Based on the survey results:
- The majority (65%) of respondents brush their teeth twice daily as recommended, while 25% brush once daily and 10% brush less than once.
- Most respondents (75%) floss their teeth less than once daily or not at all, indicating room for improvement in this important aspect of oral hygiene.
- While 90% of respondents think that visiting the dentist regularly is important, only 55% actually do so twice yearly as recommended, with 30% visiting less frequently or only when in pain.
- Respondents ranked bad breath, cavities and gum disease as the most important consequences of poor oral hygiene. However, knowledge of links to other health issues like heart
The good news is, there’s the verification of a stamped support in fearlessness not long after early orthodontic treatment in kids by Orthodontic Preston professionals.
Combining behavioural research with user insight to design products that chan...CharityComms
Haidee Bell, head of innovation, Save the Children
Visit the CharityComms website to view slides from past events, see what events we have coming up and to check out what else we do: www.charitycomms.org.uk
What Are The Common Pedodontics Procedures .pdfmittali2002
Choosing a Pedodontics Dentist
Selecting the right pediatric dentist for your child is a crucial decision. Here are some factors to consider when making this choice:
1. Pediatric Specialty
Ensure that the dentist is a pediatric specialist, meaning they have undergone additional training specifically focused on the unique needs of children.
2. Child-Friendly Environment
A welcoming and child-friendly dental office can make a significant difference in how your child perceives dental visits. Look for an office with a warm atmosphere, colorful décor, and staff experienced in working with children.
Interactive learning books from melu 9182414209. For nursery play school kids...kangen water machine india
Medilight Melu has come up into education interactive tools. Curriculum based smart books with smart talking pens for nursery play school kindergarden kids. Learning blended with fun, joy and responsive tasks. full time academic curriculum.
Building momentum: who’d have thought ROMS could create such a buzz? - WorkshopCYP MH
CYPMH conference 2016 Future in Mind Vision to Implementation
Building momentum: who’d have thought ROMS could create such a buzz? (Feedback and outcome measures and diversity -children and young people with learning disabilities and neurodevelopmental conditions) -
Ro Rossiter & Duncan Law with team and service users and parents/carers (Child Outcomes Research Consortium & London and South East CYP IAPT Learning Collaborative)
Soaringwords is a not-for-profit organization whose mission is to inspire ill children and their families to take active roles in self-healing. Each year, 22 million children in the U.S. suffer from chronic or serious illness. Soaringwords is unique as the only organization to motivate ill children and families to “pay it forward” to help others. When a child does something kind for another child, it accelerates their transformative healing. Soaringwords provides fun, creative and educational activities both in person and online based on positive psychology concepts that enhance well-being. Find Soaringwords’ Infographic here: http://bit.ly/2ESEu9n
www.soaringwords.org
heal@soaringwords.org
The good news is, there’s the verification of a stamped support in fearlessness not long after early orthodontic treatment in kids by Orthodontic Preston professionals.
Combining behavioural research with user insight to design products that chan...CharityComms
Haidee Bell, head of innovation, Save the Children
Visit the CharityComms website to view slides from past events, see what events we have coming up and to check out what else we do: www.charitycomms.org.uk
What Are The Common Pedodontics Procedures .pdfmittali2002
Choosing a Pedodontics Dentist
Selecting the right pediatric dentist for your child is a crucial decision. Here are some factors to consider when making this choice:
1. Pediatric Specialty
Ensure that the dentist is a pediatric specialist, meaning they have undergone additional training specifically focused on the unique needs of children.
2. Child-Friendly Environment
A welcoming and child-friendly dental office can make a significant difference in how your child perceives dental visits. Look for an office with a warm atmosphere, colorful décor, and staff experienced in working with children.
Interactive learning books from melu 9182414209. For nursery play school kids...kangen water machine india
Medilight Melu has come up into education interactive tools. Curriculum based smart books with smart talking pens for nursery play school kindergarden kids. Learning blended with fun, joy and responsive tasks. full time academic curriculum.
