Measurement of VOCs for Air Quality Using Widely Tunable Mid-Infrared Laser S...Gasera Ltd.
Indoor Air Quality
Indoor air quality has a large impact on health, quality of life and work efficiency. Numerous indoor air impurities are responsible for respiratory diseases , allergies, intoxication and certain types of cancer. Contaminants are caused by e.g. moulds, decomposing floor covering, tobacco smoke, outgassing from furniture.
Photoacoustic detection combined with widely tunable mid-IR laser sources provides a versatile platform for various air quality applications. High-power EC-QCL in the fingerprint regions enables measurement of many VOCs and also other gases that typically are active in the common fingerprint region. Easy to operate, miniaturization possibilities and infrequent maintenance requirement provides additional benefit.
Measurement of Formaldehyde Pollution in Ambient AirGasera Ltd.
Formaldehyde is classified as a carcinogenic compound and until today it has been difficult to monitor with existing technologies.
The GASERA ONE FORMALDEHYDE analyzer can achieve below 1 ppb detection limit, which is well below the 16 ppb recommendation for occupational exposure limit by The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) in the USA.
* Materials updated 22 June 2017
Detection of Drugs with Cantilever-Enhanced Photoacoustic SpectroscopyGasera Ltd.
Two projects in FP7 program: CUSTOM and DOGGIES
One project in H2020 program: IRON
Measurements with hair samples.
Detection of drugs in hair.
Micro-sample studies.
Solid phase drug measurement.
FTIR-PAS measurement of cannabis.
Measurement of VOCs for Air Quality Using Widely Tunable Mid-Infrared Laser S...Gasera Ltd.
Indoor Air Quality
Indoor air quality has a large impact on health, quality of life and work efficiency. Numerous indoor air impurities are responsible for respiratory diseases , allergies, intoxication and certain types of cancer. Contaminants are caused by e.g. moulds, decomposing floor covering, tobacco smoke, outgassing from furniture.
Photoacoustic detection combined with widely tunable mid-IR laser sources provides a versatile platform for various air quality applications. High-power EC-QCL in the fingerprint regions enables measurement of many VOCs and also other gases that typically are active in the common fingerprint region. Easy to operate, miniaturization possibilities and infrequent maintenance requirement provides additional benefit.
Measurement of Formaldehyde Pollution in Ambient AirGasera Ltd.
Formaldehyde is classified as a carcinogenic compound and until today it has been difficult to monitor with existing technologies.
The GASERA ONE FORMALDEHYDE analyzer can achieve below 1 ppb detection limit, which is well below the 16 ppb recommendation for occupational exposure limit by The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) in the USA.
* Materials updated 22 June 2017
Detection of Drugs with Cantilever-Enhanced Photoacoustic SpectroscopyGasera Ltd.
Two projects in FP7 program: CUSTOM and DOGGIES
One project in H2020 program: IRON
Measurements with hair samples.
Detection of drugs in hair.
Micro-sample studies.
Solid phase drug measurement.
FTIR-PAS measurement of cannabis.
Laser-Based Standoff Methane Sensors for Enhancing Coal Miner SafetyClinton Smith
This presentation shows a demonstration of the PSI & Heath Consultants Remote Methane Leak Detector (RMLD) being applied to remote detection of methane within coal mines to supplement existing technology to further enhance coal miner safety.
High-accuracy laser spectrometers for wireless trace-gas sensor networksClinton Smith
The subject of this dissertation is the development of a wireless sensor network composed of instruments which employ both VCSELs and QCLs for accurate, highly sensitive, and reliable long-term monitoring of environmental trace-gases. The dissertation focuses on the development of low-power instruments and calibration methods that ensure the reliability of long-term measurements.
First the field deployment of a low-power, portable, wireless laser spectroscopic sensor node for atmospheric CO2 monitoring is demonstrated. The sensor node shows 0.14 ppmv Hz^-1/2 1 sigma measurement sensitivity of CO2 concentration changes. It was first used to measure top-soil respiration rates in the laboratory and on forest floors in the field.
