Chapter5 Branding of Global City (What is a Global City?)TAKERU IMANISHI
This document discusses the characteristics required for a city to be considered global. It identifies cultural, infrastructural, political, and economic factors. Cultural factors include having internationally recognizable name, renowned cultural institutions, influential media outlets, strong sports communities, and renowned educational institutions. Infrastructural requirements include advanced transportation systems, airports, communications infrastructure, and hospitals. Politically, a global city hosts international organizations and has a large population and diverse demographics. Economically, it serves as headquarters for multinational corporations and contributes significantly to GDP. The overall aim is to discuss how to brand and develop a city to achieve global status.
The Global Cities Index (GCI) provides a comprehensive ranking of the leading global cities from around the world. It is designed to track the way cities plan as their populations grow and the world continues to shrink.
GLOBAL CITIES Tomorrow: Paris, London, New York, Hong Kong, Dubai, Moscow,… W...Azamat Abdoullaev
Global Urbanization and Smart Sustainable Cities
FUTRE WORLD
SUSTAINABLE WORLD
SMART WORLD
SMART SUSTAINABLE COUNTRIES, CITIES AND COMMUNITIES
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
SUSTAINABLE NATIONAL GROWTH
SUSTAINABLE URBAN GROWTH
Blueprint Lisbon: Creative Economy (English Version).
- Creative Industries and creative Economy
- Why Cities?
- Why Lisbon?
- How valuable is the Creative Economy in Lisbon?
- Mapping the Creative Economy of Lisbon
- A Call for Action.
Franco Bianchini, ISAN and Beam Seminar, WakefieldKate Watson
The document discusses several challenges facing cities, including economic problems, rising inequality, and social issues like immigration and crime. It also examines different approaches to urban cultural policy, including using culture for economic development, social inclusion, and fostering interculturalism. The document argues for cultural policies that are innovative, experimental, critical, and help mobilize local cultural resources, with the goal of rethinking approaches to creative spaces in urban and rural areas.
Global cities can be categorized as either "sticky places" or "slippery spaces" based on their role in the global economy. "Sticky places" like London and New York are high-value locations for finance, media, and technology that benefit from connectivity and skilled labor. Their success leads to gentrification and social exclusion. In contrast, "slippery spaces" compete through low costs and receive subsidies for routine activities like call centers and manufacturing. Most global cities fall outside this binary, as ordinary cities focused on local informal economies. New technologies shape but do not overcome the stark divisions between wealthy core cities and poorer peripheral areas.
This document provides background on how major cities have historically served as focal points within nations, housing important activities and connections. It discusses how in recent decades, linkages among global cities have increased dramatically, such that events in one city can now have worldwide effects. To illustrate this interdependence, it describes how economic difficulties originating in Thailand spread through global financial markets, ultimately affecting state pension investments and employees in Illinois through losses tied to a luxury mall in Moscow.
Chapter5 Branding of Global City (What is a Global City?)TAKERU IMANISHI
This document discusses the characteristics required for a city to be considered global. It identifies cultural, infrastructural, political, and economic factors. Cultural factors include having internationally recognizable name, renowned cultural institutions, influential media outlets, strong sports communities, and renowned educational institutions. Infrastructural requirements include advanced transportation systems, airports, communications infrastructure, and hospitals. Politically, a global city hosts international organizations and has a large population and diverse demographics. Economically, it serves as headquarters for multinational corporations and contributes significantly to GDP. The overall aim is to discuss how to brand and develop a city to achieve global status.
The Global Cities Index (GCI) provides a comprehensive ranking of the leading global cities from around the world. It is designed to track the way cities plan as their populations grow and the world continues to shrink.
GLOBAL CITIES Tomorrow: Paris, London, New York, Hong Kong, Dubai, Moscow,… W...Azamat Abdoullaev
Global Urbanization and Smart Sustainable Cities
FUTRE WORLD
SUSTAINABLE WORLD
SMART WORLD
SMART SUSTAINABLE COUNTRIES, CITIES AND COMMUNITIES
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
SUSTAINABLE NATIONAL GROWTH
SUSTAINABLE URBAN GROWTH
Blueprint Lisbon: Creative Economy (English Version).
- Creative Industries and creative Economy
- Why Cities?
- Why Lisbon?
- How valuable is the Creative Economy in Lisbon?
- Mapping the Creative Economy of Lisbon
- A Call for Action.
Franco Bianchini, ISAN and Beam Seminar, WakefieldKate Watson
The document discusses several challenges facing cities, including economic problems, rising inequality, and social issues like immigration and crime. It also examines different approaches to urban cultural policy, including using culture for economic development, social inclusion, and fostering interculturalism. The document argues for cultural policies that are innovative, experimental, critical, and help mobilize local cultural resources, with the goal of rethinking approaches to creative spaces in urban and rural areas.
Global cities can be categorized as either "sticky places" or "slippery spaces" based on their role in the global economy. "Sticky places" like London and New York are high-value locations for finance, media, and technology that benefit from connectivity and skilled labor. Their success leads to gentrification and social exclusion. In contrast, "slippery spaces" compete through low costs and receive subsidies for routine activities like call centers and manufacturing. Most global cities fall outside this binary, as ordinary cities focused on local informal economies. New technologies shape but do not overcome the stark divisions between wealthy core cities and poorer peripheral areas.
This document provides background on how major cities have historically served as focal points within nations, housing important activities and connections. It discusses how in recent decades, linkages among global cities have increased dramatically, such that events in one city can now have worldwide effects. To illustrate this interdependence, it describes how economic difficulties originating in Thailand spread through global financial markets, ultimately affecting state pension investments and employees in Illinois through losses tied to a luxury mall in Moscow.
This document discusses global cities and their role in globalization. It defines global cities as important nodes in the global economic system that facilitate global operations and trade. Global cities experience both benefits and challenges from globalization. They attract global talent and foster cultural diversity but also face issues like inequality, poverty, and the potential for terrorist violence. While global cities create wealth, they also experience widening wealth gaps and the hollowing out of the middle class. The conclusion emphasizes that global cities are material representations of globalization that generate opportunities but also inequalities, making the question of a more just globalization partly about making cities more equitable.
Last week the creative industries innovation centre released a report that fo...Rogério Santos
1) The term "cultural industries" emerged in the 1970s-80s to recognize culture as an economy, but it also recognized the complex mix of cultural and commercial values.
2) In the 1990s, the term shifted to "creative industries" to emphasize their economic importance and role in the knowledge economy. However, this made the sector boundaries more ambiguous by including software/computing.
3) The author argues that defining creativity too broadly, such as non-cultural problem solving, reduces culture to only its economic impacts. Culture is more than just being creative and involves collective meanings outside pure economic imperatives.
The document discusses how a collaborative workspace could contribute to the identity of a site in Chow Kit, Kuala Lumpur. It provides background on the historical morphology and urban morphology of Chow Kit. It then analyzes several issues with the current site, including repetitive building types, a coarse urban grain, and an absence of variety in land uses. It explores how a collaborative workspace could address these issues by providing job opportunities, networking for different professions and societal classes, and acting as a multi-use space to bridge gaps in society. Finally, it examines the site's potential for permeability, accessibility, and acting as a protagonist for its surroundings.
