the proximal humerus and femur in children and adolescents. They appear on x-ray as areas of translucency in the bone and often cause pain, swelling or pathological fractures. Treatment involves curettage and bone grafting if the risk of fracture is high or steroid injections if the cyst is small with a low fracture risk.
Cold abscess
This document discusses cold abscesses, which are collections of pus that develop as a result of tuberculosis infection elsewhere in the body, most commonly the lymph nodes or bones. Cold abscesses are called such because they do not present with the typical signs of inflammation. The document outlines the pathogenesis of cold abscesses, their typical locations, clinical features, diagnostic testing including imaging and labs, and treatment approaches including anti-tubercular medications, aspiration or surgical drainage.
Examination of Swelling
This document provides an overview of examining swellings in the head and neck region. It begins with definitions of key terms like swelling, cyst, and lump. It then classifies swellings based on location and etiology. The document outlines the important components of physically examining a swelling, including inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation. It describes the process of taking a patient history. Key investigations that can be performed for swellings are also summarized, including x-rays, ultrasound, biopsy and more. Differential diagnoses and management strategies are also briefly mentioned.
Salivary glands
This document discusses the salivary glands, including their anatomy and common disorders. It describes the major salivary glands - parotid, submandibular and sublingual glands, as well as the 800 minor salivary glands in the oral cavity. Common disorders of the minor salivary glands include cysts and tumors. Inflammatory disorders of the major salivary glands like sialadenitis are also discussed. Specific conditions involving each gland like sialolithiasis of the submandibular gland, ranula of the sublingual gland and Sjogren's syndrome are explained. The document concludes with discussing xerostomia, sialorrhea
Skin grafting
This document discusses skin grafting procedures. It provides a historical overview of skin grafting dating back 3000 years in India. It describes the surgical anatomy of skin and classifications of grafts. The document outlines the pathophysiology of graft take, indications for grafting, preoperative preparation, intraoperative techniques, postoperative management, and potential complications. Skin grafting provides permanent skin replacement and involves harvesting a skin graft, placing it on the recipient site, and securing it until revascularization occurs.
Ludwig's Angina
This document discusses infections of the submandibular space, which is divided into two compartments by the mylohyoid muscle. Dental infections are the most common cause, with roots above or below the mylohyoid muscle leading to sublingual or submaxillary infections, respectively. Symptoms include odynophagia, trismus, and swelling of the submental and submandibular regions. Treatment involves systemic antibiotics, incision and drainage of any abscesses either intraorally or externally, and tracheostomy if the airway is endangered. Complications can arise from spread of infection or airway obstruction.
NECROTISING FASCIITIS- The flesh eating infection
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#surgicaleducator #necrotisingfasciitis #surgicaltutor #babysurgeon #usmle
· Dear Viewers
· Greetings from “Surgical Educator”
· Today in this episode I have discussed about Necrotising Fasciitis- the flesh eating infection
· It is common in immunocompromised patients even after trivial trauma.
· I have discussed about the overview,etiology,types,clinical features,complications and treatment of Necrotising Fasciitis
· I hope this video is interesting and also useful to all of you
· You can watch the video in the following links:
· surgicaleducator.blogspot.com youtube.com/c/surgicaleducator
Thank you for watching the video
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This document summarizes hemangiomas, abnormal growths of blood vessels that can occur in the skin or internal organs. It defines hemangiomas and describes their etiology as usually congenital. The document outlines the types of hemangiomas and their typical clinical features such as color, size, texture. It discusses diagnostic methods like ultrasound, CT and MRI. The summary also covers potential complications like bleeding or infection. Finally, it lists several management approaches that may be used such as self-regression, laser surgery, or corticosteroids.
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Ref: Bailey and love's short practice of surgery
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This document discusses osteomyelitis of the jaws, including predisposing factors, pathogenesis, classification, clinical presentation, radiographic features, and management. It notes that osteomyelitis typically occurs due to spread of an odontogenic infection or trauma. Predisposing factors include age, immunosuppression, drugs, local factors like osteoporosis, and malnutrition. Management involves both medical approaches like antibiotics and surgical approaches like incision and drainage, debridement, and sequestrectomy. The document also discusses a recent study finding that pentoxifylline and tocopherol used as an adjunct for more than 3 months can help increase bone density and decrease inflammation in osteomyelitis.