Then after a long-term field deployment to further assess instrument performance, new design solutions were implemented to improve fringe-limited precision of the nodes to 4-7 ppmv against a 400 ppmv CO2 background, making their performance comparable to higher power consuming commercial trace-gas analyzers. Three optimized nodes were then deployed into mixed landscapes as part of a solar powered CO2 monitoring wireless network. The three node network monitored CO2 in a grassy/woody courtyard, on top of the roof of an engineering building, and next to a road in the Princeton area. These works show that ultra-low powered VCSEL based sensor nodes can be placed in off-the-grid environments for autonomous distributed geographic monitoring of trace-gases in a manner which is impossible with current commercial techniques.
Next, this dissertation covers two techniques that were developed for the real-time calibration of laser-based trace-gas measurements. The first technique used an in-line reference gas cell and employed wavelength modulation spectroscopy (WMS) at higher harmonics to simultaneously probe the sample and reference spectra. The second technique used a revolving in-line reference cell to suppress background and other non-spectroscopic signals. These techniques were designed for eventual inclusion as a real-time calibration source for field deployable trace-gas sensors and wireless sensor networks.
Finally, this dissertation demonstrates the use of the CW injection current into a VCSEL in an external cavity configuration to tune the cavity emission's self-oscillation frequency and show through simulation and experiment that the tuning is dependent on VCSEL birefringence change.
Dissertation PDF at www.clintonjsmith.com
EnviroConnect is a browser based software solution for monitoring and viewing Stack and Ambient Air Quality at multiple locations. EnviroConnect is robust and can scale from a single station installation to a nation-wide installation of hundreds of stations.
Implement EnviroConnect for
1) Stack and Ambient Air Quality monitoring within Power Plants, Steel Plants, Cement Plants etc.
2) Nationwide network for Stack and Ambient Air monitoring
3) City wide pollution monitoring
Air Quality Sampling and Monitoring: Stack sampling, instrumentation and methods of analysis of SO2, CO etc, legislation for control of air pollution and automobile
pollution
The Spirant™ BAM automatically measures
and records airborne particulate
concentrations using the beta ray
attenuation method. It is designated by the
US EPA as Federal Equivalent Method for
PM10 and PM2.5 monitoring.
Rapid hydrogen and methane sensors for wireless leak detectionSherry Huang
Under NASA STTR NNK07EA39C, ASR&D developed passive surface acoustic wave (SAW) based hydrogen sensors that utilize Pd nanocluster films on self-assembled siloxane monolayers to provide rapid, reversible room temperature responses to hydrogen exposure.
Many factors impacting the measurement precision of ICP-OES and ICP-MS are still often neglected for everyday operation, however. Sample preparation is one of the factors that play a crucial role in the success of high-quality sample analysis. In this webinar, our experts will discuss sample preparation to: 1) improve analysis precision 2) make difficult samples easy to be analyzed 3) eliminate sample dilution to minimize error introduction.
For more information, please visit here: http://chrom.ms/CtRtKpw
No single liquid chromatography (LC) detector delivers ideal results. Often with LC detectors one analyte responds more strongly than another, or may not respond at all. What is most desired is the ability to accurately measure a wide range of analytes with consistent response simultaneously.
Charged Aerosol detection (CAD) is a mass sensitive technique for determining levels of any non-volatile and many semi-volatile analytes after separation by liquid chromatography. This technique provides consistent analyte response independent of chemical characteristics and gives greater sensitivity over a wider dynamic range. An analytes response does not depend on optical properties, like with UV-vis absorbance, or the ability to ionize, as with mass spectrometry (MS). The presence of chromophoric groups, radiolabels, ionizable moieties, or chemical derivatization is needed for detection.
Laser-Based Standoff Methane Sensors for Enhancing Coal Miner SafetyClinton Smith
This presentation shows a demonstration of the PSI & Heath Consultants Remote Methane Leak Detector (RMLD) being applied to remote detection of methane within coal mines to supplement existing technology to further enhance coal miner safety.
High-accuracy laser spectrometers for wireless trace-gas sensor networksClinton Smith
The subject of this dissertation is the development of a wireless sensor network composed of instruments which employ both VCSELs and QCLs for accurate, highly sensitive, and reliable long-term monitoring of environmental trace-gases. The dissertation focuses on the development of low-power instruments and calibration methods that ensure the reliability of long-term measurements.
