The document discusses the pros and cons of single GST versus dual GST for India. It argues that dual GST is better suited for India's federal system as it allows both state and central governments to collect tax independently while bringing transparency and simplification of tax compliance. A single GST could undermine states' powers over taxation and is not practical given India's constitution divides taxation powers between central and state governments. While a single GST may seem like a comprehensive model, dual GST would be easier to implement and avoid significant changes to India's fiscal federalism framework.
Balance of Payment Disequilibrium and CausesNeema Gladys
1.Balance of Payment
The balance of payment of a country is a systematic accounting record of all economic transactions during a given period of time between the residents of the country and residents of foreign countries.
2.Componets of BOP
Current Account
It includes imports and exports of goods and services and unilateral transfer of goods and services.
Capital Account
Under this are grouped transactions leading to changes in foreign assets and liabilities of the country.
3. Accounting Treatment of Items (Debit and Credit Items)
Any item which gives rise to a sale of foreign exchange (an inflow) is recorded as a credit item (+) in the accounts e.g. export of goods and services
Any item which gives rise to the purchase of foreign exchange (an outflow) is recorded as a debit item (-) in the accounts e.g imports of goods and services.
4. BOP Disequilibrium
BOP is a double entry accounting record, then apart from errors and omissions, it must always balance.
The BOP deficit or surplus indicate imbalance in the BOP.
This imbalance is interpreted as BOP Disequilibrium.
A country’s balance of payments is said to be in disequilibrium when its autonomous receipts (credits) are not equal to its autonomous payments (debits).
5.BOP Deficit
A deficit or an unfavorable balance exists when the value of autonomous debit items exceeds the value of autonomous credit items.
6. BOP Surplus
A surplus or a favourable balance exists when the value of autonomous credit items exceeds the value of autonomous debit items.
Balance of Payment Disequilibrium and CausesNeema Gladys
1.Balance of Payment
The balance of payment of a country is a systematic accounting record of all economic transactions during a given period of time between the residents of the country and residents of foreign countries.
2.Componets of BOP
Current Account
It includes imports and exports of goods and services and unilateral transfer of goods and services.
Capital Account
Under this are grouped transactions leading to changes in foreign assets and liabilities of the country.
3. Accounting Treatment of Items (Debit and Credit Items)
Any item which gives rise to a sale of foreign exchange (an inflow) is recorded as a credit item (+) in the accounts e.g. export of goods and services
Any item which gives rise to the purchase of foreign exchange (an outflow) is recorded as a debit item (-) in the accounts e.g imports of goods and services.
4. BOP Disequilibrium
BOP is a double entry accounting record, then apart from errors and omissions, it must always balance.
The BOP deficit or surplus indicate imbalance in the BOP.
This imbalance is interpreted as BOP Disequilibrium.
A country’s balance of payments is said to be in disequilibrium when its autonomous receipts (credits) are not equal to its autonomous payments (debits).
5.BOP Deficit
A deficit or an unfavorable balance exists when the value of autonomous debit items exceeds the value of autonomous credit items.
6. BOP Surplus
A surplus or a favourable balance exists when the value of autonomous credit items exceeds the value of autonomous debit items.
The FEMA (1999) or in short FEMA has been introduced as a replacement for earlier Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (FERA)
FEMA came into act on the 1st day of June,2000
49 sections in the Act.
2016 Environmental Advocate Awards
- State of new York State Comptrollers Office
- Congress 3rd District
- State Comptroller
- Nassau Conty Legislature
- Town Of North Hempstead
- State Legislature
The FEMA (1999) or in short FEMA has been introduced as a replacement for earlier Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (FERA)
FEMA came into act on the 1st day of June,2000
49 sections in the Act.
2016 Environmental Advocate Awards
- State of new York State Comptrollers Office
- Congress 3rd District
- State Comptroller
- Nassau Conty Legislature
- Town Of North Hempstead
- State Legislature
Improving waste management practices in shopping centresarthursitwell
Shopping centres are an important part of the Australian culture. This is especially true nowadays, as the ideals of consumerism have appealed to people’s minds through different modern marketing media. But, as more people visit the malls and more businesses build shopping precincts, it’s just logical to expect that the volume of waste will dramatically increase. This undoubtedly poses some hazards to the environment and the people.
Why Cleanliness Matters in Construction Sitesarthursitwell
Construction workers are constantly prone to danger and health hazards due to the heavy duty operations. Because of these risks, occupational safety and health programs are strictly implemented.