Los angeles vs Mumbai - Comparative AnalysisGeeva Chandana
The document provides a comparative analysis of the master plans and development histories of Los Angeles and Mumbai. It summarizes that both cities' master plans have a vision of sustainable and inclusive development, and address issues like land use, transportation, infrastructure. However, Mumbai's plan has unclear development proposals for slums, while LA's plan focuses on conservation and has more comprehensive zoning and implementation programs. The document also compares the cities' histories of human settlement and drivers of economic growth centered around industries like films.
India does not have a primate city. While Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai, and Bengaluru are the largest cities, none meet the threshold of being at least twice as large as the second largest city. Historically, colonial cities like Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, and Delhi grew to be major economic centers, but India's large size, federal system of government, and regional diversity have prevented extreme primacy of one city over others. Regionalism and lack of centralized infrastructure and resources have also contributed to the absence of a single primate city dominating India's urban hierarchy.
This chapter examines the internal structure and patterns of contemporary cities, including land use, urban form and design, as well as trends and problems facing urban areas. Larger cities are characterized by cultural diversity and different ethnic communities clustered in various zones. The typical North American city is structured around a central business district and has experienced high rates of in-migration forming concentric zones. Peripheral cities face problems from rapid demographic growth outpacing economic growth.
This document discusses using a Delphi method to forecast the future of the Liverpool city-region in 2065. It begins by providing an overview of what a Delphi method is, which involves surveying experts anonymously and having them complete questionnaires in iterative rounds to build consensus around forecasts. It notes key aspects like allowing respondents to learn from others' views without direct influence, and requiring dissenting opinions to explain their reasoning.
It then discusses preparation needed for a Delphi study on the Liverpool city-region, including developing scenarios of potential futures to 2065 to structure responses. Multiple rounds of anonymous questionnaires would be conducted digitally and analyzed between rounds to refine forecasts. The goal is a structured expert group process to effectively develop strategic
Paper looks at the current status of cities and urbanization, issues faced by urban sector and suggest strategies to make cities more smart and sustainable.
This document discusses opportunities for rural growth and outlines a proposed research agenda. It identifies three types of rural regions and their main challenges. New technologies and business opportunities can provide rural dwellers with new sources of income if connectivity and skills are improved. The document proposes pulling together existing research findings, identifying rural assets like ecosystems services, and better communicating research to policymakers to help shape policy and investments that support rural growth. A phased approach is suggested starting with understanding contexts and potentials before establishing development strategies and addressing obstacles.
The chapter examines the growth and influence of cities throughout history. It discusses the roots of European urban expansion in medieval times linked to rise of merchant capitalism and colonialism. This helped spread the urban model globally. Today, most people live in urban areas and cities dominate aspects of modern life. The chapter analyzes urban systems, trends in core/peripheral regions, and rise of mega cities and world cities that occupy key roles in global economies and culture. Challenges include overurbanization, slums, and differences between core and peripheral urban areas.
AP Human Geography: Unit 7 - Urban Geography and DevelopmentDaniel Eiland
Unit 7 discusses key concepts in urban geography including:
1) Urban geography focuses on how cities function internally and are influenced externally. It studies city systems and internal city structures.
2) Urbanized areas contain cities located close together without clear boundaries. Metropolitan areas contain urbanized areas and surrounding commuting regions.
3) Louis Wirth defined cities as large permanent settlements with high density and social heterogeneity. Ancient cities served as centers of power, religion, education, and trade.
4) Pull factors that attracted rural migrants to cities included economic opportunities and infrastructure. World cities have global socioeconomic impacts while mega cities exceed 10 million people.
This paper synthesizes recent work on urban poverty with an emphasis on the relationship between urban poverty and labor markets. It discusses how urban poverty is influenced by both long-term trends such as declining wages and the destruction of privileged urban sectors, as well as short-term shocks like structural adjustment programs. The paper argues that understanding urban poverty requires examining how individuals survive based on their dependence on wage labor, rather than focusing only on their urban location. It differentiates between permanent, endemic poverty and temporary poverty caused by crises.
The document summarizes the impacts of industrial decentralization in metropolises like Istanbul, Turkey. 1) Industrial decentralization has led to the emergence of five new social classes in Istanbul's labor force, including skilled workers employed locally and various informal/temporary workers. 2) It has also contributed to the redistribution of urban revenues and caused conflicts between globalized elites and local groups. 3) One result is the rise of a new social group of self-employed workers providing services flexibly within the city.
Presentatie SBO opleiding Wijkmanager Nieuwe Stijl - Bottom up initiatievenMark Verhijde
Voor de SBO opleiding Wijkmanagers Nieuwe Stijl verzorg ik Dag 3 - Mensen en hun Activiteiten. Gemeenten, woningcorporaties en maatschappelijke instellingen krijgen te maken met een nieuwe partij binnen de buurten en wijken, namelijk die van de mensen zelf. Maatschappelijke initiatieven nemen toe in aantallen en in omvang. Een nieuwe omgeving voor de traditionele partijen die zich bezig houden met wijkontwikkeling, door crisis en bezuinigingen, door kerntaken(discussies), door de Doe-democratie en actief burgerschap, door de invloed van sociale media. Nieuw gereedschap in de kist voor de wijkmanager, of beter gezegd, bestaand gereedschap op een nieuwe manier gebruikt. Programmasturing bij WOP's en DOP's, inschakelen van bewoners als echte co-makers van plan en uitvoering, beter begrijpen wat de leefstijlen van mensen doen voor de buurten en wijken. Maar ook nieuwe aandacht voor de betekenis van gebieden en de functie die zij vervullen in de stad en regio. Maatschappelijke initiatieven willen we allemaal, maar hoe zit het met dat draagvlak? Of werkt dat niet zo, volgens de 1/9/90 wetmatigheid van groepen mensen? Wat vraagt het precies om initiatieven mogelijk te maken, wat moet je misschien niet doen?
Een mooi vol programma, met ook een beetje aandacht voor de beren op de weg, zoals juridische kwesties en de spanning met de achterblijvers.
Burgerinitiatieven - Dialoog met Vereniging StadswerkMark Verhijde
Tijdens het Diner Pensant van de Vereniging Stadswerk op donderdag 13 november 2014 mocht ik deze dialoog aangaan, over burgerinitiatieven, de publicatie Regel die Burgerinitiatieven (Acquire Publishing, Zwolle 2014) en met de 40 aanwezigen echt praten over veiligheid, risico's, aansprakelijkheid en schade. In Villa Jongerius Utrecht.
Presentatie Social Safari 2011 Amsterdam CourtesyMark Verhijde
Short presentation on Social Safari 2011 case of Amsterdam Courtesy on Leidsplein and Rembrandplein - Talking Square as NEW concept on cpmmunity building and organizing.
Folder meedoen met vervolgacties regel die burgerinitiatievenMark Verhijde
Deze folder bevat het overzicht aan vervolgacties uit het rapport Regel die Burgerinitiatieven, het BZK-onderzoek dat Maarten Bosman (M.Bosman BV) en ik gehouden hebben in 2013. De vervolgacties starten in 2014 en lopen door tot 2016.