Angular chilitis
Angular cheilitis is a condition that causes red, swollen patches in the corners of the lips. It can be caused by infections like yeast or bacteria, nutritional deficiencies like iron or vitamin B, allergic reactions, or underlying conditions that cause dry mouth. Symptoms include red, cracked, painful skin at the corners of the mouth. Diagnosis involves examining the lesions and testing for infections or nutritional problems. Treatment focuses on treating any infections with antifungals or antibiotics, addressing nutritional deficiencies, using moisturizers, and treating underlying causes like dry mouth.
Mucocele and Renula
Mucocele and ranula are lesions caused by the extravasation of mucus from salivary glands into surrounding tissues. Mucoceles are commonly caused by trauma that severs or obstructs salivary ducts, allowing mucus to pool in surrounding tissues. Ranulas specifically occur on the floor of the mouth associated with sublingual or submandibular gland ducts. Histologically, they consist of mucus-filled cavities surrounded by granulation tissue and inflammatory cells. Treatment involves complete surgical excision to prevent recurrence.
Osteomyelitis
Osteomyelitis is an inflammatory condition of bone tissue that is typically caused by bacterial infection. It begins in the bone marrow and can spread to involve the cortical bone and periosteum if left untreated. Key factors in its progression include impaired blood flow and immune function. It is classified as either suppurative (characterized by pus formation) or non-suppurative. Suppurative osteomyelitis may be acute or chronic, while non-suppurative types include chronic diffuse sclerosing osteomyelitis and Garre's sclerosing osteomyelitis. Treatment involves long-term antibiotic therapy along with surgical debridement to improve blood supply and support healing.
Salivary glands disorders ii
The document discusses various salivary gland disorders including infections, inflammatory conditions, cysts, tumors and other pathologies. It provides details on:
- Acute and chronic bacterial sialadenitis, most commonly caused by retrograde infection from the mouth. Acute infections more often affect the parotid gland.
- Viral infections like mumps can cause acute non-suppurative sialadenitis. Mumps is spread through droplets and involves the parotid glands.
- Sjögren's syndrome is an autoimmune condition characterized by lymphocytic destruction of exocrine glands causing dry mouth and eyes. Diagnosis involves labial biopsy.
- Common benign sal
Cyst
This document provides an overview of cysts that can occur in the oral and maxillofacial tissues. It defines cysts and discusses their classification, pathogenesis, clinical examination, and specific types such as odontogenic cysts, inflammatory cysts, dentigerous cysts, and odontogenic keratocysts. The pathogenesis involves initiation, cyst formation, and enlargement. Clinical examination includes symptoms, signs, radiographic features, and biopsy for diagnosis. Treatment depends on the type and size of the cyst.
Corrosive esophageal injury
This document describes the case of a 30-year-old male who ingested toilet cleaning acid 6 hours prior. He presented with oropharyngeal pain, increased salivation, dysphagia, and odynophagia, but no chest pain, epigastric pain, vomiting, or hematemesis. Examination found oral and pharyngeal mucosal burns, with normal systemic exam. This case is then used to discuss issues related to the acute management, role of endoscopy, and classification of corrosive injuries.
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1. An aneurysm is an abnormal dilatation of an artery caused by atherosclerosis or trauma that weakens the arterial wall. There are true, false, fusiform, and saccular aneurysms.
2. Mycotic aneurysms are caused by bacterial infections like Staphylococcus aureus. Dissecting aneurysms involve a tear in the arterial intima allowing blood to dissect between the media layers.
3. Cirsoid aneurysms are rare arteriovenous fistulas or malformations usually involving the superficial temporal artery that appear as pulsating swellings. Diagnosis involves Doppler, CT, or angiogram and treatment requires ligation of the feeding artery.
Neck dissection
Elevate the skin flaps superiorly to the level of the ramus of mandible. Identify and protect the external jugular vein.
Surgeon: Okay, elevating the skin flaps now. Carefully dissecting in the plane just deep to the platysma muscle. There's the external jugular vein, I'm protecting that as I elevate the flap. Almost to the level of the ramus now.
