The document discusses services offered by the Accident & Injury Chiropractic Clinic for individuals involved in auto accidents. It states that auto insurance in Utah must provide at least $3,000 in personal injury protection for healthcare following an accident, regardless of fault, and using these benefits does not raise rates. It promotes chiropractic adjustments, electric stimulation, massage, and rehabilitation to manage pain and help recovery without costs to the patient, as insurance will cover charges. It encourages seeking treatment even without pain, as injury may exist beforehand.
The document discusses services offered by the Accident & Injury Chiropractic Clinic for individuals involved in auto accidents. It states that auto insurance in Utah must provide at least $3,000 in personal injury protection for healthcare following an accident, regardless of fault, and using these benefits does not raise rates. It promotes chiropractic adjustments, electric stimulation, massage, and rehabilitation to manage pain and help recovery without costs to the patient, as insurance will cover charges. It encourages seeking treatment even without pain, as injury may exist beforehand.
The document discusses transport policy and funding challenges faced by the International Transport Forum (ITF). It notes that the ITF is an inter-governmental organization with 54 member countries that focuses on global transport policy issues and provides comparative statistics and research. It states that transport policy is difficult due to its impact on people's lives and different stakeholder interests. A mix of policy tools is needed, including supply, regulation, pricing, and information strategies. Funding transport requires balancing long-term impacts versus short-term results and considering who benefits and pays for investments. Knowledge sharing across countries is important given the complex nature of these issues.
The document discusses a PhD project called S-City that aims to understand how information and communication technologies (ITS) can impact mobility and safety while addressing privacy issues. It outlines how ITS has the potential to enhance mobility through information, monitoring, localization, identification, authorization, and communication technologies. However, these applications raise privacy concerns regarding lack of control over personal information, risk of social exclusion, and compromising of privacy. Examples are given of privacy issues around data retention by transportation agencies and mobile phone tracking. The document argues that privacy is important for individuals' well-being and democratic societies, and that its loss can result in harm.
The document discusses connectivity technologies that enable connected vehicles. It provides examples of applications for connected vehicles in urban and interurban areas that improve efficiency, safety, and sustainability. Connected vehicle technologies allow for wireless asset management solutions that optimize maintenance schedules based on real-time vehicle sensor data.
This document discusses transport security and provides definitions and context. It summarizes regulatory initiatives at international levels, such as by the UN, EU, and IRU. It defines transport security as protecting infrastructure, goods, and people from deliberate attacks, as opposed to transport safety which includes general safeguarding from any harm. International regulatory bodies have proposed various security considerations for vehicle regulations, infrastructure networks, dangerous goods transport, and border crossings to strengthen transport security.
This document summarizes a presentation on the impact of water on road degradation. It discusses a research project studying water movement in road structures and presents field observations from moisture monitoring programs. Specifically, it shows how moisture levels varied with depth and temperature over time. Charts are also shown comparing measured stiffness values from road tests to gravimetric moisture content readings. Finally, it describes an instrumented test section and procedure used to study the effects of water on measured responses like pressure, strain and deflection.
The document discusses unsaturated water flow in pavements. It aims to understand how water moves through pavement structures, how long it remains, and what factors control moisture conditions. It compares saturated versus unsaturated flow, and notes unsaturated flow is slower. It describes using actual pavement geometries and material properties in a finite element model to calibrate predictions of water content from sensors to observed field data. The model is adjusted based on precipitation data and material densities to improve prediction accuracy at different sensor locations within the pavement structure.
The document discusses transport policy and funding challenges faced by the International Transport Forum (ITF). It notes that the ITF is an inter-governmental organization with 54 member countries that focuses on global transport policy issues and provides comparative statistics and research. It states that transport policy is difficult due to its impact on people's lives and different stakeholder interests. A mix of policy tools is needed, including supply, regulation, pricing, and information strategies. Funding transport requires balancing long-term impacts versus short-term results and considering who benefits and pays for investments. Knowledge sharing across countries is important given the complex nature of these issues.
The document discusses a PhD project called S-City that aims to understand how information and communication technologies (ITS) can impact mobility and safety while addressing privacy issues. It outlines how ITS has the potential to enhance mobility through information, monitoring, localization, identification, authorization, and communication technologies. However, these applications raise privacy concerns regarding lack of control over personal information, risk of social exclusion, and compromising of privacy. Examples are given of privacy issues around data retention by transportation agencies and mobile phone tracking. The document argues that privacy is important for individuals' well-being and democratic societies, and that its loss can result in harm.