Building momentum: who’d have thought ROMS could create such a buzz? - WorkshopCYP MH
CYPMH conference 2016 Future in Mind Vision to Implementation
Building momentum: who’d have thought ROMS could create such a buzz? (Feedback and outcome measures and diversity -children and young people with learning disabilities and neurodevelopmental conditions) -
Ro Rossiter & Duncan Law with team and service users and parents/carers (Child Outcomes Research Consortium & London and South East CYP IAPT Learning Collaborative)
Soaringwords is a not-for-profit organization whose mission is to inspire ill children and their families to take active roles in self-healing. Each year, 22 million children in the U.S. suffer from chronic or serious illness. Soaringwords is unique as the only organization to motivate ill children and families to “pay it forward” to help others. When a child does something kind for another child, it accelerates their transformative healing. Soaringwords provides fun, creative and educational activities both in person and online based on positive psychology concepts that enhance well-being. Find Soaringwords’ Infographic here: http://bit.ly/2ESEu9n
www.soaringwords.org
heal@soaringwords.org
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group of receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a teamof receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a team wwww.lisywomensclinic.co.za/
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...
Sin eng-54 - operation pearly white
1. Raffles Institution
Year 2 Research Education
Design for Change School Challenge 2011
Operation Pearly Whites
By
Team Leader: Russell Tan 2I
Team Members: Daniel Tan 2H
Remus Lai 2E
Zhang You Sheng 2F
Teacher Mentor: Mr David Han
Page | 1
2. Acknowledgements
We would like to acknowledge the following people for their contributions without
which this project would not have been a success:
Our teacher mentor Mr David Han for his help and guidance
Dr Chan Meng Yeong and Mdm Lily Lim for their valuable information and
input.
The 20 respondents to our survey questionnaire
Our parents who guided and supported us all the way
Anyone who has helped and supported us in one way or another
Page | 2
3. Contents
Acknowledgements .................................................................................................... 2
Introduction ................................................................................................................ 4
Why Design for Change? ............................................................................. 4
What is Operation Pearly Whites? ............................................................... 4
Why Operation Pearly Whites? .................................................................... 4
Preparation for Action Week ...................................................................................... 6
Work Allocation ............................................................................................ 6
Timeline of Tasks ......................................................................................... 6
Resource Management ................................................................................ 6
Background Research ................................................................................................ 7
Surveys ...................................................................................................... 11
Interviews ................................................................................................... 15
Action Plan ............................................................................................................... 18
Reflections ............................................................................................................... 20
Bibliography ............................................................................................................. 21
Appendix A ............................................................................................................... 22
Appendix B ............................................................................................................... 23
Appendix C ............................................................................................................... 24
Page | 3
4. Introduction
The Design for Change (DFC) Challenge is an innovative program that aims to give
9-14 year old children an opportunity to express and put into action their own ideas
for a better world. The program encourages children to explore and identify aspects
in their immediate surroundings or elsewhere, which they like to make a difference to.
They then get directly involved in designing and leading change in their community.
In our Design for Change challenge, our group initiated the Operation Pearly Whites
challenge which aimed to spread the knowledge of good oral hygiene to two main
target groups, pre-primary children and the elderly.
Why Design for Change?
The Design for Change project was initially not chosen by us, it would be fitting to
say that it was fate that bestowed this opportunity for us to help the people around us
by giving us the chance to undertake the Design for Change Challenge for our
Research Education project. As we slowly learnt more about the project and its aim,
we soon developed a new found passion for it. After doing some research, we
realised that there were many people around us that were plagued by problems and
we felt that as ambassadors of the Design for Change Challenge, we had the
responsibility of solving some of the problems.
What is Operation Pearly Whites?
Operation Pearly Whites is a project idea conceived by our group in which we plan to
visit a minimum of three kindergartens and three nursing homes to educate both pre-
primary children and the elderly on good oral health care habits. During our visits, we
would also give out toothbrushes, toothpaste and mouthwash and a booklet to
further encourage the habit of practising good oral hygiene.
Why Operation Pearly Whites?
As we brainstormed through the problems which we feel that urgently need to be
solved, one problem stood out from the rest, and that was the problem of the elderly
having poor oral health. All four of us had realised that many senior citizens either
had incomplete and decaying sets of teeth or were already wearing dentures. This
signified that a large number of the elderly in Singapore were facing oral health
problems. Oral health problems usually stem from the lack of oral hygiene and care
which meant that a large number of the elderly were not equipped with proper oral
Page | 4
5. health care knowledge and hence, neglected their oral health. Oral diseases and
problems could cause extreme discomfort and pain in the long run and would greatly
affect the quality of life for a person. In addition, making a set of dentures would also
cost a lot and would result in great inconvenience for him or her.