Burgerinitiatieven en Aansprakelijkheid - Hoe zit het? Hoe kan het anders?Mark Verhijde
Deze presentatie geeft op hoofdlijnen de resultaten van het BZK onderzoek over burgerinitiatieven en aansprakelijkheid, met als kernvragen Werkt aansprakelijkheid belemmerend voor burgerinitiatieven? Zo ja, wat moeten we doen om toch initiatieven te helpen? Of gaat het niet om aansprakelijkheid maar om die juridische wereld die burgers onmachtig maakt? We bespreken hoe gemeenten omgaan met burgerinitiatieven aan de hand van 70 voorbeelden uit de gemeenten Den Helder, Deventer en Venray. De initiatieven zijn in 5 typen onderverdeeld, die ieder in de conceptrapportage in detail besproken worden. Cruciaal is de manier waarop risico-inschatting en -beheersing wordt gebruikt. Burgers doen dat anders dan gemeenten. Voor gemeenten laten wij zien aan de hand van een stoplicht analyse hoe zij meer ruimte kunnen geven aan burgerinitiatieven. De conceptrapportage bevat aanbevelingen voor verbeteringen en voor experimenten en innovaties. .
This document discusses diversity and inclusion strategies for addressing population and labor force shrinkage in the Twente and Midden Limburg regions of the Netherlands. It notes that traditional organizational approaches like moving, downsizing, and recruiting from other regions will not solve the problem of a declining local labor market. Instead, it advocates for human resources policies that promote diversity and inclusion of groups like elderly residents, women, youth, migrants, and one-person households to make better use of the available local workforce in these shrinking regions. These diversity strategies could also benefit other areas facing a stable or non-shrinking labor market.
This document discusses global cities and their role in globalization. It defines global cities as important nodes in the global economic system that facilitate global operations and trade. Global cities experience both benefits and challenges from globalization. They attract global talent and foster cultural diversity but also face issues like inequality, poverty, and the potential for terrorist violence. While global cities create wealth, they also experience widening wealth gaps and the hollowing out of the middle class. The conclusion emphasizes that global cities are material representations of globalization that generate opportunities but also inequalities, making the question of a more just globalization partly about making cities more equitable.
Last week the creative industries innovation centre released a report that fo...Rogério Santos
1) The term "cultural industries" emerged in the 1970s-80s to recognize culture as an economy, but it also recognized the complex mix of cultural and commercial values.
2) In the 1990s, the term shifted to "creative industries" to emphasize their economic importance and role in the knowledge economy. However, this made the sector boundaries more ambiguous by including software/computing.
3) The author argues that defining creativity too broadly, such as non-cultural problem solving, reduces culture to only its economic impacts. Culture is more than just being creative and involves collective meanings outside pure economic imperatives.
The document discusses how a collaborative workspace could contribute to the identity of a site in Chow Kit, Kuala Lumpur. It provides background on the historical morphology and urban morphology of Chow Kit. It then analyzes several issues with the current site, including repetitive building types, a coarse urban grain, and an absence of variety in land uses. It explores how a collaborative workspace could address these issues by providing job opportunities, networking for different professions and societal classes, and acting as a multi-use space to bridge gaps in society. Finally, it examines the site's potential for permeability, accessibility, and acting as a protagonist for its surroundings.
Los angeles vs Mumbai - Comparative AnalysisGeeva Chandana
The document provides a comparative analysis of the master plans and development histories of Los Angeles and Mumbai. It summarizes that both cities' master plans have a vision of sustainable and inclusive development, and address issues like land use, transportation, infrastructure. However, Mumbai's plan has unclear development proposals for slums, while LA's plan focuses on conservation and has more comprehensive zoning and implementation programs. The document also compares the cities' histories of human settlement and drivers of economic growth centered around industries like films.
India does not have a primate city. While Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai, and Bengaluru are the largest cities, none meet the threshold of being at least twice as large as the second largest city. Historically, colonial cities like Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, and Delhi grew to be major economic centers, but India's large size, federal system of government, and regional diversity have prevented extreme primacy of one city over others. Regionalism and lack of centralized infrastructure and resources have also contributed to the absence of a single primate city dominating India's urban hierarchy.
This chapter examines the internal structure and patterns of contemporary cities, including land use, urban form and design, as well as trends and problems facing urban areas. Larger cities are characterized by cultural diversity and different ethnic communities clustered in various zones. The typical North American city is structured around a central business district and has experienced high rates of in-migration forming concentric zones. Peripheral cities face problems from rapid demographic growth outpacing economic growth.
This document discusses using a Delphi method to forecast the future of the Liverpool city-region in 2065. It begins by providing an overview of what a Delphi method is, which involves surveying experts anonymously and having them complete questionnaires in iterative rounds to build consensus around forecasts. It notes key aspects like allowing respondents to learn from others' views without direct influence, and requiring dissenting opinions to explain their reasoning.
It then discusses preparation needed for a Delphi study on the Liverpool city-region, including developing scenarios of potential futures to 2065 to structure responses. Multiple rounds of anonymous questionnaires would be conducted digitally and analyzed between rounds to refine forecasts. The goal is a structured expert group process to effectively develop strategic
Paper looks at the current status of cities and urbanization, issues faced by urban sector and suggest strategies to make cities more smart and sustainable.
This document discusses opportunities for rural growth and outlines a proposed research agenda. It identifies three types of rural regions and their main challenges. New technologies and business opportunities can provide rural dwellers with new sources of income if connectivity and skills are improved. The document proposes pulling together existing research findings, identifying rural assets like ecosystems services, and better communicating research to policymakers to help shape policy and investments that support rural growth. A phased approach is suggested starting with understanding contexts and potentials before establishing development strategies and addressing obstacles.
The chapter examines the growth and influence of cities throughout history. It discusses the roots of European urban expansion in medieval times linked to rise of merchant capitalism and colonialism. This helped spread the urban model globally. Today, most people live in urban areas and cities dominate aspects of modern life. The chapter analyzes urban systems, trends in core/peripheral regions, and rise of mega cities and world cities that occupy key roles in global economies and culture. Challenges include overurbanization, slums, and differences between core and peripheral urban areas.
AP Human Geography: Unit 7 - Urban Geography and DevelopmentDaniel Eiland
Unit 7 discusses key concepts in urban geography including:
1) Urban geography focuses on how cities function internally and are influenced externally. It studies city systems and internal city structures.
2) Urbanized areas contain cities located close together without clear boundaries. Metropolitan areas contain urbanized areas and surrounding commuting regions.
3) Louis Wirth defined cities as large permanent settlements with high density and social heterogeneity. Ancient cities served as centers of power, religion, education, and trade.
4) Pull factors that attracted rural migrants to cities included economic opportunities and infrastructure. World cities have global socioeconomic impacts while mega cities exceed 10 million people.
This paper synthesizes recent work on urban poverty with an emphasis on the relationship between urban poverty and labor markets. It discusses how urban poverty is influenced by both long-term trends such as declining wages and the destruction of privileged urban sectors, as well as short-term shocks like structural adjustment programs. The paper argues that understanding urban poverty requires examining how individuals survive based on their dependence on wage labor, rather than focusing only on their urban location. It differentiates between permanent, endemic poverty and temporary poverty caused by crises.
The document summarizes the impacts of industrial decentralization in metropolises like Istanbul, Turkey. 1) Industrial decentralization has led to the emergence of five new social classes in Istanbul's labor force, including skilled workers employed locally and various informal/temporary workers. 2) It has also contributed to the redistribution of urban revenues and caused conflicts between globalized elites and local groups. 3) One result is the rise of a new social group of self-employed workers providing services flexibly within the city.