First the field deployment of a low-power, portable, wireless laser spectroscopic sensor node for atmospheric CO2 monitoring is demonstrated. The sensor node shows 0.14 ppmv Hz^-1/2 1 sigma measurement sensitivity of CO2 concentration changes. It was first used to measure top-soil respiration rates in the laboratory and on forest floors in the field.
Then after a long-term field deployment to further assess instrument performance, new design solutions were implemented to improve fringe-limited precision of the nodes to 4-7 ppmv against a 400 ppmv CO2 background, making their performance comparable to higher power consuming commercial trace-gas analyzers. Three optimized nodes were then deployed into mixed landscapes as part of a solar powered CO2 monitoring wireless network. The three node network monitored CO2 in a grassy/woody courtyard, on top of the roof of an engineering building, and next to a road in the Princeton area. These works show that ultra-low powered VCSEL based sensor nodes can be placed in off-the-grid environments for autonomous distributed geographic monitoring of trace-gases in a manner which is impossible with current commercial techniques.
Next, this dissertation covers two techniques that were developed for the real-time calibration of laser-based trace-gas measurements. The first technique used an in-line reference gas cell and employed wavelength modulation spectroscopy (WMS) at higher harmonics to simultaneously probe the sample and reference spectra. The second technique used a revolving in-line reference cell to suppress background and other non-spectroscopic signals. These techniques were designed for eventual inclusion as a real-time calibration source for field deployable trace-gas sensors and wireless sensor networks.
Finally, this dissertation demonstrates the use of the CW injection current into a VCSEL in an external cavity configuration to tune the cavity emission's self-oscillation frequency and show through simulation and experiment that the tuning is dependent on VCSEL birefringence change.
Dissertation PDF at www.clintonjsmith.com
EnviroConnect is a browser based software solution for monitoring and viewing Stack and Ambient Air Quality at multiple locations. EnviroConnect is robust and can scale from a single station installation to a nation-wide installation of hundreds of stations.
Implement EnviroConnect for
1) Stack and Ambient Air Quality monitoring within Power Plants, Steel Plants, Cement Plants etc.
2) Nationwide network for Stack and Ambient Air monitoring
3) City wide pollution monitoring
Air Quality Sampling and Monitoring: Stack sampling, instrumentation and methods of analysis of SO2, CO etc, legislation for control of air pollution and automobile
pollution
The Spirant™ BAM automatically measures
and records airborne particulate
concentrations using the beta ray
attenuation method. It is designated by the
US EPA as Federal Equivalent Method for
PM10 and PM2.5 monitoring.
Rapid hydrogen and methane sensors for wireless leak detectionSherry Huang
Under NASA STTR NNK07EA39C, ASR&D developed passive surface acoustic wave (SAW) based hydrogen sensors that utilize Pd nanocluster films on self-assembled siloxane monolayers to provide rapid, reversible room temperature responses to hydrogen exposure.
Many factors impacting the measurement precision of ICP-OES and ICP-MS are still often neglected for everyday operation, however. Sample preparation is one of the factors that play a crucial role in the success of high-quality sample analysis. In this webinar, our experts will discuss sample preparation to: 1) improve analysis precision 2) make difficult samples easy to be analyzed 3) eliminate sample dilution to minimize error introduction.
For more information, please visit here: http://chrom.ms/CtRtKpw
No single liquid chromatography (LC) detector delivers ideal results. Often with LC detectors one analyte responds more strongly than another, or may not respond at all. What is most desired is the ability to accurately measure a wide range of analytes with consistent response simultaneously.
Charged Aerosol detection (CAD) is a mass sensitive technique for determining levels of any non-volatile and many semi-volatile analytes after separation by liquid chromatography. This technique provides consistent analyte response independent of chemical characteristics and gives greater sensitivity over a wider dynamic range. An analytes response does not depend on optical properties, like with UV-vis absorbance, or the ability to ionize, as with mass spectrometry (MS). The presence of chromophoric groups, radiolabels, ionizable moieties, or chemical derivatization is needed for detection.