Hence, we decided to embark on a project to educate the elderly on proper oral
health care habits. In addition to this, we felt that targeting children of a young age
would also be beneficial as oral health care is not a one off thing, but rather a long
term process one would have to go through to ensure that he or she has a healthy
set of teeth throughout his lifetime and hence, educating younger children would
equip them with the knowledge of how to look after their teeth from a young age and
hopefully, having inculcated good oral health care habits from young, they practise
them throughout their adolescent and adult years and more and hence, allowing
them to have a healthy set of teeth throughout their lives, without having the problem
of an unhealthy set of teeth when they grow older.
Page | 5
6. Preparation for Action Week
The Design For Change project involves an “Action Week” which is an intensive
seven-day period when we implement our ideas and put them into action. All our
previous efforts came down to these seven days.
Work Allocation
There was much work to be done before Action Week as seven days was just not
enough for us to do research, conduct interviews and surveys and then implement
our ideas. Hence those precious seven days were set aside just for implementation.
The allocation was like this, Daniel was in charge of conducting interviews with
people he knew to get an insight on how much young and old know about the
importance of oral health and care. Remus and You Sheng were in charge of the
survey portion and the newspaper reviews to find out about the current situation in
Singapore. Russell was in charge of drafting letters for various organizations and
teachers as well as contacting the various preschools and organizations which we
would have to work with during the Action Week.
Timeline of Tasks
As there are many tasks to do, we believe that it is important to have a timeline set
so that we can complete all the work in time and it is also a lot easier for
documenting our progress. First we started by gathering as many newspaper articles
that we could by searching through article searches provided by the school such as
Newsbank for the first month. Next, we aim to complete our interviews with an
elderly person with a history of oral diseases and an oral health care professional
and also surveys with twenty teenagers during the June holidays. Lastly, we aim to
create our products (lesson plans, activity booklet, tooth brush and tooth paste set
and brochures) by the start of August and conduct our Action Plan in the month of
September by contacting at least two kindergartens and one nursing home.
Resource Management
We had to acquire donations to fund the products, mainly printing of the activity
booklets and the toothbrush and toothpaste set. There was much effort required
especially because we had to juggle this with other projects as well as tests and
exams. Hence good time management was required.
Page | 6
7. Background Research
The young and old are notable victims of poor oral healthcare. In Singapore it is
quite a common sight to see teenagers having to “fill” their teeth and some needing
to extract decayed teeth at a young age. On the other hand, elderly are seen
wearing dentures or having incomplete or decaying sets of teeth. These are a few of
the problems the young and old face because they lack the proper knowledge of
good oral healthcare habits. To get a more in-depth understanding behind some of
these phenomena, we decided to conduct a considerable amount of background
research to better understand the issue at hand. Firstly, we conducted literature
reviews pertaining to various issues regarding oral health.
We divided the literature reviews into three sections:
Standard advice given by dentists to maintain healthy teeth
Consequences of poor oral hygiene
Current state of oral health in Singapore
Getting more information through articles, we thought it would allow us to better
understand the current situation of oral health care and at the same time, learn more
about the actual mechanics behind oral diseases and ways to prevent them
Next, to find out more about the current state of such problems, we have decided to
do a survey targeting teenagers aged 13-16 to get a gauge of the extent of oral
health care knowledge among teenagers and also how highly they rate the
importance of good oral hygiene. In addition, interviews on a dentist and an elderly
were also carried out. This was conducted not only to examine the current problems
among the elderly and also the effects of various oral diseases but also to get a
professional view on the topic.
In all, the various background research carried out was done to get a better
understanding of the current situation of oral health care in Singapore. It was also
done to gather information regarding oral health care and some of the common
diseases so as to improve the quality of our products (lessons, activity booklet and
brochures).
Page | 7
8. Literature Reviews
Standard advice given by dentists to maintain healthy teeth
Articles:
a) Hoon, C. U. (2009, October 24). Take your teeth seriously . The Business Times, p. L15.,
b) Spitz, K. (2004, April 6). AS YOUR TEETH AGE - YEARS OF WEAR AND TEAR CATCH UP IN MIDDLE AGE. YOU CAN
HELP KEEP TEETH INTACT . The Akron Beacon Journal (OH) , p. 5.
c) How Often Should I Replace My Toothbrush?. (n.d.).Toothbrush Toothbrushes Replacement Heads Floss.
