This document discusses sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), including AIDS, gonorrhea, syphilis, and human papillomavirus (HPV). It provides information on the causes, symptoms, transmission, diagnosis, and treatment of each disease. Key points include that STDs can be transmitted through oral, anal, or vaginal sexual contact and have a high incidence among ages 15-50. It also summarizes that HPV is the most common STD and certain strains can cause genital warts or cancers, while gonorrhea symptoms vary by gender but may include discharge and burning during urination. Diagnosis of STDs involves tests of bodily fluids and tissue samples.

1. SEXTUALLY
TRANSMITTED DISEASES
(STD)
By
Miss. Prajakta D. Hingole
1st year M.S in Pharmacology and toxicology dept,
NIPER Kolkata

2. CONTENTS
 INTRODUCTION
 AIDS
 GONORRHEA
 SYPHILUS
 HUMAN PAPILOMAVIRUS (HPV)

3. INTRODUCTION
• Sexually transmitted infections, also known as sexually transmitted
diseases, involve the transmission of an organism between sexual
partners through different routes of sexual contact, either oral, anal, or
vaginal.
• Sexually transmitted diseases (STD) have a high incidence in most
countries, especially between the ages of 15 to 50 years of age, including
infants.
• We will discuss basic symptomatology, including genital, extragenital, or
disseminated with the use of a history and physical exam to assist with
differential diagnosis and recommended treatments

4. IMMUNE SYSTEM
 WBC are the most important part of the immune system
 Neutrophils attack bacteria
B-lymphocytes make antibodies
 T-lymphocytes
Responsible for coordinating the immune system’s attack on viruses, fungi and some
bacteria
 Important components of the immune system
Lymphocytes
T4-lymphocytes B lymphocytes
CD4 type* CD8 type Antibodies
HIV uses CD4 cells for replication

5. MEANING OF HIV
 Human: Can live only in
humans
 Immunodeficiency:
Damages the immune
system of people it infects
 Virus: Retrovirus (RNA)

6. MEANING OF AIDS
Acquired
(not born with)
Immune
(body’s defense system)
Deficiency
(not working properly)
Syndrome
(a group of signs and
symptoms)
Transmitted from person to Person
It affects the body’s immune system, the part of the body
which usually works to fight off germs such as bacteria
and viruses
Malfunctioning of the body’s immune system
Someone with AIDS may experience a wide range of
different diseases.

7. DEFINATION
It is disease in which there is severe loss of body cellular
immunity gradually lower in the resistance
Types of HIV
• Type 1 : HIV-1
• Type 2 : HIV -2

8. CAUSES

11. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

12.  Hugging
 Contact with sweat, tears, urine o faeces
 Bathing/Swimming in the same pool
 Sharing cooking utensils, cups, toilet seats,
bedding, telephones or towels
 Eating food prepared by an infected person
HIV can not be transmitted by…

13. .
1. History
2. Physical Examination
3. Sexual History
4. Laboratory Findings
5. Social History
DIAGNOSIS OF AIDS

14.  HIV Antibody Tests
- HIV Rapid test
- ELISA
- Western Blot Test (ConfirmatoryTest)
 HIV Antigen Tests
- DNA PCR
- P24 Antigen

15. GONORRHEA
 Gonorrhoea is highly contagious sexually
transmitted infection caused by Neisseria
gonorrhoeae, which can cause an infection of the
urethra, cervix, anus, throat and eyes.
 Rarely gonorrhoea can infect the bloodstream
and cause fever, joint pain and skin lesions.
 It can infect both males and females.
 The bacteria are mainly found in discharge from
the penis and vaginal fluid from infected men and
women.

16. INCUBATION PERIOD
1-14 days
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
 vaginal or anal sex with an infected partner
 oral sex (less common)
 touching parts of the body with fingers
 any very close physical contact
 the bacteria can be passed from hand to
hand (very rare isolated cases)
 from a mother to her baby at birth
CAUSES

19. Gonorrhea Symptoms in Women
 strong smelling vaginal discharge-thin & watery/thick & yellow/green
 irritation or discharge from the anus
 abnormal vaginal bleeding
 possibly some low abdominal or pelvic tenderness
 pain or a burning sensation when passing urine
 low abdominal pain sometimes with nausea
Gonorrhea Symptoms in Men
 white, yellow or green thick discharge from the tip of the penis
 inflammation of the testicles & prostate gland
 irritation or discharge from the anus
 urethral itch & pain or burning sensation when passing urin