Presentatie SBO opleiding Wijkmanager Nieuwe Stijl - Bottom up initiatievenMark Verhijde
Voor de SBO opleiding Wijkmanagers Nieuwe Stijl verzorg ik Dag 3 - Mensen en hun Activiteiten. Gemeenten, woningcorporaties en maatschappelijke instellingen krijgen te maken met een nieuwe partij binnen de buurten en wijken, namelijk die van de mensen zelf. Maatschappelijke initiatieven nemen toe in aantallen en in omvang. Een nieuwe omgeving voor de traditionele partijen die zich bezig houden met wijkontwikkeling, door crisis en bezuinigingen, door kerntaken(discussies), door de Doe-democratie en actief burgerschap, door de invloed van sociale media. Nieuw gereedschap in de kist voor de wijkmanager, of beter gezegd, bestaand gereedschap op een nieuwe manier gebruikt. Programmasturing bij WOP's en DOP's, inschakelen van bewoners als echte co-makers van plan en uitvoering, beter begrijpen wat de leefstijlen van mensen doen voor de buurten en wijken. Maar ook nieuwe aandacht voor de betekenis van gebieden en de functie die zij vervullen in de stad en regio. Maatschappelijke initiatieven willen we allemaal, maar hoe zit het met dat draagvlak? Of werkt dat niet zo, volgens de 1/9/90 wetmatigheid van groepen mensen? Wat vraagt het precies om initiatieven mogelijk te maken, wat moet je misschien niet doen?
Een mooi vol programma, met ook een beetje aandacht voor de beren op de weg, zoals juridische kwesties en de spanning met de achterblijvers.
Burgerinitiatieven - Dialoog met Vereniging StadswerkMark Verhijde
Tijdens het Diner Pensant van de Vereniging Stadswerk op donderdag 13 november 2014 mocht ik deze dialoog aangaan, over burgerinitiatieven, de publicatie Regel die Burgerinitiatieven (Acquire Publishing, Zwolle 2014) en met de 40 aanwezigen echt praten over veiligheid, risico's, aansprakelijkheid en schade. In Villa Jongerius Utrecht.
Presentatie Social Safari 2011 Amsterdam CourtesyMark Verhijde
Short presentation on Social Safari 2011 case of Amsterdam Courtesy on Leidsplein and Rembrandplein - Talking Square as NEW concept on cpmmunity building and organizing.
Folder meedoen met vervolgacties regel die burgerinitiatievenMark Verhijde
Deze folder bevat het overzicht aan vervolgacties uit het rapport Regel die Burgerinitiatieven, het BZK-onderzoek dat Maarten Bosman (M.Bosman BV) en ik gehouden hebben in 2013. De vervolgacties starten in 2014 en lopen door tot 2016.
Burgerinitiatieven en Aansprakelijkheid - Hoe zit het? Hoe kan het anders?Mark Verhijde
Deze presentatie geeft op hoofdlijnen de resultaten van het BZK onderzoek over burgerinitiatieven en aansprakelijkheid, met als kernvragen Werkt aansprakelijkheid belemmerend voor burgerinitiatieven? Zo ja, wat moeten we doen om toch initiatieven te helpen? Of gaat het niet om aansprakelijkheid maar om die juridische wereld die burgers onmachtig maakt? We bespreken hoe gemeenten omgaan met burgerinitiatieven aan de hand van 70 voorbeelden uit de gemeenten Den Helder, Deventer en Venray. De initiatieven zijn in 5 typen onderverdeeld, die ieder in de conceptrapportage in detail besproken worden. Cruciaal is de manier waarop risico-inschatting en -beheersing wordt gebruikt. Burgers doen dat anders dan gemeenten. Voor gemeenten laten wij zien aan de hand van een stoplicht analyse hoe zij meer ruimte kunnen geven aan burgerinitiatieven. De conceptrapportage bevat aanbevelingen voor verbeteringen en voor experimenten en innovaties. .
This document discusses diversity and inclusion strategies for addressing population and labor force shrinkage in the Twente and Midden Limburg regions of the Netherlands. It notes that traditional organizational approaches like moving, downsizing, and recruiting from other regions will not solve the problem of a declining local labor market. Instead, it advocates for human resources policies that promote diversity and inclusion of groups like elderly residents, women, youth, migrants, and one-person households to make better use of the available local workforce in these shrinking regions. These diversity strategies could also benefit other areas facing a stable or non-shrinking labor market.
Mythen over aansprakelijkheid bij burgerinitiatievenMark Verhijde
Presentatie over de resultaten van het BZK onderzoek Burgerinitiatieven en Aansprakelijkheid tijdens het Landelijk Congres Openbare Ruimte op 30 oktober 2013 in Alphen aan den Rijn. Kort overzicht gebaseerd op eindadvies "Regel die Burgerinitiatieven", oktober 2013.
The document summarizes key findings from the World Cities Culture Report 2015 regarding the relationship between culture and the success of world cities. It finds that culture plays an integral role in world cities' continued economic growth, attracting talent and investment, and enhancing soft power. Culture supports world cities' roles as hubs of innovation and exchange by fostering creativity and new ideas. While culture has helped cities address challenges, economic success also risks pricing out local culture. Overall, the report shows that culture acts as a "golden thread" across all areas of urban policy and is a key ingredient for city success.
Ethnic Entrepreneurship - Case study: Malmö, SwedenThink Ethnic
This document provides a case study of ethnic entrepreneurship in Malmö, Sweden. It discusses the economic and demographic changes in Malmö over the past 20 years, including the decline of its traditional industries and a significant increase in immigration. Today, Malmö has a diverse population of over 300,000 people from 174 nationalities. While Malmö has experienced economic revitalization through initiatives like the Öresund Bridge connecting it to Copenhagen, it still faces challenges with segregation and unequal access to the labor market for some immigrant communities. The case study examines ethnic entrepreneurship as well as policies supporting small businesses and immigrant integration in Malmö.
Ethnic Entrepreneurship – Case study: Stuttgart, GermanyThink Ethnic
This document provides information about ethnic entrepreneurship in Stuttgart, Germany. It begins with background on the CLIP network, which brings together over 30 European cities to share best practices on local integration policies. The document then provides the following information about Stuttgart:
1) Stuttgart has a population of around 600,000 people, with 39% having a migration background from over 170 countries. The largest migrant groups come from former Yugoslavia, Turkey, Italy, Greece, and Poland.
2) Stuttgart has a strong industrial economy focused on automotive, mechanical, and electrical engineering. While industry still plays a large role, the service sector now employs 79% of residents compared to 20% in manufacturing.
3) The document
Best Practice Guide to Accessible Routes in Historic Cities - 2013 by LHAC Scott Rains
Launched in 2010, the League of Historical and Accessible Cities (LHAC) is a pilot project focusing on improving the accessibility of historical towns while at the same time promoting the development of sustainable tourism and the protection of cultural heritage.
The main goal of the project is not only to allow people with disabilities and their families to take full enjoyment from leisure and cultural activities, but also to stimulate tourism among the 80 million people with disabilities living in Europe.
The document discusses neoliberal city planning and socio-environmental conflicts in Malmö, Sweden, using the Hyllie urban development project as a case study. It argues that neoliberal planning is characterized by contradictions between priorities like short-term profits versus long-term sustainability. The plan reworks Malmö's demographic fabric by focusing on imagined immigrant groups rather than existing needs. It creates disjointed landscapes of wealth and deprivation through large-scale developments that disconnect the city physically and socially.