Retrieved September 4, 2011, from http://www.toothbrushexpress.com
d) Total Health and Fitness information and articles - Looking after your teeth. (n.d.). Total Health and Fitness
information and articles - diets, skincare, weightloss, health. Retrieved September 4, 2011, from
http://gogethealthynow.com/looking-after-your-teeth/
e) How to care for your teeth. (n.d.). Health & Fitness News | Articles | Blog Network| Hive Health Media. Retrieved
September 4, 2011, from http://www.hivehealthmedia.com/5-important-ways-care-for-teeth/
First and foremost, it is common knowledge that one should brush his/her teeth at
least twice daily- when you wake up and before sleep at night. According to Dr
Chung speaking to the business times, saliva flows down in the night, while bacteria
in the mouth continues to flourish overnight – so when you wake up in the morning
and take a drink of milk, or eat starches like toast, the teeth are subjected to an acid
attack.
Also, flossing of the teeth is important to remove bits and pieces of leftover food
stuck in between teeth. One is encouraged to visit the dentist once in 6 months or at
least every 12 months. Dentists say that when you have pain in the gums or teeth, it
would be too late to visit the dentist then. Food wise, one should eat fruits and
vegetables to maintain strong bones and abstain from sugary food, at the same time
exercise regularly.
Last but not least, the toothbrush is an integral part of maintain healthy teeth. Bristles
are often worn out after 3 months. By the time they look so, they are often worn
enough. When bristles wear out they lose their effectiveness to remove plague from
the teeth and are often breeding grounds for fungus, bacteria and germs. These
toothbrushes can damage gums. A new toothbrush is 30% more effective at
removing plague.
Page | 8
9. Consequences of poor oral hygiene
Articles:
a) Hoon, C. U. (2009, October 24). Take your teeth seriously . The Business Times, p. L15.,
b) Spitz, K. (2004, April 6). AS YOUR TEETH AGE - YEARS OF WEAR AND TEAR CATCH UP IN MIDDLE AGE. YOU CAN
HELP KEEP TEETH INTACT . The Akron Beacon Journal (OH) , p. 5.
c) How Often Should I Replace My Toothbrush?. (n.d.).Toothbrush Toothbrushes Replacement Heads Floss.
Retrieved September 4, 2011, from http://www.toothbrushexpress.com
d) Total Health and Fitness information and articles - Looking after your teeth. (n.d.). Total Health and Fitness
information and articles - diets, skincare, weightloss, health. Retrieved September 4, 2011, from
http://gogethealthynow.com/looking-after-your-teeth/
e) How to care for your teeth. (n.d.). Health & Fitness News | Articles | Blog Network| Hive Health Media. Retrieved
September 4, 2011, from http://www.hivehealthmedia.com/5-important-ways-care-for-teeth/
Poor oral hygiene? Simple, you get toothache. This would be what parents and
dentist will tell one. The teeth may not seem important but the consequences of poor
oral hygiene might require one to rethink, if he should really neglect his teeth. Poor
oral hygiene will result in toothache, tooth decay which might require extraction of
teeth, gum diseases (bleeding of gums) and hepatitis C. Also, poor oral hygiene will
other diseases like heart diseases. Study shows that people who fail to brush their
teeth at least twice a day are putting themselves at risk of health diseases.
According to the researchers, the link between gum disease (periodontal disease)
and heart disease may not be obvious, but chronic inflammation is a hallmark of both
heart disease and gum disease. Inflammation in the body plays a major role in the
build-up of plaque in the arteries, which can lead to a heart attack.
In response to Today Newspaper, Dr Choy warned that bacteria in the mouth may
even cause heart attacks or stroke. When they enter the blood stream, the bacteria
may contribute to the formation of blood clots by attaching themselves to fatty
plaques in the blood vessels. Persistent bleeding gums may signal serious diseases
such as leukaemia or platelet disorders.The bad news doesn't end there. If your
gums are chronically inflamed, your body releases cytokines, which can disrupt
insulin function and lead to insulin resistance and then diabetes.