The document discusses connectivity technologies that enable connected vehicles. It provides examples of applications for connected vehicles in urban and interurban areas that improve efficiency, safety, and sustainability. Connected vehicle technologies allow for wireless asset management solutions that optimize maintenance schedules based on real-time vehicle sensor data.
This document discusses transport security and provides definitions and context. It summarizes regulatory initiatives at international levels, such as by the UN, EU, and IRU. It defines transport security as protecting infrastructure, goods, and people from deliberate attacks, as opposed to transport safety which includes general safeguarding from any harm. International regulatory bodies have proposed various security considerations for vehicle regulations, infrastructure networks, dangerous goods transport, and border crossings to strengthen transport security.
This document summarizes a presentation on the impact of water on road degradation. It discusses a research project studying water movement in road structures and presents field observations from moisture monitoring programs. Specifically, it shows how moisture levels varied with depth and temperature over time. Charts are also shown comparing measured stiffness values from road tests to gravimetric moisture content readings. Finally, it describes an instrumented test section and procedure used to study the effects of water on measured responses like pressure, strain and deflection.
The document discusses unsaturated water flow in pavements. It aims to understand how water moves through pavement structures, how long it remains, and what factors control moisture conditions. It compares saturated versus unsaturated flow, and notes unsaturated flow is slower. It describes using actual pavement geometries and material properties in a finite element model to calibrate predictions of water content from sensors to observed field data. The model is adjusted based on precipitation data and material densities to improve prediction accuracy at different sensor locations within the pavement structure.
2. Världens modernaste tidsvärdesstudie
• Nya ekonometriska/statistiska metoder förbättrar
förståelsen av vad ”tidsvärde” är och hur det bör tillämpas
• Vi vet nu att det finns en stor spridning i tidsvärdering
mellan olika resor (även för ”identiska individer”) och att
fördelningen är skev.
• De nya metoderna visar att de traditionella
skattningsmetoderna har givit felaktiga tidsvärden
0 200 400 600 800
27 november 2009, 2
3. SC experiment
Which trip do you prefer?
t1 15
t2 10
Travel Time 15 min Travel Time 10 min
Travel Cost 30 SEK Travel Cost 35 SEK c1 30
c2 35
Trip A Trip B 35 30 kr
Bud 60 60
Indifferent 15 10 h
27 november 2009, 3
5. Design
• Viktigt att anknyta frågorna till resan man gjort
• Frågorna konstrueras genom att erbjuda:
• Eget alternativ eller snabbare och dyrare resa
• Eget alternativ eller långsammare och billigare resa
• Egen tid och dyrare resa eller egen kostnad men långsammare resa
• Egen kostnad och snabbare resa eller egen tid men billigare resa
• Referensfritt tidsvärde
27 november 2009, 5
6. Vi kan observera hela fördelningen
Lärdom från den danska tidsvärdesstudien: med för lågt högsta
bud kan inget medelvärde skattas.
Vi har högre högsta bud: 500 kr/h….
… och kan se hela fördelningen.
CV-fråga ger att max tidsvärde är runt 1500 kr/h.
1 WTP
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 100 200 300 400 500
27 november 2009, 6
7. Olika sätta att specificera modellen
• Standard:
U1 c1 t1 1
U2 c2 t2 2
• Om gumbel -> logitmodell och tidsvärde:
• Ny ansats:
• Omarrangera så att alt 1 alltid är billigast:
y 1W V
• Parametisera tidsvärdet W:
W exp( x ),
27 november 2009, 7
10. Vad påverkar tidsvärdet?
• Kopplat till personen: • Kopplat till resan:
• Saker som inte på påverkar: • Saker som inte påverkar:
• Kön • Med/utan barn på resan
• Ålder • Veckodag/helgdag
• Utbildning • Ärenden: arbetsresor
• Saker som påverkar: • Om man delade reskostnaden med
• Inkomst efter skatt. Elasticiteten 0.2- 0.5 annan person
• Storstad/landsbygd. Stockholmsbilister 35 % högre.