XRF Based &Multi-Metals & Continuous Water Analyzer Xact920European Tech Serv
Process monitoring – feedback for water treatment may improve the efficiency of the treatment process – use fewer chemicals to achieve require effluent emission limits
Measurement of Se, As for compliance with Steam Electric Generating Effluent Guidelines
Monitoring of treatment of wastewater by biological based treatment systems
Measurement of Corrosion Products (e.g. Fe, Ni, Cr and Mn) to improve operating efficiency
Measurement of Elements in Nuclear Power Plant Applications (e.g. Pb, Cu, Fe)
Reduce laboratory analysis costs
Process monitoring – feedback for water treatment may improve the efficiency of the treatment process – use fewer chemicals to achieve require effluent emission limits
Measurement of Se, As for compliance with Steam Electric Generating Effluent Guidelines
Monitoring of treatment of wastewater by biological based treatment systems
Measurement of Corrosion Products (e.g. Fe, Ni, Cr and Mn) to improve operating efficiency
Measurement of Elements in Nuclear Power Plant Applications (e.g. Pb, Cu, Fe)
Reduce laboratory analysis costs
Separation of mercury from VOC’s and selective detection using gold film ama...Jennifer Maclachlan
Presented at the Spring 2015 National Meeting of the American Chemical Society in Denver, CO on March 23, 2015 on the Analytical Chemistry Division program track.
Presentation overview:
We used a sensitive but nonspecific photoionization detector (PID) with a 10.6eV lamp to measure mercury, which has an ionization potential of 10.43eV.
The PID responds to both mercury and VOC’s so the VOC’s have to be removed to make the technique specific for mercury.
The chemistry of the gold/mercury amalgam makes this method specific for mercury and eliminates interferences from VOC’s.
This technique also concentrates the sample making the method sensitive to sub ppb levels.
Oil in water fluorescence and backscattering relationshipsSeaBirdScientific
Ian Walsh
Sea-Bird Scientific Ocean Research
Brian Robinson
Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Bedford Institute of Oceanography
John Koegler
Sea-Bird Scientific Ocean Research
Robyn Conmy
3USEPA/NRMRL/LRPCD
February, 2016
Liquid Sensing: Visible light absorption spectroscopy and colorimetry are two fundamental tools used in chemical analysis. Most of these light-based systems use photodiodes as the light sensor, and require similar high input impedance signal chains. This session examines the different components of a photodiode amplifier signal chain, including a programmable gain transimpedance amplifier, a hardware lock-in amplifier, and a Σ-Δ ADC that can measure a sample and reference channel to greatly reduce any measurement error due to variations in intensity of the light source.
Gas Sensing: Many industrial processes involve toxic compounds, and it is important to know when dangerous concentrations exist. Electrochemical sensors offer several advantages for instruments that detect or measure the concentration of toxic gases. This session will describe a portable toxic gas detector using an electrochemical sensor. The system presented here includes a potentiostat circuit to drive the sensor, as well as a transimpedance amplifier to take the very small output current from the sensor and translate it to a voltage that can take advantage of the full-scale input of an ADC.
If you want to analyze different gases including SO2, CO2,CO,NO, O2 and HC, it would be best to use CEMS. This is the best way to go for getting right kind of things.
For more Details:- http://www.gas-analyzers.com/products/flue-gas-analyzer/Gasboard-9085.html
Callide oxyfuel research project, Part 2: CO2 quality control prior to compre...Global CCS Institute
To highlight the research and achievements of Australian researchers, the Global CCS Institute with ANLEC R&D will hold a series of webinars throughout 2016. Each webinar will highlight a specific ANLEC R&D research project and the relevant report found on the Institute’s website. This is the third webinar of the series, which focused on experiments quantifying and optimising the removal of SOx, NOx and mercury gases from the flue gases passing the fabric filter and caustic scrubber prior to CO2 compression as part of the Callide Oxyfuel Project.
The Callide Oxyfuel Project in central Queensland, Australia, has demonstrated carbon capture using oxyfuel technology on a retrofitted 30 MWe boiler. The project comprised of 2 x 330 t/day air separation units, a 30 MWe oxy-fuel boiler and a 75 t/day CO2 capture plant. The plant was commissioned in 2012 and operated for three years achieving nominally 10,000 hours of industrial operation in oxy-combustion mode.