Page | 9
10. Current state of oral health in Singapore
Article:
Survery suggests 85% of Singaporeans have suffered from gum disease | Dentistry news | Dental News | Cosmetic
Dentistry Guide. (n.d.).Cosmetic dentistry Guide | Cosmetic dentists in London UK. Retrieved September 4, 2011, from
http://www.cosmeticdentistryguide.co.uk/news/survery-suggests-85-of-singaporeans-have-suffered-from-gum-disease-
8884
From the articles that we have seen, the current state of oral health of Singaporeans
does not look good. A survey shows that more than 85% of Singaporeans above the
age of 20 has suffered from or is suffering from gum disease. Statistics prove that 18%
of Singaporeans do not brush their teeth twice a day and 65% of Singaporeans do
not visit a dentist at least twice a year. To add on to this, 43% of Singaporeans only
visit the dentist when they experience tooth pains.
These results are truly shocking and it may lead to dire consequences for the future
of Singapore and its people. The findings of the survey confirm that oral health is a
problem for many Singaporeans; however, many people are reluctant to get help.
Patrick Tseng, chief dental officer at the Singapore Health Ministry, said that the
majority of people were worried about going to the dentist and this attitude needs to
change; people need to be aware that dentists are there to help and that oral health
is very important.
If the eyes are the window to the soul, then dental experts will say that goes on in
your mouth is a reflection of your overall health. Having oral diseases can lead to
heart disorders, diabetes, stroke and many other diseases that affect the overall
well-being of our human body.
Morever, recent surveys show that many Singaporeans are not willing to date those
with bad breath or bad oral hygeine. This does not look good for Singapore, and if
Singaporeans do not change their bad oral habits soon, worse things are inevitable.
The state of your oral health, therefore, is a great deal more important than was once
thought, and maintenance and regular dental check-ups can save you from much
more than just a filling.
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11. Surveys
Twenty surveys were given out to a small group of 20 students from a variety of
schools with ages ranging from 13-16 in the hope of having a better perspective of
the standard of oral health and oral health care knowledge among teenagers. This
piece of information was needed as we needed a gauge on the general standard of
oral health care in Singapore and also to understand some of the reasons behind the
absences of good oral health habits in order to create a better lesson plan and
activity booklet for the preschoolers. In addition, the survey also aimed to evaluate
the importance of good oral health in the students’ opinion.
(Please refer to Appendix A for a sample of the survey)
1. How frequently do you brush your teeth every day?
a) Once a day b) Twice a day c) Thrice a day or more d) Never/ Inconsistent
(1) 5% (1) 5%
(3) 15%
a
b
(15) 75% c
d
Question 1
The first question is aimed to find out how frequently the students brush their teeth.
By doing this we can the relative oral hygiene standards of teenagers in Singapore.
We realised that 75% of the respondents brush their teeth only once a day which is
below the recommended number of times to maintain good dental health. Upon
asking them casually, many claim that they are usually too tired and lazy to brush
before they go to sleep.
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12. 2. Do you rinse your mouth after meals?
a) All the time b) Frequently c) Sometimes d) Never
(2) 10%
(6) 30%
(4) 20%
a
b
(8) 40%
c
d
Question 2
The second question is aimed to find out how many of the students rinse their
mouths after meals as that helps to clear the mouth of any unwanted dirt particles
and improves the overall cleanliness of the mouth in the long run. It also helps in
prevention of tooth decays and cavities. 70% of respondents seldom or don’t rinse
their mouths at all after meals which leads us to the conclusion that they are
unaware of the benefits of doing so or are just lazy to do so.
3. How long, on average, do you take to brush your teeth?
a) About thirty seconds or less b) About thirty seconds to a minute c) More than a
minute
(3) 15%
(9) 45% a
(8) 40% b
c
The third question is aimed to find out how long someone spends each time he
brushes. This reflects the cleanliness of the teeth. It is appalling to see that 45% of
the respondents spend less than 30 seconds each time they brush. This is below the
ideal 50 seconds recommended from our interview with Dr Chan (refer to interviews
below).
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13. How frequently do you visit the dentist for checkups?
a) Never, only when you have a oral health problem b) Once in 6 months c) Once
in 12 months d) Once every two years
7, 35% 6, 30%
2, 10% a
b
5, 25%
c
d
Question 4
The fourth question is aimed to find out the number of times one visits the dentist
every year. The minimum number is one and the recommended number is 2.