20. DIAGNOSIS
 Urine test
 Swab of affected area

21. SYPHILIS
Syphilis is a venereal (sexually-transmitted) bacterial disease caused by
Treponema pallidum usually spread by sexual contact.
The disease starts as a painless sore (typically on genitals, rectum or mouth)

25.  INCUBATION PERIOD:
10 days- 3 weeks (may be upto 3 months)
 MODE OF TRANSMISSION :
Sexual intercourse
Intimate person-to-person contact
Transfusion of infected blood
Materno-foetal transmission

28. DIAGNOSIS
 . Dark field microscopic examination:
Direct fluorescent antibody (test) for T. pallidum(DFA-TP)
 . Serological tests:
•Nontreponemal tests
1. Venereal Disease Research Laboratory
(VDRL)
1. slide test
2. rapid plasma reagin (RPR) card test
3. unheated serum reagin (USR) test
4. toluidine red unheated serum test (TRUST).

30. HUMAN PAPILOMA VIRUS (HPV)
Human papillomavirus is the most common sexually transmitted
infection. Most sexually active men and women being exposed
to the virus at some point during their lifetime.

31. Structure
 small, non-enveloped, icosahedral DNA viruses that have a
diameter of 52–55nm.
 single double-stranded DNA molecule of about 8000 base-pairs
(bp) that is bound to cellular histones
 a protein capsid composed of 72 pentameric capsomers.
 •capsid contains two structural proteins —late 1 and Late 2 —
which are both virally encoded

32. Classification
• the International Committee on the Taxonomy of
Viruses (ICTV) as two separate families —
Papillomaviridae and Polyomaviridae.
• HPV is divided into High risk HPV and Low risk HPV.
Lowrisk types cause warts and high-risk types can cause
lesions or cancer.

34. Some cause common skin warts. Some infect primarily the skin and
mucosa of the anogenital region, as well as the oropharyngeal and
laryngeal areas.
Important manifestations of anogenital HPV include,
 Genital warts (condyloma acuminatum)
 Intraepithelial neoplasia and carcinoma of the cervix, anus, or
penis
 Anal, laryngeal, bladder, and oropharyngeal cancers
 Bowenoid papulosis
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS

35. They can form on the:
 vulva
 cervix
 penis or scrotum
 anus
 groin area
These warts can cause itching,
burning, and other discomfort

36. TRANSMISSION
• HPV is transmitted through intimate skin-to-skin contact.
• having vaginal, anal, or oral sex with someone who has the virus.
• It is most commonly spread during vaginal or anal sex.
• common that nearly all men and women get it at some point in their
lives.
• can be passed even when an infected person has no signs or symptoms.
• can develop symptoms years after being infected, making it hard to
know when you first became infected.
In most cases, HPV goes away on its own and does not cause any health
problems. But when HPV does not go away, it can cause health problems like
genital warts and cancer.

37. DIAGNOSIS
The traditional methods of viral diagnosis such as electron
microscopy, cell culture, and certain immunological methods are
not suitable for HPV detection. HPV cannot be cultured in cell
cultures.
The important methods to diagnose HPV infection are:
• Colposcopy and acetic acid test
• Biopsy
• DNA test (PCR, Southern Blot Hybridization, In Situ Hybridization)
• Pap smear

38.  Colposcopy: a procedure that allows illuminated
stereoscopic and magnified viewing of the cervix.
 PCR-based methods: HPV DNA can be amplified
selectively by a series of reactions that lead to an
exponential and reproducible increase in viral
sequences
present in the biological specimen.
 serological assays: ELISA or western blot analysis

39.  Biopsy: If the biopsy results show pre-cancer (dysplasia) or
cancer,then treatment is recommended. The dysplasia may be
mild, moderate, or severe.
 PAP smear or PAP test: It is a screening test. Apart from
premalignant and malignant changes, viral infections like HPV
infection and Herpes can also be detected.
 Acetic acid Test: A vinegar solution applied to HPV-infected
genital areas turns them white. This may help in identifying
difficult-to-see flat lesions.

40. Diagnosis: PAP smear test
• Early precancerous changes detected on the Pap smear
• A woman may have cervical cancer and not know it because she
may
not have any symptoms.
• A Pap smear is usually part of a pelvic exam and accompanied by a
breast exam
• A sample of mucus and cells will be obtained from the cervix and
endocervix using a wooden scraper or a small cervical brush or
broom.
• the sample is rinsed into a vial and sent to a lab for slide preparation
and examination.