Transformative organization and governanceSam Luke
The transformative perspective fundamentally involves a transition in the forming process, from one focused on incremental change to that catalyst oriented towards quantum change.
Traditionally India’s tax regime relied heavily on indirect taxes. Revenue from indirect taxes was the major source of tax revenue till tax reforms were undertaken during nineties. The major argument put forth for heavy reliance on indirect taxes was that the India’s majority of population was poor and thus widening base of direct taxes had inherent limitations. But the Indian system of indirect taxation is characterized by cascading, distorting tax on production of goods and services which leads to hampering productivity and slower economic growth. There are endless taxes in present system few levied by Centre and rest levied by state, to remove this multiplicity of taxes and reducing the burden of the tax payer a simple tax is required and that is Goods and Service Tax (GST). This paper throws an insight into the Goods and Service Tax concept, advantages, disadvantages and international scenario
VARIOUS FORMS OF INCOME TAX ,BASIC KNOWLEDGE OF GST PPT WHICH REQUIRED FOR A STUDENT TO UNDERSTAND DIRECT AND INDIRECT TAXATION.
STUDENTS STUDYING B.COM AND M.COM WILL BE BENEFITED .
Dear Friends,
As we all know that GST has been introduced w.e.f 01/07/2017 and this could be a landmark move. For reference of all, I have attached a brief introduction for your reference.
An article on Role of Company Secretaries in GST Era was published in Souvenir of 43rd National Convention of Institute of Company Secretaries of India. Article was contributed by Team : Lex Bolster Global LLP.
In this file you will find a detailed notes on Goods and Services Tax.
Subscribe to Vision Academy for Video assistance https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCjzpit_cXjdnzER_165mIiw
What website can I sell pi coins securely.DOT TECH
Currently there are no website or exchange that allow buying or selling of pi coins..
But you can still easily sell pi coins, by reselling it to exchanges/crypto whales interested in holding thousands of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell to these crypto whales and holders of pi..
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners and pi merchants stands in between the miners and the exchanges.
How can I sell my pi coins?
Selling pi coins is really easy, but first you need to migrate to mainnet wallet before you can do that. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
Tele-gram.
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins in all Africa Countries.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network for other cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, usdt , Ethereum and other currencies And this is done easily with the help from a pi merchant.
What is a pi merchant ?
Since pi is not launched yet in any exchange. The only way you can sell right now is through merchants.
A verified Pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins from miners and resell them to investors looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins in South Korea profitably.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network coins in South Korea or any other country, by finding a verified pi merchant
What is a verified pi merchant?
Since pi network is not launched yet on any exchange, the only way you can sell pi coins is by selling to a verified pi merchant, and this is because pi network is not launched yet on any exchange and no pre-sale or ico offerings Is done on pi.
Since there is no pre-sale, the only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners. So a pi merchant facilitates these transactions by acting as a bridge for both transactions.
How can i find a pi vendor/merchant?
Well for those who haven't traded with a pi merchant or who don't already have one. I will leave the telegram id of my personal pi merchant who i trade pi with.
Tele gram: @Pi_vendor_247
#pi #sell #nigeria #pinetwork #picoins #sellpi #Nigerian #tradepi #pinetworkcoins #sellmypi
Lecture slide titled Fraud Risk Mitigation, Webinar Lecture Delivered at the Society for West African Internal Audit Practitioners (SWAIAP) on Wednesday, November 8, 2023.
what is the best method to sell pi coins in 2024DOT TECH
The best way to sell your pi coins safely is trading with an exchange..but since pi is not launched in any exchange, and second option is through a VERIFIED pi merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and pioneers and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive amounts before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade pi coins with.
@Pi_vendor_247
Seminar: Gender Board Diversity through Ownership NetworksGRAPE
Seminar on gender diversity spillovers through ownership networks at FAME|GRAPE. Presenting novel research. Studies in economics and management using econometrics methods.
Even tho Pi network is not listed on any exchange yet.
Buying/Selling or investing in pi network coins is highly possible through the help of vendors. You can buy from vendors[ buy directly from the pi network miners and resell it]. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal vendor.
@Pi_vendor_247
how can i use my minded pi coins I need some funds.DOT TECH
If you are interested in selling your pi coins, i have a verified pi merchant, who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
Because the core team has announced that pi network will not be doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges like huobi, bitmart and hotbit can get pi is by buying from miners.
