The document discusses the skull base and approaches for skull base surgery. The skull base is the inferior area of the skull composed of the endocranium and lower parts of the skull roof. Approaches include transcranial approaches and minimally invasive endonasal endoscopic surgery. The document also mentions using 3D modeling and PDF presentations to visualize exposure areas, surgical freedom, and simulate endoscopic probe movements to aid in preoperative planning and neurosurgical training.

2.  Skull base
o is the most inferior area
of the skull, composed of
the endocranium and
lower parts of the skull
roof.

3.  Skull base
 Transcranial approaches
Cappabianca et al., Cranial, Craniofacial and Skull Base Surgery, Springer

4.  Skull base
 Transcranial approaches
 Minimally invasive procedures:
o endonasal endoscopic surgery
deNotaris et al. World Neurosurgery 2010. AEA, anterior ethmoidal artery; C, clivus; dm, anterior cranial fossa dura mater;
ICAs, parasellar tract of the internal carotid artery; O, orbit; OCR, optocarotid recess; ON, optic nerve; SF, sellar floor.

5. 2D Head CT Images 3D Surfaces
Reconstruction
Quantitative Analysis
3D PDF
 Preoperative
 Postoperative

6. EEEA_final.pdf

7.  Exposure Area
= maximal region exposed during a surgical approach

8. EEA_final.pdf

9.  Surgical Freedom
= estimate of movement available to a surgeon’s hands and
instruments when manipulating a deep target

10. SF_final.pdf

11.  3D PDF presentations
o Interactive and informative
o Free of charge (Adobe Reader)
o Easy to use, modify and share
 Animations in 3D PDF
 Endoscopic probe movement simulation

12.  Hospital Clínic:
o Joaquim Enseñat
o Isam Alobid
 LSNA
o Matteo de Notaris
o Anna Puigdelívoll-Sánchez
o Olga Fuentes
o Alberto Prats-Galino
 USAL
o Juan A. Juanes Méndez

14.  Neurosurical training
o Dissections
o Virtual models