Surgical Audit
Surgical audit is a process that systematically analyzes surgical care quality against standards to improve patient outcomes. It involves collecting data on parameters like mortality, complications and outcomes and comparing results to peers to identify areas for improvement. The goal is continuous quality improvement through a non-punitive, educational process. Surgical audit has existed for centuries but modern methods began in the early 1900s and involve retrospective review of existing data to guide practice changes.
Simple bone cyst
Simple bone cysts, also known as unicameral bone cysts, are benign bone lesions of unknown cause that typically occur in the metaphysis of long bones like the proximal humerus and femur in children and adolescents. They appear on x-ray as areas of translucency in the bone and often cause pain, swelling or pathological fractures. Treatment involves curettage and bone grafting if the risk of fracture is high or steroid injections if the cyst is small with a low fracture risk.
Cold abscess
This document discusses cold abscesses, which are collections of pus that develop as a result of tuberculosis infection elsewhere in the body, most commonly the lymph nodes or bones. Cold abscesses are called such because they do not present with the typical signs of inflammation. The document outlines the pathogenesis of cold abscesses, their typical locations, clinical features, diagnostic testing including imaging and labs, and treatment approaches including anti-tubercular medications, aspiration or surgical drainage.
Examination of Swelling
This document provides an overview of examining swellings in the head and neck region. It begins with definitions of key terms like swelling, cyst, and lump. It then classifies swellings based on location and etiology. The document outlines the important components of physically examining a swelling, including inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation. It describes the process of taking a patient history. Key investigations that can be performed for swellings are also summarized, including x-rays, ultrasound, biopsy and more. Differential diagnoses and management strategies are also briefly mentioned.
Salivary glands
This document discusses the salivary glands, including their anatomy and common disorders. It describes the major salivary glands - parotid, submandibular and sublingual glands, as well as the 800 minor salivary glands in the oral cavity. Common disorders of the minor salivary glands include cysts and tumors. Inflammatory disorders of the major salivary glands like sialadenitis are also discussed. Specific conditions involving each gland like sialolithiasis of the submandibular gland, ranula of the sublingual gland and Sjogren's syndrome are explained. The document concludes with discussing xerostomia, sialorrhea
Skin grafting
This document discusses skin grafting procedures. It provides a historical overview of skin grafting dating back 3000 years in India. It describes the surgical anatomy of skin and classifications of grafts. The document outlines the pathophysiology of graft take, indications for grafting, preoperative preparation, intraoperative techniques, postoperative management, and potential complications. Skin grafting provides permanent skin replacement and involves harvesting a skin graft, placing it on the recipient site, and securing it until revascularization occurs.
Ludwig's Angina
This document discusses infections of the submandibular space, which is divided into two compartments by the mylohyoid muscle. Dental infections are the most common cause, with roots above or below the mylohyoid muscle leading to sublingual or submaxillary infections, respectively. Symptoms include odynophagia, trismus, and swelling of the submental and submandibular regions. Treatment involves systemic antibiotics, incision and drainage of any abscesses either intraorally or externally, and tracheostomy if the airway is endangered. Complications can arise from spread of infection or airway obstruction.
NECROTISING FASCIITIS- The flesh eating infection
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#surgicaleducator #necrotisingfasciitis #surgicaltutor #babysurgeon #usmle
· Dear Viewers
· Greetings from “Surgical Educator”
· Today in this episode I have discussed about Necrotising Fasciitis- the flesh eating infection
· It is common in immunocompromised patients even after trivial trauma.
· I have discussed about the overview,etiology,types,clinical features,complications and treatment of Necrotising Fasciitis
· I hope this video is interesting and also useful to all of you
· You can watch the video in the following links:
· surgicaleducator.blogspot.com youtube.com/c/surgicaleducator
Thank you for watching the video
Haemangioma
This document summarizes hemangiomas, abnormal growths of blood vessels that can occur in the skin or internal organs. It defines hemangiomas and describes their etiology as usually congenital. The document outlines the types of hemangiomas and their typical clinical features such as color, size, texture. It discusses diagnostic methods like ultrasound, CT and MRI. The summary also covers potential complications like bleeding or infection. Finally, it lists several management approaches that may be used such as self-regression, laser surgery, or corticosteroids.
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