However we realised that 60% of the respondents visit the dentist once every two
years or never at all. According to Dr Chan (refer to interviews), the recommended
number is twice or at least once a year.
Have you experienced any oral health problems?
a) Yes. If yes, please state what b) No
7, 35%
13, 65%
a
b
Question 5
The fifth question is aimed to find out who has experienced oral health problems. Out
of the 13 who put a as their answer, 9 mentioned that they had experienced tooth
decay, 2 people mentioned that they had gum disease while 1 person mentioned
that he had suffered from bad breath when he was younger. This could be due to
poor oral health management since young.
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14. Do you change your toothbrush often (every three months)?
a) Yes b) No. If no, how often then
8, 40%
12, 60%
a
b
Question 6
The sixth question is aimed to find out how many change their toothbrush regularly.
This is essential as toothbrush bristles get worn out overtime and are ineffective in
cleaning teeth resulting in more bacteria and more plague. Out of the 12 who
answered b, 8 mentioned that they only changed their toothbrush when they bristles
started to spoil, 2 mentioned that they change their toothbrush every half a year, 1
mentioned that he changed his when he felt like doing so while 1 mentioned that he
only changed his when his spoilt as he used an electric toothbrush.
On a scale of 1 to 5, rate the importance of oral hygiene to you
2, 10%
4, 20%
4, 20%
3, 15%
1
7, 35% 2
3
4
Question 7
The seventh question is aimed to find out the importance of good oral health from a
teenager’s perspective. 20% of the respondents do not care about their oral health
while 35% of them are neutral about it. Only 10% of the respondents prioritise their
oral health. From the results of the survey, it is evident that teenagers do not take
care of their teeth, which is worrying. We think that the best way to solve this is to
educate children from a young age about the importance of oral healthcare.
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15. Interviews
Introduction
As part of our research in developing our lessons and informative brochures and
activity books, we decided to conduct two interviews to gain a more in-depth,
professional and personal views of two different people pertaining to two different
aspects of oral health care. Our first interviewee was a senior citizen who was a
grandmother of one of the group members. Lily Lim, aged 68 was chosen to be
interviewed as she has had a known history was of oral health problems and would
hence provide a firsthand account and description of the reasons behind and the
experience of her oral diseases. Our second interviewee was Dr Chan Meng Yeong,
a dentist working at Thong Hoe Dental Surgery Clinic. He was chosen as we felt that
he would be able to provide professional views on some of the issues and questions
pertaining to oral health care as he was a dentist by trade.
Interview analysis 1
The interview with Lily Lim was a largely fruitful one. Please refer to Appendix B.
Through the interview with her, we were able to answer the questions listed below:
What are some of the reasons behind poor oral health in old age?
What are some of the many problems caused by decayed teeth?
What are some of the inconveniences caused by poor oral health care?
In the interview with Mdm Lim, we found out that one of the main reasons behind her
poor oral health care was due to negligence on her part. When she was younger,
she had often neglected her teeth and did not rinse or brush her teeth frequently. In
addition, back in her childhood, teachers put little emphasis on oral health care and
hence, she did not fully understand the various methods to look after her teeth and
the importance to do so. From this, we concluded that our activity booklets and
lessons had to emphasize not only on the various methods to keep one’s teeth
healthy but also the importance of doing so, and hence, by doing so, would hopefully
lower the chances of the children neglecting their teeth.
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16. Next, in the interview with Mdm Lim, we also realised that there were many
problems and inconveniences caused by tooth decay. Mdm Lim mentioned that
decayed teeth caused a considerable amount of prolonged pain until she went to
extract the teeth, which not only caused her to experience excruciating pain but also
inconvenience as she had to visit the dentist repeatedly for follow ups. Next, she also
mentioned that tooth decay also caused her quite a lot of money as not only did she
had to fork out large amounts of money for her check up but also for her dentures
after she had extracted her teeth. This leaves us to conclude that oral diseases could
indeed bring about great amounts of suffering and pain and in addition, also great
inconvenience and financial burdens.
Interview analysis 2
In the interview with Dr Chan Meng Yeong, we managed to get a clearer and more
in-depth understanding of the various results of oral diseases and also some
important habits that one should adopt to ensure that he has a healthy set of teeth.