Parnell Square in Dublin, Ireland and Arabianranta in Helsinki, Finland are examined as case studies of cultural and creative quarters. Parnell Square is characterized as an emerging cultural quarter focused on cultural activities like literature, art, and theater that aim to culturally regenerate the area. Arabianranta is classified as a creative quarter centered around design production and innovation at the former Arabia ceramic factory campus. Key differences are that cultural quarters emphasize cultural consumption and preservation, while creative quarters focus on producing cultural goods and services for economic gain. Both quarters use culture and creativity as tools for urban renewal and placemaking.
Complementry Currency pilot for the benifit of partner cities' residentsIr Aviv
(1) The document proposes a complementary currency called Glocal-CityZen that would be used in twin cities to expand local well-being and resources. (2) It would work by the twin cities distributing the currency to tourists and residents being able to spend it on local services, amenities, and businesses, thus promoting social and economic exchange between the cities. (3) The currency aims to benefit the municipalities, local businesses, and residents by increasing tourism, economic opportunities, and social interaction across the twin cities.
Shrinkage and culture as a tool to counteract itMark Verhijde
The document discusses using culture and creative industries as a tool to counteract economic decline and population shrinkage in Heerlen, Netherlands. Heerlen previously relied on mining which declined in the 1960s, causing economic and demographic problems. The city developed a strategy focused on young urban culture, creative entrepreneurship, cultural heritage and tourism, and citizen participation through culture. However, the effects of the policy are unknown and monitoring is needed as Heerlen faces competition without a clear focus or intention for its creative industry.
The document discusses definitions of cities and how they differ from rural settlements. It states that while definitions of cities vary, some common aspects that distinguish cities are their large population size, concentration of tall buildings close together, and economies focused on secondary and tertiary sectors rather than primary sectors like agriculture. Cities are also characterized by their various functions such as residential, commercial, industrial, tourist, political/administrative, and cultural activities. The morphology and structure of cities is also covered, discussing different urban plan patterns and how cities are organized with a center, surrounding peri-urban areas, and outer outskirts.
Tom Aageson, Economic Development CourseTom Aageson
The document summarizes the economic impact of cultural and creative industries on local communities. It discusses how cultural industries contributed to 6.2% of the UK's GDP in 2007 and how cities and states across the US are investing in their cultural economies. It also outlines how cultural entrepreneurs generate revenue through cultural activities and how their innovative solutions create sustainable cultural enterprises that benefit communities.
This document discusses definitions and characteristics of rural and urban settlements. It defines villages and hamlets as having a lower number of inhabitants and more agricultural economic activities, compared to towns and cities which have larger populations, taller buildings close together, and more secondary and services sector economic activities. It also outlines some key functions of cities like residential, commercial, industrial, and political/administrative. The document discusses different types of urban plans like grid, linear, radial, and irregular patterns. It describes the internal structure of cities including the city center, peri-urban areas, and outskirts. Finally, it notes some advantages and disadvantages of urban living.
Presentation by Peter Nijkamp in cooperation with
Karima Kourtit
Advanced Brainstorm Carrefour (ABC): ‘Smart People in Smart Cities’ Matej Bel University, Banská Bystrica, Slovakia (August, 2016)
Ethnic entrepreneurship - case study- Turin, ItalyThink Ethnic
This document provides a profile of Turin, Italy, including its population characteristics and urban economy. Some key points:
- Turin has experienced four waves of immigration since the 1970s, with the largest groups now coming from Romania, Morocco, Peru, Albania, China, and Egypt.
- Immigrants make up 13.4% of Turin's population and have increased by 76.5% in the last five years.
- Immigrants work in a variety of sectors but are highly concentrated in domestic labor, construction, and services.
- Ethnic associations provide support but have struggled to engage with policymaking.
- Turin is shifting from an automotive economy to knowledge/ICT and
The document summarizes key concepts from chapters 10 and 11 of the textbook on urban geography and development. It discusses models of urban structure, how cities evolve over time through processes like suburbanization and gentrification. It also examines the relationship between cities and globalization, defining terms like world cities and measuring a city's impact. Development is defined and measured using indicators like GNI, GDP, and quality of life indices. The informal economy and concepts like slums and immigrant neighborhoods in the global south are also outlined.
This document provides information about a cultural tourism seminar presented by Tom Aageson and Alice Loy, co-founders of the Global Center for Cultural Entrepreneurship. The seminar focused on cultural entrepreneurship and building business. It was held on June 2, 2011 at the Institute of American Indian Arts in Santa Fe, New Mexico. The document includes background information on cultural entrepreneurship and examples of investments in local cultural economies.
This document provides an overview of the creative economy, including definitions of key concepts, drivers of growth, and policy considerations. It defines the creative economy as involving creativity, culture, economics and technology. Industries like publishing, music, film and design are included. Growth is driven by technology, rising incomes, and tourism. Policy strategies aim to strengthen infrastructure, finance, copyright, and education to develop these knowledge-based sectors while protecting cultural identity. National policies need coordination across ministries to effectively support the creative economy.
This document discusses the trend of culture quarters, where artistic and cultural activations are being used to revitalize unused spaces and attract people. It provides examples like Gap Filler in Christchurch, New Zealand, which activated vacant earthquake-damaged sites with creative projects. Another example is Rote Fabrik in Zurich, Switzerland, a former silk factory converted to long-term artist studios and cultural events. Developers in Hong Kong also used public art displays in a new shopping mall. Museums are finding ways to strengthen their brands by opening satellite locations, like the Louvre Museum satellite in Lens, France, which has attracted 750,000 visitors.
Creativity & the City - Conference Proceedings - English language Editionmichael waibel
FOREWORD
The promotion of creativity is a key asset for economic upgrading and for providing new jobs all over the world. Vietnam is no exception to this. Creativity needs a vibrant, urban environment and spaces where cultural diversity, networking and mutual inspiration can be experienced – possibly at cheap rent. Former factories, warehouses or abandoned apartment houses provide spatial resources in the cities and offer huge chances when converted into creative hubs: A complex of galleries, artist studios, craft shops, design studios as well as bars, restaurants, and cafés may form an inspirational and attractive neighborhood, both for the local citizens and for tourists. Such creative spaces may also serve as a visual spatial symbol of city marketing, which contribute to build an image of a modern and cosmopolitan metropolis against the backdrop of increasing global city competition.
The core objective of this conference “Creativity and the City” is to gain a better understanding of the potential creative spaces can contribute to the further urban development of Vietnam and what is needed to promote this. Role models of such creative hubs will be presented from other countries in Southeast Asia and from western countries such as the UK and Germany. It will be further discussed what can be learned from these case studies.
“Creativity and the City” continues the series of conferences on urban development the Goethe-Institut Hanoi has organized in the last years. Co-hosts are the Ministry for Culture, Sports and Tourism of Vietnam, British Council and UNESCO. Again, the scientific organization is in the hands of Dr. Michael Waibel, a senior researcher and project leader from Hamburg University, to whom I am very grateful for the excellent collaboration.
