The document discusses Systemic Functional Grammar and linguistics, focusing on the concept of mood. It defines mood as the combination of subject and finite verb in a clause. The residue of the clause includes the predicator, complements, and adjuncts. It distinguishes between different types of adjuncts and explains how mood is realized through indicative and interrogative clauses. Declarative clauses typically have subject-finite word order while interrogatives vary based on question type.

1. Systemic Functional
Grammar/Linguistics
By Shumail Arif
Roll no. 2606
M.phil 2nd Semester (Applied Linguistics)
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2. Chapter no. 2
Mood
In this chapter, we will discuss:
 The Clause as an Exchange
 The Mood Element
 Residue
Predicator
Complement
Adjuncts
 Mood Types
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3.  The Clause as an Exchange
In the last chapter, it was stated that clauses simultaneously
encode three strands of meaning: ideational, interpersonal and
textual.
Here we shall begin focusing on the MOOD system. Thus, we are
talking about the clause as an exchange.
(For further detail, read the book, page no. 18 and 19)
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4.  The Mood Element
The Mood element consists of two parts:
 The Subject, which is realized by a nominal group.
 The Finite element, which is part of the verbal group.
For example:
I didn’t
Subject Finite verb
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5. The combination of Subject and Finite verb, is called Mood.
The remainder of each clause, if there is a remainder, is called
the Residue.
The Finite element is one of the small number of verbal
operators expressing tense, modality and polarity. These are
listed below:
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6. Finite Verbal Operators(FVO):
Temporal:
Past Present Future
Did, was Does, is Will, shall
Had, used to Has Would, should
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7. Modal:
Low Medium High
Can, may Will, would Must, ought to
Could, might Is to, was to Need
(dare) Has to, had to
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8.  Residue:
We shall continue our discussion of MOOD by turning now to
the notion Residue.
Let us begin with the first clause about Henry Ford.
Henry Ford built his first car in his backyard.
Subject Finite/Predicator Complement Adjunct
Mood Residue
This clause displays a typical pattern of elements in the Residue,
namely: Predicator, Complement(s), Adjunct(s).
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9. Predicator:
The Predicator is the verb part of the clause, the bit which tells
what’s doing, happening or being.
There are also non-finite (‘to’ + verb and verb + ing) clauses
containing a Predicator but no finite element. For example:
To give Henry more room.
Predicator Complement Complement
Residue
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10. Complement
The complement answers the question ‘is/had what’, ‘to whom’,
‘did to what’. Thus, in the examples provided above, the
following items are Complements: this have to potential to be
Subject. For example:
His first car Henry Ford built in his
backyard.
Complement Subject Finite/Predicator Adjunct
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11. Adjuncts
Circumstantial Adjuncts answer the question ‘how’, ‘where’, ‘by’,
‘whom’. For example:
Henry Ford built his first car in the backyard of his home.
‘in the backyard of his home’ answering the question ‘where’.
These are called Circumstantial Adjuncts. There are several other
types of Adjuncts. One of these is centrally relevant to the
analysis of MOOD. The two which fall outside of Mood structure
are Conjunctive Adjuncts and Comment
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12. adjuncts.
Conjunctive Adjuncts include items such as ‘for instance’,
‘anyway’, ‘moreover’, ‘meanwhile’, ‘therefore’, ‘nevertheless’.
These Conjunctive Adjuncts have a textual function and so fall
outside of analysis of MOOD. That’s why ‘as’, ‘so as’ and ‘then’
in. For example:
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13. as the work proceeded so as to give Henry more room
Subject Finite/Predicator Pred. Complement
Comment Adjuncts express the speaker’s comment on what he
or she is saying. Comment adjuncts include such items as
‘frankly’, ‘apparently’, ‘hopefully’, ‘broadly
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14. speaking’, ‘understandably’, to any surprise’. They express
interpersonal rather than textual meanings but fall outside of
Mood-Residue structure. For example:
Unfortunately however they were too late.
Com. Adjunct Conj. Adjunct
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15. Mood Adjuncts:
Mood adjuncts relate specifically to the meaning of the finite
verbal operators, expressing probability, usuality, obligation,
inclination or time.
The principal items functioning as Mood Adjuncts include the
following:
Adjuncts of polarity and modality:
Polarity: not, yes, no, so
Probability: probably, possibly, certainly, perhaps, may be
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16. Usuality: usually, sometimes, always, never, ever, seldom, rarely
Readiness: willingly, readily, gladly, certainly, easily
Obligation: definitely, absolutely, possibly, at all cost, by all
means
Adjuncts of temporality:
Time: yet, still, already, once, soon, just
Typically: occasionally, generally, regularly, mainly
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17. Adjuncts of mood:
Obviousness: of course, surely, obviously, clearly
Intensity: just, simple, merely, only, even, actually, really
Degree: quite, almost, nearly, scarcely, hardly, absolutely, totally,
utterly, entirely, completely.
(For examples, see the book, page no. 31)
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18.  Mood Types
declarative
indicative
interrogative
Mood imperative
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19. Indicative Mood
Indicative mood is realized by the features Subject + Finite. The
order of the subject and Finite realizes Declarative and
Interrogative.
Declarative
Unmarked: Subject + Finite
The car had four bicycle wheels.
Subject Finite Complement
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20. Marked: Finite + Subject
Then came the production line
Pred./Finite Subject
Residue Mood
Interrogative
Polar (Yes/No questions): Finite + Subject
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21. Did Henry Ford build his first car in the backyard?
Finite Subject Pred. Complement Circ. Adjunct
Mood Residue
Wh-Questions: Querying subject Wh-subject Finite
Who built a car in his backyard?
Wh-subject Fin./Pred. Complement Circ. Adjunct
Mood Residue
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22. Thank you
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