Now a merchant stands in between these exchanges and the miners. As a link to make transactions smooth. Because right now in the enclosed mainnet you can't sell pi coins your self. You need the help of a merchant,
i will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant below. 👇 I and my friends has traded more than 3000pi coins with him successfully.
@Pi_vendor_247
Currently pi network is not tradable on binance or any other exchange because we are still in the enclosed mainnet.
Right now the only way to sell pi coins is by trading with a verified merchant.
What is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone verified by pi network team and allowed to barter pi coins for goods and services.
Since pi network is not doing any pre-sale The only way exchanges like binance/huobi or crypto whales can get pi is by buying from miners. And a merchant stands in between the exchanges and the miners.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant. I and my friends has traded more than 6000pi coins successfully
Tele-gram
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins on Bitmart crypto exchangeDOT TECH
Yes. Pi network coins can be exchanged but not on bitmart exchange. Because pi network is still in the enclosed mainnet. The only way pioneers are able to trade pi coins is by reselling the pi coins to pi verified merchants.
A verified merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell it to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024 - Ricerca sulle Startup e il Sistema dell'Innov...Quotidiano Piemontese
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024
Una ricerca de il Club degli Investitori, in collaborazione con ToTeM Torino Tech Map e con il supporto della ESCP Business School e di Growth Capital
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview.pptxmarketing367770
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview
If you're dreaming of owning a home in California's rural or suburban areas, a USDA loan might be the perfect solution. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) offers these loans to help low-to-moderate-income individuals and families achieve homeownership.
Key Features of USDA Loans:
Zero Down Payment: USDA loans require no down payment, making homeownership more accessible.
Competitive Interest Rates: These loans often come with lower interest rates compared to conventional loans.
Flexible Credit Requirements: USDA loans have more lenient credit score requirements, helping those with less-than-perfect credit.
Guaranteed Loan Program: The USDA guarantees a portion of the loan, reducing risk for lenders and expanding borrowing options.
Eligibility Criteria:
Location: The property must be located in a USDA-designated rural or suburban area. Many areas in California qualify.
Income Limits: Applicants must meet income guidelines, which vary by region and household size.
Primary Residence: The home must be used as the borrower's primary residence.
Application Process:
Find a USDA-Approved Lender: Not all lenders offer USDA loans, so it's essential to choose one approved by the USDA.
Pre-Qualification: Determine your eligibility and the amount you can borrow.
Property Search: Look for properties in eligible rural or suburban areas.
Loan Application: Submit your application, including financial and personal information.
Processing and Approval: The lender and USDA will review your application. If approved, you can proceed to closing.
USDA loans are an excellent option for those looking to buy a home in California's rural and suburban areas. With no down payment and flexible requirements, these loans make homeownership more attainable for many families. Explore your eligibility today and take the first step toward owning your dream home.
how to sell pi coins at high rate quickly.DOT TECH
Where can I sell my pi coins at a high rate.
Pi is not launched yet on any exchange. But one can easily sell his or her pi coins to investors who want to hold pi till mainnet launch.
This means crypto whales want to hold pi. And you can get a good rate for selling pi to them. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor below.
A vendor is someone who buys from a miner and resell it to a holder or crypto whale.
Here is the telegram contact of my vendor:
@Pi_vendor_247
1. Single v/s Dual GST
Single v/s Dual GST- Which is better?
Dual GST or single? That is the question plaguing economists and tax analysts nowadays. With
the GST bill being hotly debated in the Parliament, indirect taxation as a system seems to be
cooling off. But how good is dual GST for the nation? Is it the only alternative? Taxing times are
ahead for the Indian economy if the right mode of this VAT is not adopted. What are the
economic implications of single versus dual GST? In the clash between the two, who emerges
supreme? Let’s find out.
Dual GST is better
1. Simple and transparent tax : Dual GST is the best solution for countries like India because
it will reduce the number of taxes at central and state level. This will also be easy to implement
and create accountability for.
2. Decreasing tax rate : Dual GST will also result in reduction in the effective tax rates for
many goods.
3. Removal of cascading effect of taxes : The implementation of GST will reduce the
cascading effects of the present taxation system
4. Simplified tax compliance : By reducing the transaction costs of taxpayers, dual GST will
bring about simplifiedtax compliance.
5. Increase in the amount of tax collection : Better compliance and a wider tax base will
lead to increased tax collections
6. India is a federal country with disparate states : Dual GST is ideally suitedfor a country
like India to ensure unity through diversity. Single point GST is neither desirable economically
nor practical administratively, because it means central excise duty, sales tax and service tax
will be mergedto be collected as a single tax.