The project has been able to demonstrate CO2 capture rates from the Oxyfuel flue gas stream to the CO2 capture plant in excess of 85%, and producing a high quality CO2 product suitable for geological storage. In addition, other benefits observed from the oxy-firing and CO2 capture demonstration have included: (i) increased boiler combustion efficiency; (ii) greater than 50% reduction in stack NOx mass emission rates; and (iii) almost complete removal of all toxic gaseous emissions including SOx, NOx, particulates and trace elements from the flue gas stream in the CO2 capture plant (CPU).
This webinar provided a technical presentation of experiments quantifying and optimising the removal of SOx, NOx and mercury gases from the flue gases passing the fabric filter and caustic scrubber prior to CO2 compression by the University Of Newcastle supported by Australian National Low Emission R&D. This webinar was presented by Professor Terry Wall and Dr Rohan Stanger from The University of Newcastle, Australia.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
Generating a custom Ruby SDK for your web service or Rails API using Smithyg2nightmarescribd
Have you ever wanted a Ruby client API to communicate with your web service? Smithy is a protocol-agnostic language for defining services and SDKs. Smithy Ruby is an implementation of Smithy that generates a Ruby SDK using a Smithy model. In this talk, we will explore Smithy and Smithy Ruby to learn how to generate custom feature-rich SDKs that can communicate with any web service, such as a Rails JSON API.
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
Ship Emissions Monitoring with Laser-Based Cantilever-Enhanced Photoacoustic Detection
1. March 2016
Ship Emissions Monitoring with Laser-based
Cantilever-enhanced Photoacoustic Detection
Dr. Jaakko Lehtinen, Client Partner, Gasera Ltd.
Pittcon 2016, 8.3.2016, 10:45 am
Gasera Ltd. Tykistökatu 4, 20520 Turku, Finland
2. - 2 -
Why to monitor ship emissions?
Ships using marine fuel oil
release SO2 emissions
Ships using marine dieseloil
release NO2 emissions
Biogas ships release unburnt
CH4
Both SO2 and NO2 are air
pollutants
CH4 is a greenhousegas
NIOSH Relative Exposure Limits:
SO2 2ppm,NO2 1 ppm
US NationalAmbientAir Quality
Standards limits:SO2 only 75
ppb, NOx only 53 ppb!
3. SO2 and NO2 emission control
areas
ECA (emission control area)
Sulphur emission control areas (SECA) include the Baltic Sea, the
North Sea, the North American ECA, including most of US and
Canadian coast and the US Caribbean ECA
Allowed SO2 emissions from ships are notably lower in SECAs
Similarly NECA for nitrogen emissions
- 3 -
https://www.bbc-chartering.com/informations/news/archive/2014.html
4. Timeline for tighter regulation fuels
The new regulation for sulphur content in
fuel in ECAs is a relatively new topic
From January 2015 the maximum allowed
Sulphur content in fuel in ECAs has been
0.1%
The regulations are becoming global in near
future
Global limit for sulphur content in fuel will
decrease from 3.50% to 0.50% from 1
January 2020, subject to a feasibility review
to be completed no later than 2018
Also, new tighter regulations for nitrogen
dioxide emission have been effective since
the beginning of 2016
- 4 -
http://www.aecm aritime.com/eca
5. Motivation for emissions monitoring
Shipping companies can save around $10000
per day per ship by using illegal highersulfur
level fuel
New regulations costaround $45 billion per
year to the shipping industry
The emissions of an individualship are not
directly monitored
The SO2 contentin fuel is mainly determined
by taking samples straightfrom the fuel tank
of the ship and sending them to analysis
The inspectionscan be random occasional
checks orbased on suspicion
The inspectionsare performed by authorities
The ships often have two differenttanks for
operation in different areas
- 5 -
Emissions monitoring is required
to reliably ensure that the
regulations are being obeyed!