Please refer to Appendix C. In the interview, we managed to answer the few
questions below:
What are some important habits to ensure that one has good oral health?
How important are good oral health habits?
What are some of the problems tooth decay can cause?
In the interview, Dr Chan mentioned that tooth decay can cause severe pain and
swelling and if teeth are lost prematurely, chances are that the person would
experience decreased chewing efficiency, unsightly gaps, distorted speech patterns
and various misalignments which could greatly affect the quality of the person’s
everyday life. Next, he listed out a few good oral habits that one should practise to
ensure that he has a healthy set of teeth. Firstly, he recommends daily brushing
twice everyday in the morning and night to remove food particles and the build up of
plague that could cause tooth decay and also to cut down on sweets and sticky
foods as they could result in decay as the increased amount of sugar in the mouth
would stimulate the growth of bacteria which cause decay.
Page | 16
17. Next, he also mentions that one should try to visit the dentist at least once a year or
twice a year if possible as a dentist would be able to examine and check the
condition of one’s gums and teeth to ensure that they are not diseased. In addition, a
dentist could also rectify any diseases if he finds them and also give advice on how
one should look after his teeth to keep them healthy.
Having picked up numerous tips on maintaining one’s oral health, we plan to include
these tips into our activity booklet, lessons and brochures to educate and raise the
awareness of good oral health habits and the effects of oral health diseases among
preschoolers and the elderly and hopefully, the knowledge would enable them to
keep their teeth healthy. In addition, from this interview, we realised the importance
of regular brushing and hence, we plan to include precise steps on how once should
brush their teeth into the lessons. Lastly, we also plan to include a toothbrush and
toothpaste set to encourage brushing among the preschoolers and elderly.
Page | 17
18. Action Plan
Lesson Plan for Kindergarten Children
We will be at each kindergarten for around 3 hours. These 3 hours will be divided into six 30 minute
periods.
1st 30 Introduction – Explain to the children and their teachers what this
minutes project is about and what we aim to achieve by doing this project. Get
to know each of the children and find out about their oral healthcare
patterns.
nd
2 30 Activity 1 – Present to the children the six steps to good oral healthcare
minutes and the consequences of not keeping their teeth clean.
3rd 30 Activity 2 – Learn and sing the song. Explain the song. Colouring and fill
minutes in the blanks.
4th 30 Lunch Break
minutes
5th 30 Post lunch brushing. Present the children with a toothbrush kit each.
minutes Show children how to brush properly and effectively.
6th 30 Quiz them to see if they know the proper methods to keep their teeth
minutes clean. Give out prizes.
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19. For the first part of Action Week, we designed a booklet for children 6 and younger
as well as a lesson plan to teach them how to keep their teeth in good shape. That
was a success. We intended to visit 3 Kindergartens and help to raise awareness
about the importance of good oral health. However despite all the planning and
contacting of the various schools, we were unable to carry out the plan due to time
constraints and CCA commitments. Furthermore, we changed topic halfway through
the project and we were left with one third of the original time given for the project
and our CCA season ended a day before submission date. This led to many
problems and there was hardly any time left. Hence, we were unable to complete the
second half of Action Week.
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20. Reflections
Overall, we thought that the project was a great success. Not only did we do make a
change to help better the society of Singapore, we also gained many lessons and
learned alot about what is and the importance of oral hygeine. We definitely made a
change for the better. Throughout this project, we faced many challenges and
obstacles. At first, it was pretty hard to come up with an idea to better the society that
was able to be done without much funds that was new and fresh. The original
concept was that we would be providing dentures for the needy elderly who could
not afford it otherwise. However, we had to end up changing the topic due to the fact
that we did not receive and replies from companies that we seeked help from. We
were also unable to find any elderly that was willing to participate in our project. In
the end, the project was changed to teaching oral hygiene to the young and old. One
aspect that I felt could be better for our group was that we could have communicated
better and have more teamwork. There was miscommunication throughout the
process of completing the project, for example sometimes the deadlines for specific
parts of the project was mixed up and we ended up having to rush parts of our work.
We did not really work together or help each other as much as we could and we
ended up finsihing our own parts and being nonchalant about the others and their
progress. All in all, I think that we did quite a good job on the “Design For Change”
task project assigned to us, though we could have acheived slightly greater heights if
we had more cooperation.