7. Questions about the Constitution : The Constitution of India does not permit the Centre to
be in charge of sales tax and states similarly are not permitte dto levy central excise duty and
service tax. If the Constitution is amended to combine all taxes in 1 list( whether
Union/State/Concurrent), present federal structure will change fundamentally. This is because
the Centre will levy everything if it goes to the Union List and the States would not agree to
this. If this goes to the State List, Centre will protest against loss of fiscal power. Concurrent
list would be even bigger problem with no one being able to control the power of states to
increase taxation rates.
8. Upset fiscal federalism : If dual GST is not adopted and a unifiedGST system is preferred,
this will upset the notion of fiscal federalism which is the fundamental cornerstone of India
polity. Moreover, the fundamental structure of the Constitution cannot be changed through an
amendment. UnifiedGST would therefore go against the spirit of the Constitution
9. Unified GST does not exist in most federal States : With the exception of Australia,
unifiedGST system does not exist in any nation with a federal structure. Countries that have
combined GST are unitary states mostly. Though Canada has a single federal GST, it also has
states sales taxes and Brazil does not follow a pure single GST system either.
2. 10. Who will collect the GST? : This becomes an issue if single point GST is implemented.
States will not allow Centre to be sole tax authority. System will malfunction further if tax
collection services at Union and State level are merged.
11. Dual GST most practical for federal India : As Centre already levies CENVAT and tax
services, CGST will work well with some harmonisation as will SGST with symmetry in a dual
GST system.
12. Easily attainable : The dual GST system is easy to attain in the current structure, given
that India is following an indirect taxation system. Certain amendments may be required, but
on the whole, the transition will be easier.
13. Good balance : The dual GST will strike a good balance between needfor harmonisation
and fiscal autonomy of Centre and States. Both levels of Government will be able to apply taxes
to goods and services at various points in the supply chain.
14. Least changes, most benefits : Dual GST will provide a competitive atmosphere for
companies to work on an international scale. Moreover, single taxation system will also reduce
costs to customers
15. Single point GST will impair Centre’s revenues : Dual GST will prevent a dent in the
Centre’s revenue. Reduction in fiscal transfers will offset losses and Centre will also have
access to revenue resources for future needs. Any other option may not be revenue neutral for
state
16. Better for business : Single GST will mean that businesses will have to comply with
different task laws for different states and this will affect business stability
17. Undermines States powers, is not workable : Unhealthy competition can result among
states using tax structures to attract industries if single GST is implemented. Dual GST is
more workable and a complete withdrawal of Centre from State’s taxation could impai r the
ability of the latter to collect revenue in a symmetrical manner.
Single GST is better
1. Dual GST not an ideal model : It can only be a transitional model as tax would be leviedat
two levels and compliance costs may not lessen significantly.
2. Comprehensive model of Single GST better : This GST format is a comprehensive model
for taxation of inter and intra state transactions of services and goods.
3. Taxation of services at state level a challenge in dual GST : This is more so for services
that are provided nationwide such as telecommunications andtransportation.
4. Prevent economic distortions : A single/unifiedGST would be leviedat a single rate
thereby doing away with classification disputes and economic distortions.
5. Freeing up of resources : Reduction in compliance costs would open up resources for more
productive pursuits besides making India a one tax nation and common markets a reality.
There would also be free distribution of goods and services with lack of checkpoint or interna l
tax frontiers and other barriers to trade.
6. One rate, one base : One set of rules will form the essence of a unifiedGST. It will also
promote harmonisation of tax rates, bases and administration.
3. 7. Inter state variations to lessen : Indian experience with inter-state variation has been less
than positive For example there is substantial diversion of gold and silver sales in areas where
VAT is lower compared to other states. Such variations would be problematic in terms of
taxation of service elements of a unifiedGST would also be ideal from a business perspective as
stability in decision making will result
8. Minus the cascading effects : Cascading effects would be containedas there would be no
tax at two levels.
9. Increase customer awareness : Customer will know how much is the indirect tax burden in
goods and services consumedby him.
Conclusion
Operating SGST and CGST from a common base through a concurrent dual GST would kill two
birds with one stone. On the one hand, it would secure fiscal autonomy of states and on the
other, it would preserve the regulatory powers of the Centre. Dual GST scores over single in
many respects. Whether the parliamentarians pass this revolutionary Bill is the next big
question.