Dr. Almuth Meyer-Zollitsch
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Shrinkage and culture as a tool to counteract it - article
1. Shrinkage and culture as a tool to
counteract it
Yvonne Rijpers & Mark Verhijde – January 2011
1. Creative economy
‘The creative economy’ has become a focus of local policies in ever more cities. Initially inspired by
the widely acknowledged, and subsequently often criticized, theory of Richard Florida (2000), policy
is developed to uplift certain areas or boost the local economy. Attracting the ‘creative class’ has
become one of the vanguards of urban policy worldwide and the competition for the creative class
has become an ever more global one.
According to UNCTAD (2008), the creative economy (or: creative industries) is one of the most
dynamic in the world and thus also considered to be of great opportunity for developing countries.
Worldwide, (trans) national and local policy is made to uplift certain places or boost the economy
(Zukin, 2010). However, Charles Landry (2007) argues there is no such thing as a recipe for city
making. Berlin, for example, is often considered to be the #1 creative city in Europe. During a ‘talk of
the town’ meeting in September 2010 in Amsterdam, representatives of Berlin were questioned on
the success and fail factors in creating and advertising a cultural climate that draws so many creative
people from all over the world adding to the thriving local atmosphere. Berlin’s ‘lessons’ appeared to
be quite unsatisfying to the audience; representatives of Berlin’s local authority claim that Berlin’s
success story is more coincidental, than a result of a consciously planned policy action.
When exploring the local creative class in Berlin, it appears they often earn their money elsewhere,
so not adding to the local economy. Moreover, policy aimed at attracting the international corporate
representatives of the creative economy (around the Spree area for instance) is often also the death
sentence for the creative entrepreneurs (pioneers) already there.
Florida’s follow-up research on the creative class (2005) indicates the flight of creativity, fuelling the
competition for this globally footloose creative class. He predicts a new global competition for talent,
which will reshape the world in the coming decades; a competition revolving around the nation’s
ability to mobilize, attract and retain human creative talent. Cities are challenged to obtain and
perpetuate an eligible position in the global hierarchy to attract the creative class that is willing and
able to travel and settle all over the world, such as the increasing number of Dutch architects
relocating in China or dj/producers from all over the world to Berlin.
Shrinkage and culture as a tool to counteract it - Yvonne Rijpers & Mark Verhijde (2011) p. 1 of 10
2. 2. Creative economy – a must-have
Since the creative economy is considered to be a catalyst for local economy, it is quite
understandable every city wants a piece of the action. Attracting the creative class and boosting the
creative economy has become an almost indispensable part of urban policy in the western world,
with fierce competition among cities on a regional level, but also on a (trans) national one. Among
these competitors are several shrinking cities, for instance Essen, Liverpool and Manchester. Essen
and Liverpool have both been ‘cultural capital of Europe’ (Essen in 2010, Liverpool in 2008).
This poses a couple of different questions we will look into.
- Why do cities turn to culture / the creative economy as a tool in opposing shrinkage.
- What are their strategies; how is ‘culture’ used as a tool in policy and what are the checks and
balances involved?
- How come shrinking cities assume they are able to take up competition with cities that seem to
have a much better position in this? Do shrinking cities or shrinking regions stand a chance – and,
if yes, why?
Our article focuses on the issue of shrinkage and the strategy of shrinking cities to counteract this on
different levels, especially culture and creative economy. On meta-level we will focus on culture and
creative economy as a policy tool. However, we will use the case study of the Dutch city of Heerlen to
be able to give more specific answers on our questions. Other shrinking cities are used as reference.
According to Landry (2007), the more creative city has an overall atmosphere that projects vistas of
chance encounter, possibility, can-do, surprise, the unexpected, the challenging and the clash of the
ugly and the beautiful. This city also attends to the quintessentially ordinary (though increasingly
extraordinary): affordable housing and ranges of housing choices at different prices; convenience
stores selling basic products like bread and tea near to the urban core; flourishing neighbourhoods
with strong identities; fast and frequent public transport; and gathering places and walkability. To
make these possibilities come true requires civic creativity, because it involves using the regulations
and incentives regime to bend the market logic to bigger goals. The vast number of shops in Paris
only exists because they have been encouraged over time. (Landry, 2007)
3. Shrinking cities using culture as a tool
After the textile industry withered and other business departed, Manchester has tried to put itself
back on the map through cultural institutions and events. There is the Lowry Centre (theatre and art
galleries); the Imperial War Museum North (designed by Daniel Libeskind); a bid to host the Olympic
Games (2000) and the hosting of the Commonwealth Games in 2002. Elsewhere in the city, derelict
warehouses and other buildings that are left empty have been bought up and converted to offices
and loft apartments. The music scene in Manchester flourished and also found room in empty
buildings, in one of them the infamous club Hacienda was founded. Manchester became well known
for its music scene, which helped shifting the negative image the city had. Along with the music
scene, several urban cultures emerged and flourished.
Shrinkage and culture as a tool to counteract it - Yvonne Rijpers & Mark Verhijde (2011) p. 2 of 10
3. Liverpool, geographically neighbouring Manchester, but historically in hefty competition with it, was
well known as port city and thus the logistical centre for the industry in the neighbouring areas. It
was a city with a vast majority of cheap, unskilled employment. When the port became less viable, it
appeared difficult to compensate the employment loss this with other business, and in the mid-
Eighties, the city was bankrupt. The European Union has been subsidizing Liverpool since the mid-
Nineties and as well as Manchester, Liverpool has turned to cultural institutions as to catalyze the
urban economy. There is a branch of the Tate Gallery; its own Biennial; and 2008, Liverpool was
cultural capital of Europe in 2008.
Essen, part of the Ruhr Valley, where cities have grown around Germany’s huge industrial
settlements, has largely gone through the same development. Because Germany was better
prepared for the transformation in the industries, the shift towards the service sector proved to be
easier. However, Essen (and the rest of the Ruhr Valley) is still struggling with population loss. Large
industrial plants have been reconverted in a heritage area with several museums, galleries, cafes and
shops, and the Ruhr Valley as a whole was cultural capital in 2010.
Shrinking cities clearly busy themselves with what Landry (2007) refers to as an emerging repertoire
to use culture or arts in city development, recently broadened to include ‘creative quarters’ (usually
refurbished old industrial buildings in inner city fringe areas) and attracting big events. Since these
old industrial buildings, and space of any kind in that matter, is no problem and the need for
economic regeneration is very much there, this seems to be a logical strategy.
In the next section we discuss our case, the Dutch city of Heerlen, situated in the former mining area
Parkstad Limburg. Heerlen used to be one of the wealthiest cities of the Netherlands, sinc it lies at
the heart of the former Dutch mining area. Around 1965 this economic base diminished along with
the associated industries. Heerlen characteristically shows many aspects of a shrinking city: after the
closure of the Dutch coalmines it has seen massive loss of employment, migration of its working
population and an ageing population left behind. Just recently, Heerlen has started to promote itself
as a creative city. We examine the cultural profile of Heerlen and aim to compare this with other
examples of shrinking cities that want to attract creative industry.
Shrinkage and culture as a tool to counteract it - Yvonne Rijpers & Mark Verhijde (2011) p. 3 of 10
4. 4. Heerlen, shrinkage and culture
In this section we present data on demography, policy on culture and creative industry in Heerlen.
4.a. Demography
The following facts are abstracted from the “key figures Heerlen 2009”. Demographically Heerlen is
shrinking, as may be seen in table 1 below. We find fewer persons in categories 0-19 year and 20-44
year. The number of persons in categories 45-65+ is rising sharply. The total population has declined
with 4664 persons in the periode 1990-2009.