• Hushållstyp. Småbarnsföräldrar 46 % högre. • Saker som påverkar:
• Sysselsättning Förvärvsarbetande 30 % högre. • Reslängd Biljettpris
• Restid
• Kopplat till experimentet:
• Saker som påverkar:
• Undersökningsmetod (web/tele)
• Tidsskillnad mellan alternativen i varje val
27 november 2009, 10
11. Tidsvärdesfördelningen mellan olika resor ser ut så här. Även för personer med samma socioekonomi.
•De flesta har väldigt låga tidsvärden. Man sitter på bussen ....
•Ibland är det riktigt viktigt. Dagis stänger eller flyget går. Väldig mycket nytta.
Tidsvärdesfördelning
(kontrollerat för
socioekonomi)
• De flesta har väldigt låga tidsvärden. Man sitter på bussen och har det ganska trevligt och
inte så bråttom .
• Ibland är det riktigt viktigt att komma fram fort.
0 200 400 600 800
Tidsvärde kr/h
27 november 2009, 11
12. Arbetsresor
Tidsvärden Övriga
Tåg, hela landet Tåg, hela landet
Buss, hela landet Buss, hela landet
Bil, hela landet Bil, hela landet
Bil, övriga landet Bil, övriga landet
Bil, Stockholm Bil, Stockholm
0 50 100 150 0 50 100 150
Långväga resor Tolkning, tänk på att
Tåg, hela landet tidsvärdet ges av:
Buss, hela landet
• Direkt nytta av restid
• Alternativ nytta av tid
Bil, hela landet
• Alternativ nytta av pengar
Bil, övriga landet
Bil, Stockholm
0 50 100 150
27 november 2009, 12
13. Inkomstens betydelse
Arbetsresor Övriga
Tåg, hela landet Tåg, hela landet
Buss, hela landet Buss, hela landet
Bil, hela landet Bil, hela landet
Bil, övriga landet Bil, övriga landet
Bil, Stockholm Bil, Stockholm
0 50 100 150 0 50 100 150
Långväga resor
Tåg, hela landet
Buss, hela landet
Bil, hela landet
Bil, övriga landet
Bil, Stockholm
0 50 100 150
27 november 2009, 13
14. Väntetid relativt åktid
• ingen signifikant skillnad mellan tåg och buss
• ingen signifikant skillnad mellan och kvinnor
Turintervallvikt som funktion av turintervall
1,80
1,60
1,40
Turintervallvikt
1,20 Reg ASEK
1,00 Long ASEK
0,80 Reg 2008
0,60
Long 2008
0,40
0,20
0,00
<10 min 11-30 31-60 61-120 120-480 480-
Turintervall
27 november 2009, 14
15. Anslutningstidens vikt
• Studerades inte i 1994 års tidsvärdesstudie.
• Långväga: 1.36 ingen signifikant skillnad mellan färdmedlen.
• Regionala:
Variabel Uppdelad anslutningstid och turintervall
Åktid min 1,00
Ansl.tid gång 0,90
Ansl.tid cykel 0,59
Ansl.tid buss/tåg 0,77
Ansl.tid spårv/Tbana 0,58
Ansl.tid övrigt 1,29
• Den enda signifikanta skillnaden mellan åktid och anslutningstid
gäller spårvagn/tunnelbana
27 november 2009, 15
16. Viktiga slutsatser:
• Tidsvärdet varierar mellan färdmedel beroende på varierande
bekvämlighet och selektionseffekter.
• Inkomsten spelar liten roll för skillnaderna, vi kan rensa för det.
• Förvärvsarbete och ansvar för barn ökar värdet av tid.
• Tidsvärdet varierar kraftigt mellan resor för individer inom
samma grupp: förmodligen också mellan resor för olika
personer.
• Variationen är viktig att ta hänsyn till i tillämpning om vi vill peka
ut de mest lönsamma objekten.
27 november 2009, 16
Editor's Notes
Vad måste man göra? Titta på sina data!!Här är fördelningen!! Tisvärdet varierar
Sånt som inte påverkar. Sånt som påverkar Resan och individer.Artefakt.
Inkomsten spelar inte så stor roll som man tror. Det är inte bara folk som har mycket pengar som kan ”köpa” mer tid. Människor har olika mycket nytta av sin tid. Det är viktigt att ta hänsyn till för att de hjälper oss att peka ut de mest lönsamma objekten.
. Portaldata som visar att det är inte samma människor som betalar trängselavg varje idag. Ibland är det värt det – ibland inte.