Page | 20
21. Bibliography
a) Hoon, C. U. (2009, October 24). Take your teeth seriously. The Business
Times, p. L15.,
b) Spitz, K. (2004, April 6). AS YOUR TEETH AGE - YEARS OF WEAR AND
TEAR CATCH UP IN MIDDLE AGE. YOU CAN HELP KEEP TEETH INTACT .
The Akron Beacon Journal (OH), p. 5.
c) How Often Should I Replace My Toothbrush?. (n.d.).Toothbrush
Toothbrushes Replacement Heads Floss. Retrieved September 4, 2011, from
http://www.toothbrushexpress.com
d) Total Health and Fitness information and articles - Looking after your teeth.
(n.d.). Total Health and Fitness information and articles - diets, skincare,
weightloss, health. Retrieved September 4, 2011, from
http://gogethealthynow.com/looking-after-your-teeth/
e) How to care for your teeth. (n.d.). Health & Fitness News | Articles | Blog
Network| Hive Health Media. Retrieved September 4, 2011, from
http://www.hivehealthmedia.com/5-important-ways-care-for-teeth/
f) Survey suggests 85% of Singaporeans have suffered from gum disease |
Dentistry news | Dental News | Cosmetic Dentistry Guide. (n.d.).Cosmetic
dentistry Guide | Cosmetic dentists in London UK. Retrieved September 4,
2011, from http://www.cosmeticdentistryguide.co.uk/news/survery-suggests-
85-of-singaporeans-have-suffered-from-gum-disease-8884
Page | 21
22. Appendix A
Sample Questionnaire
Raffles Institution
Design for Change
Secondary 2
Research Education
We are a group of 4 students from Raffles Institution embarking on a project “Design for Change”.
Our project is entitled “Operation Pearly Whites” which aims to educate and improve oral
healthcare amongst the old and young. We would appreciate if you would take some time to answer
the following questions to let us know about your oral habits.
1. How frequent do you brush your teeth?
a) Once a day.
b) Twice a day(morning and before sleeping at night).
c) Thrice a day or more.
d) Not at all/ hardly brush my teeth.
2. Do you rinse you rinse your mouth after meals?
a) All the time
b) Frequently
c) Sometimes
d) Never
3. How long do you take to brush your teeth on average.
a) About 30 seconds or less
b) 30 seconds to one minute
c) One minute or more
4. How frequent do you visit the dentist for checkups?
a) Never
b) Once in 6 months
c) Once in 12 months
d) Once every 2 years
5. Have you experience any oral health problems (e.g. Tooth decay, gum bleeding, bad breath)
a) Yes. If yes, what are some of these problems _______________.
b) No.
6. Do you change your toothbrush often?
a) Yes. If yes, how often do you change them? ________________
b) No. If no, how often do you change your toothbrush
7. On a scale of 5, rate the importance of oral hygiene to you, with 5 being the most important.
1 2 3 4 5
Thank you for taking time to complete this survey. Your help is greatly appreciated and have a nice
day
Page | 22
23. Appendix B
Transcript of interview with Lily Lim
Interview
Interviewer: Daniel Tan Relationship: Interviewer’s grandmother Time of interview: 9.26pm
Interviewee: Lily Lim (68) Date of interview: 5/6/2011
How would you describe the current state of your teeth?
My teeth are quite worn out. Quite a few of my teeth have been extracted because they have decayed.
Why do you think your teeth are in their current state?
When I was younger, we were not taught by our teachers and parents how to look after our teeth. We were
not told to rinse our mouth after eating or brushing our teeth before we went to bed. On some days, I was too
lazy to brush my teeth before I slept and I think that is the reason behind my decayed teeth.
Has your decayed teeth caused any problems for you?
Before I extracted my decayed teeth, they caused a lot of pain for me. The extraction itself was also very
painful. After I had my extraction, I had to get a pair of dentures fixed. I had to visit the dentist quite a few
times. The implantation of the dentures also cost a lot too, about one thousand dollars for the implantation
and the dentures. Dentures also do not feel like real teeth when I eat. I really regret not looking after my teeth
when I was young.
Would you like to convey any message out to the children and teens out there?
I would like to tell all the children and teens out there that they really should look after their teeth. Teeth are
very important, if they don’t look after their teeth when they are young, they will regret it when they grow
older as they will encounter a lot of problems.
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