Age 1990 1995 2000 2005 2009 % 2009
0-19 year 20801 20712 20315 19220 17372 19.4 %
20-44 year 38025 37570 34404 31449 28419 31.8 %
45-64 year 21398 22662 24323 25638 26792 30 %
65 + year 13825 15270 15966 16278 16802 18.8 %
Total 94049 96214 95144 92585 89385 100 %
Figure 1 – Heerlen population development 1990-2009
The population structure regarding native/immigrant persons in 2009 is presented in table 2.
Residents in Heerlen are mainly native and western immigrants; only 7.7% are non-western
immigrants.
Other Non
Dutch German Belgium
western western
72.5% 10.3% 1.4% 8% 7,7%
Figure 2 – Heerlen population on natives/immigrants
The local workforce consists of 60201 persons in 2009. In table 3 we give the data on various kind of
unemployment. NWW stands for persons that are not working and not searching for work. WWB
stands for anyone who is unemployed. Notice that unemployment is decreasing rapidly.
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Workforce 62394 61741 61032 60361 60201
NWW 6886 6993 5715 4919 4626
WWB 4363 4416 3948 3735 3532
Figure 3 – Heerlen workforce and unemployment
Shrinkage and culture as a tool to counteract it - Yvonne Rijpers & Mark Verhijde (2011) p. 4 of 10
5. Heerlen has a relatively low-income population, as may be seen in tabel 4 (in Euro and %)
< 950 950 – 1300 1300-1900 1900-3150 3150 > Unknown
10% 16% 23% 26% 12% 15%
Table 4 – Heerlen population & income
We conclude that Heerlen shows many aspects of a shrinking city, including aging, low-income and
unemployment, the last of which is decreasing.
4.b. Culture and creative industry
TNO (2005) has examined the options for an enhancement of creative economy (creative industry) in
the socalled Southern Tripool, consisting of Maastricht, Sittard-Geleen and Heerlen. Given the fact
that traditional economy (based on industry) is diminishing in the south of Limburg, what are the
possibilities for an alternative economy based on culture and creativity? In 2004 the creative industry
in these cities offer 4057 jobs, or 2.3% of the total economy. In the Netherlands as a whole, the
creative economy accounts for 2.9%. The Tripool creative industry accounts for 163 ml Euro, or 1.9%
of the total economic value in the regions. The number of businesses in the creative industry in
Tripool seems to grow much faster than the number of jobs (3.9% vs. 0.7% on annual basis).
As TNO (2004) pointed out, the slow rated growth of jobs in the Tripool creative industry is not
evenly shared among the three cities. Due to the clustering of media- and entertainment businesses
in Sittard-Geleen the number of creative jobs rose to 8.9% there, while Maastricht (0%) and Heerlen
(-3.6%) did not benefit.
In Heerlen 962 persons had jobs in 2004 in the creative industry, which ranks the city third, after
Maastricht and Sittard-Geleen. Strong aspects of culture and creative industry in Heerlen are the
many theatres, stages and musea, including the number of events and festivals in the city and in
Parkstad. However, Heerlen does not have a clear focus of creative industry. TNO concludes that the
Tripool creative industry is too small and fragile in structure and scale as an alternative for the
traditional economy and industry. Even so, there are interesting options within the Tripool for
clustering of program, which may have positive effects on economy, culture, society and urban policy
for the three cities combined.
Heerlen has taken the results as a starting point for its policy on creative industry. In the remainder
of this section we briefly discuss the aspects of cultural infrastructure, young urban culture, creative
entrepeneurship and businesses, Heerlen as cultural city for visitors, and, finally, culture and citizen
participation.
Shrinkage and culture as a tool to counteract it - Yvonne Rijpers & Mark Verhijde (2011) p. 5 of 10
6. 4.c. Cultural infrastructure
Theatre, Film, Cultural events and Art, Architecture Cultural Heritage, Media Community arts,
Music festival Design Amateurs, Culture
Literature & education
o Theater o International o Stadsgalerij o Openbare Bibliotheek o ’t Patronaat
Heerlen Breakdance Event o Vitruvianum o Rijckheyt o Spinazieblik
o Nieuwe o Cultura Nova o Signe o Thermenmuseum o Platform
Nor o Booch? o (Smederij) o Kasteel Hoensbroek Amateurkunst
o Filmhuis o Taptoe o Ateliers o Nederlands Mijnmuseum o Muziekschool
De Spiegel o Dag van de Kempkensw o Heemkundeverenigingen o School of Hip
o Literair Amateurkunsten eg o Radio Parkstad Hop
café o Pemitochi o Galeries o Uitkranten o HeeArt
o Glaspaleis o Euriadefestival o St. o Uit in Parkstad o Crosstown
o Jazz on the o Charlemagne Music Atelierbehe Limburg
Roof Festival er o Cultuurscouts
o Charles o Streetlife o Platform Parkstad
Hennen o Smederijfestival Koeltoer o Verenigingen:
Concours o Het Grote o Harmonie
o Platform Verlangen fanfare (13)
Koeltoer o Bluesfestival o Drum- fluit- en
o Parkstad o Kunstenaars tamboerkorps
Popstad Atelierroute en (8)
o Carnavalsoptochten o Koren (20)
o Oranjefeesten o Toneel &
dans (7)
o Folklore (5)
Figure 5 – Heerlen, cultural infrastructure 2009 (from: Heerlen bloeit op 2009)
Figure 5 shows a clear strength in the number and quality of cultural organizations and events in
Heerlen. It appears to be able to attract persons of all ages and tastes. TNO supports this observation
in their examination of Tripool and the position of Heerlen (TNO 2005).
4.d. Urban culture
Heerlen promotes itself with young urban culture, community arts and streetwise festivals (2009).
We observe that this cultural policy on young people only partly reflects the cultural capital already
available, and is hard to motivate based on the look and feel of the city and on the number of young
residents or young visitors (with the exception of the International Breakdance Event IBE). During our
interview with Lex Smeets (alderman of spatial planning, housing and culture) he acknowledged that
the focus on young people is fragile, mainly because they turn their back on the city to study
elsewhere (educational migration). He is an advocate of young people leaving and exploring the
world. However, one of his goals is to get those young people back to Heerlen so the city can profit
of their expanded knowledge and experience.
At least in one study on educational migration the aim of getting young people to return after study
is shown to be incorrect. Van den Berg (2010) has done research on the educational migration of
young people of the region Eastern Zeeuws Vlaanderen and shows that 9 out of 10 of the people
leaving the region do not expect to return to their hometown(s) in the near future. In essence, this
accounts for the socalled braindrain phenomenon. More significantly, young people settling in other
Shrinkage and culture as a tool to counteract it - Yvonne Rijpers & Mark Verhijde (2011) p. 6 of 10
7. regions than Eastern Zeeuws Vlaanderen after their studies, frequently mention economic aspects
(i.e. job opportunities) as a reason to do so. In shrinking regions with a declining job market young
people tend to leave without ever coming back, rather than to settle or return after their studies.
Whereas economic reasons are pivotal for settlement and relocation decisions, the look and feel of a
city and its image is important for city’s visitors. Programming, achitecture, urban texture and design
of public spaces are basic building blocs for Heerlen to match the tale with reality. For instance,
Roombeek in the city of Enschede attracts many visitors due to a strong urban structure, striking
architecture and a clear and readable public space, combined with events, festivals and musea.