6. - 6 -
Problems with current technologies
Different gases are detected with different
technologies
SO2, UV-fluorescence
CO2, Infrared
NO2, Chemiluminescence
CH4, Infrared
Different analyzeris required for every gas
compound
Air monitoring station with multiple expensive
analyzersand costly maintenance -> therefore
the numberof stations is limited
Already single analyzersare expensive
Different technologieshave differentsources for
uncertainty
https://www.portoflosangeles.org/environment/air_quality.asp
Air monitoring stations in the Port of Los Angeles
7. - 7 -
Solution
Multi-gas analyzerwith high sensitivity is
required
High selectivity is required because of the
ambientair background
Sub-ppb detectionlimit is required for SO2
Proposedsolution is based on cantilever
enhanced photoacoustic laserspectroscopy
Enough sensitivity to use Mid-infrared (MIR)
region instead of UV for SO2
Pressure can be lowered for sufficient
selectivity
High resolution laserspectroscopy is needed
as the SO2 absorption linesare normally
buried understrongerabsorption lines of
water
8. Optical cantilever microphone
Cantilever sensor
Over 100 times greater physical movement can be
achieved compared to conventional microphone
membrane – cantilever has very low string constant
1 N/m
Highly linear response
Optical readout system
Contactless optical measurement based on laser
interferometry
Measures cantilever displacements smaller than
picometer (10-12
m)
Extremely wide dynamic measurement range
- 8 -
9. - 9 -
Concept for SO2 and CO2
A combination of quantum cascade laser
(QCL) and diode laser is used in conjunction
with the photoacoustic cell
A narrow linewidth QCL is used to measure
SO2 absorptionlines in MIR region
CO2 is measured in the NIR region with a
tunable diode laser
10. - 10 -
Simulations for SO2
A QCL operating between
1340-1350 cm-1 was
chosen based on the
simulations
Possible absorption lines
for detection are in 1343-
1344 cm-1 and 1345-1346
cm-1 regions
The strongest absorption features of SO2 in infrared
region are between 1300 and 1400 cm-1
11. - 11 -
Simulations for CO2
For CO2, a standard diode
laser was used
CO2 lines are well separated
and 2nd harmonic simulations
are not necessary
Selectivity is easily achieved
as the concentrations are
typically above 400 ppm
13. - 13 -
Measured spectra
Higher concentration CH4 sample
was used to confirm the range of
the laser source
CH4 has a simple absorption
pattern in this range
Coarse tuning of the wavelength is
done by altering temperature
Fine tuning is done by altering
current
Wavelength modulation is done
with current
Optimal temperature for maximal
power output in the desired range
was determined
14. - 14 -
Measured spectra
SO2 sample was measured when the optimal temperature of the
laser was determined
Spectrum of SO2 has more features in this region than CH4
Based on the spectrum, the optimal spectral line was chosen
15. - 15 -
Achieved performance
Application requirementis sub-ppb leveldetection limit
Achieveddetection limitwith photoacousticsetup was 0.5 ppb
Typicalconcentrationin the application is below 100 ppb
Highersensitivity enables the placing of the monitoring stations further away
from the seaways
The analyzerwill be further tested againstthe SO2 reference method (UV-
fluorescence)by Finnish MeteorologicalInstitute FMI
Response time,linearity,repeatability,drift, pressure,temperature
Gas compound Integration time Detection limit
SO2
1 s 3.2 ppb
60 s 0.5 ppb
Achieved detection limits:
16. - 16 -
Concept for implementing all the
necessary gas compounds
Simulated concept for all required gas
components
Two GASERA ONE analyzers working in
slave/master configuration
Simulations are based on the
measurements made with SO2
Also ammonia (greenhouse gas) from
Denox scrubbers can be included in two
analyzer configuration
Gas compound Integration time Detection limit
NO2 10 s 0.2 ppb
CH4 10 s 0.5 ppb
17. HyperGlobal
Part of a HyperGlobal consortium
GASERA
Finnish Meteorological Institute
VTT- Technical research centre of Finland
University of Oulu
Rikola Oy
Aeromon Oy
Mosaic Mill Oy
Avartek
Idea is to provide a solution for reliable
emissions monitoring
UAV and fixed measurement stations
Consortium is funded by Tekes – the
Finnish Funding Agency for Innovation
- 17 -