4.e. Creative entrepeneurship
Heerlen also aims to stimulate the creative industry by promoting entrepeneurship and creative
businesses and by facilitating artists and businesses with workspace and cultural-economic
meetingplaces (Actieplan Creatieve Industry, 2009). Although many aspects of this plan have been
decided on and have already been implemented, it is hard to tell whether or not the results are
contributing to the creative industry. Heerlen does not monitor the desired effects, simply because
such effects have not yet been selected or made operational for monitoring. We strongly advice
Heerlen to develop and implement a policy monitor for the creative industry.
4.f. Cultural tourism
Attracting visitors to Heerlen (and Parkstad) is another objective of the cultural policy of Heerlen.
Tourism is directly contributing to the local economy. A good example is Kasteel Hoensbroek.
According to the National Musea Organization the Hoensbroek Castle, which ranks at place 23 of
Dutch museums in 2010, with more than 145,000 visitors. As a castle is by far the best visited one in
the Netherlands. Van der Steen (2011) discusses the many touristic and recreational projects in
Parkstad, and notices that it provides jobs for 20.000 people and adds 1 bln Euro in revenue to the
regional economy. Not all touristic attractions are part of the cultural industries, though. For
example, Gaiapark, Snowworld and IKEA do attract large masses of people, but they can hardly be
seen as aspects of cultural or creative industry. In contrast, one can make an argument that these
and other touristic attractions obscure the desired urban cultural profile of Heerlen, although this
should be examined in more detail.
4.f. Culture and citizen participation
Culture is also used as a tool for empowering local residents in Heerlen. With three ‘culture brokers’
and lots of attention for art projects in neighborhoods (Art in the Neighborhood Projects), Heerlen
attempts to make a difference in promoting and facilitating community art. For instance, in the
project “Women make Heerlen shine” the city has been flooded with statues in public spaces. The
overall effect: Heerlen residents show more pride of their city.
Shrinkage and culture as a tool to counteract it - Yvonne Rijpers & Mark Verhijde (2011) p. 7 of 10
8. Concluding, Heerlen makes a brave attempt to stimulate culture and creative industry, nevertheless
its main objective is only partly about culture, creative entrepeneurs or artists. As Lex Smeets
admitted, the most important aspect of the cultural policy concerns the economy and especially the
labour market, which is quite an understandable goal, especially for a shrinking city as Heerlen.
5. Economy and cultural industry in Heerlen
From what we have seen above, it is obvious that culture in shrinking cities (at least in our examples)
is used mainly as a tool to boost or regenerate the local economy. For Heerlen, it is a strategy linked
to mainly economic goals in terms of employment, tourism and (re) creating job opportunities for
young people. This implies that Heerlen is not focused on boosting and /or attracting a specific
cultural sector, as is for instance the case in Eindhoven (design sector and technology sector). The
municipality says to be aiming at a specific economic sector for attracting new companies. They are
aiming at companies involved in sustainability. Near Heerlen is a very large production company of
solar cells. This is the kind of business that interests them. In order to attract these companies,
Heerlen is closely cooperating with Eindhoven Brainport for example. This is very necessary, since
there is an international competition going on with countries such as China.
On the field of the creative city, Heerlen does not consider itself fit to compete with cities like
Eindhoven, or any other ‘creative’ city for that matter – we were told Heerlen aims to rely on its own
strengths and does not want to enter into a competition with other cities. The municipality facilitates
and subsidises local initiatives and stimulates plans from local entrepreneurs by being creative with
(among others) permits, subsidies and user agreements.
However, this counteracts the fact they do want to hold, to attract and win back young, well-
educated people to the city; these people eventually have to come from some place else. Moreover,
a large part of Heerlen’s strategy concerning attracting or winning back these people is not very clear
cut and well-developed. The unique selling points that would attract these people are not well-
defined nor is it clear which kind of people they are aiming at. It seems to us, that in order to attract
young people and thus to stand out from the rest, a more clarified profile of the city and what the
city has to offer (and is looking for) would probably also give more promising results.
Heerlen and Parkstad Limburg have agreed upon the fact Heerlen is ‘the heart of Parkstad Limburg’.
The main ambition of the regional partnership is to restrain shrinkage. Their strategy to do so is to
cooperate closely with each other with Heerlen operating as the centre of the region. This has been
established in the housing and future plans of Parkstad Limbug. As centre of the region, Heerlen will
be the place where cultural activities are concentrated, implying that Heerlen is also the place where
economic growth is concentrated. In turn this means Heerlen is indeed competing, but on a regional
level and in an agreed upon form.
In essence, the city of Heerlen is countering shrinkage at the expense of the surrounding
municipalities within Parkstad Limburg, that are cooperating and supporting this strategy. This goes
for population growth as well as for economic and cultural activities. Parkstad Limburg has
acknowledged this position by donating Heerlen a substantial amount of budget aimed at
strenghtening the cultural sector.
Shrinkage and culture as a tool to counteract it - Yvonne Rijpers & Mark Verhijde (2011) p. 8 of 10
9. 6. Conclusions
In short, cities turn to culture and the creative economy as a tool for urban and economic
regeneration in order to oppose shrinkage. Ways of doing this are by organising cultural events,
invoking cultural institutions and providing for space for (local) creative industry. Fostering tourism
seems to be an important strategy, trans nationally supported by initiatives such as the European
Cultural Capital in some of our examples. Shrinking cities rather not compete with ‘real’ creative
cities and more often than not lack a specific creative sector to promote. Exception on this rule in our
examples is Manchester, which is well-known for its thriving music and club scene, although it does
not seem to make use of this in urban strategies.
The main USP of shrinking cities is, as Lex Smeets poses: Space – there is more than enough of that
around here. Space that is easily accessible for temporary use such as events, urban farming or
conversion of industrial use to cultural use. This USP is simultaneously the most important
competitive advantage shrinking cities have on non-shrinking cities and the reason why they are
partially able to compete with other cities on hosting events such as the International Break-dance
Event or the Commonwealth Games.
In many other respects shrinking cities, including Heerlen, do not stand a very good chance in
competing. However, as we have argued in this article, that is also not their main goal. The strategy
of using culture as a tool is inherently fuelled by an intrinsic economic need and also operated as
such. Advertising Heerlen as a ‘creative city’ in a (trans) national way is not aimed at and also not
considered to be a successful strategy by local government. Culture is primarily one of the tools to
counteract shrinkage and boost local economy. Culture is not defined as or restricted to a specific
sector of the creative economy, but in a much broader sense: for Heerlen is considered in a broad
sense – it is tourism, cultural institutions and local events, as well as civil participation on a
neighbourhood level. The aim is two-sided: to strengthen the commitment of the current population
on the one hand, and to boost local economy and attract new people and economic activity on the
other.
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Contacts
Yvonne Rijpers, YSKOV, Phone +31 614 999 056 Email ymrijpers@gmail.com Adress Pieter de
Hoochstraat 26B 3024 CS Rotterdam
Mark Verhijde Interim programmamanager en adviseur stedelijke ontwikkeling, Phone +31 652 653
005 Email mark.verhijde@gmail.com Adress Westenbergstraat 8, 7415 CP Deventer
Shrinkage and culture as a tool to counteract it - Yvonne Rijpers & Mark Verhijde (2011) p. 10 of 10