This document provides an overview of chronic periodontitis. It discusses the introduction, history, prevalence, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, models of disease progression, microbiological and immunological considerations, and risk factors of chronic periodontitis. Chronic periodontitis is a complex polymicrobial infection that results from an imbalance between pathogenic bacteria in plaque and the host immune response. It begins as plaque-induced gingivitis and progresses to the destruction of connective tissue and alveolar bone through periods of activity and remission, leading to pocket formation and potential tooth loss over time if left untreated. Systemic and environmental risk factors like smoking can increase the risk and rate of disease progression.
Periodontal disease is a chronic bacterial infection that affects the gums and bone supporting the teeth. It ranges from gingivitis, a reversible early stage marked by red, swollen gums, to periodontitis, a more advanced stage involving irreversible bone and tissue destruction. Risk factors include smoking, diabetes, genetics, and certain medications. Symptoms include bad breath, bleeding gums, and loose teeth. Treatment involves deep cleaning below the gumline, antibiotics, and sometimes surgery to regenerate lost bone and tissue. Regular cleanings and proper brushing and flossing can help prevent periodontal disease.
Chemistry word can be represented as C for chemistry, H for health, E for environment, M for medicines, I for industries, S for sciences, T for teaching, R for research and Y for you.
we are a living chemistry as we are made of chemicals only and there are a lot of chemical reactions going in our body.
This document outlines Bill Aulet's presentation on improving entrepreneurship education. It discusses defining entrepreneurship, assessing student needs through personas, and designing a comprehensive curriculum with modular "tiles" addressing each persona's needs. The goal is to make entrepreneurship education more rigorous, practical, and tailored through open-source sharing of best practices. This will help address the increasing demand for high-quality entrepreneurship training.
The document discusses transport policy and funding challenges faced by the International Transport Forum (ITF). It notes that the ITF is an inter-governmental organization with 54 member countries that focuses on global transport policy issues and provides comparative statistics and research. It states that transport policy is difficult due to its impact on people's lives and different stakeholder interests. A mix of policy tools is needed, including supply, regulation, pricing, and information strategies. Funding transport requires balancing long-term impacts versus short-term results and considering who benefits and pays for investments. Knowledge sharing across countries is important given the complex nature of these issues.
This document provides an overview of chronic periodontitis. It discusses the introduction, history, prevalence, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, models of disease progression, microbiological and immunological considerations, and risk factors of chronic periodontitis. Chronic periodontitis is a complex polymicrobial infection that results from an imbalance between pathogenic bacteria in plaque and the host immune response. It begins as plaque-induced gingivitis and progresses to the destruction of connective tissue and alveolar bone through periods of activity and remission, leading to pocket formation and potential tooth loss over time if left untreated. Systemic and environmental risk factors like smoking can increase the risk and rate of disease progression.
Periodontal disease is a chronic bacterial infection that affects the gums and bone supporting the teeth. It ranges from gingivitis, a reversible early stage marked by red, swollen gums, to periodontitis, a more advanced stage involving irreversible bone and tissue destruction. Risk factors include smoking, diabetes, genetics, and certain medications. Symptoms include bad breath, bleeding gums, and loose teeth. Treatment involves deep cleaning below the gumline, antibiotics, and sometimes surgery to regenerate lost bone and tissue. Regular cleanings and proper brushing and flossing can help prevent periodontal disease.
Chemistry word can be represented as C for chemistry, H for health, E for environment, M for medicines, I for industries, S for sciences, T for teaching, R for research and Y for you.
we are a living chemistry as we are made of chemicals only and there are a lot of chemical reactions going in our body.
This document outlines Bill Aulet's presentation on improving entrepreneurship education. It discusses defining entrepreneurship, assessing student needs through personas, and designing a comprehensive curriculum with modular "tiles" addressing each persona's needs. The goal is to make entrepreneurship education more rigorous, practical, and tailored through open-source sharing of best practices. This will help address the increasing demand for high-quality entrepreneurship training.
The document discusses transport policy and funding challenges faced by the International Transport Forum (ITF). It notes that the ITF is an inter-governmental organization with 54 member countries that focuses on global transport policy issues and provides comparative statistics and research. It states that transport policy is difficult due to its impact on people's lives and different stakeholder interests. A mix of policy tools is needed, including supply, regulation, pricing, and information strategies. Funding transport requires balancing long-term impacts versus short-term results and considering who benefits and pays for investments. Knowledge sharing across countries is important given the complex nature of these issues.
The document discusses a PhD project called S-City that aims to understand how information and communication technologies (ITS) can impact mobility and safety while addressing privacy issues. It outlines how ITS has the potential to enhance mobility through information, monitoring, localization, identification, authorization, and communication technologies. However, these applications raise privacy concerns regarding lack of control over personal information, risk of social exclusion, and compromising of privacy. Examples are given of privacy issues around data retention by transportation agencies and mobile phone tracking. The document argues that privacy is important for individuals' well-being and democratic societies, and that its loss can result in harm.
The document discusses connectivity technologies that enable connected vehicles. It provides examples of applications for connected vehicles in urban and interurban areas that improve efficiency, safety, and sustainability. Connected vehicle technologies allow for wireless asset management solutions that optimize maintenance schedules based on real-time vehicle sensor data.
5. Hur kan man studera sambanden
mellan hälsa och fordonsavgaser
• Experimentella studier
– Exponeringsstudier
• Människor
• Djur
• Epidemiologiska studier
– Tvärsnittsstudier
– Fall-kontrollstudier
– Kohortstudier
• Barn resp Vuxna
6. Exponering i epidemiologiska studier
• Beror av studie design
• Representativa exponeringsmått
– Specifika ämnen
– Indikatorer
• Specifika ämnen (NO2 vanlig)
• Andra typer av mått (avstånd, summering
osv)
• Spridningsmodeller/Land use regression
• Trenden går mot högre upplösning
8. Forts.
• Ökad rapportering av allergisk sensibilisering,
astmatiska besvär och medicinering, både barn och
vuxna
Avstånd från bostaden till närmaste väg (<50m.
50‐250m, 250‐1000m, >1000m (ref)) Central mätplats i resp stad
• Morgenstern et al 2008 • Zemp et al 1999
9. Forts. 2
• Såg inget samband till diagnostiserad
astma
• Nordling et al 2008 • 2h i trafikerad miljö gav
sänkning av FEV1
• Mc Creanor et al 2007
10. Astma
• There is currently only limited evidence that air
pollution plays a significant role in the observed
increased incidence of asthma. WHO 2004
• The role of outdoor air pollution in causing asthma
remains controversial. (the Global Initiative for
Asthma (GINA), 2006)
11. Vad är astma?
• Olika definitioner
– Kliniska definitioner
“Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways
In which many cells and cellular elements play a role.
The chronic inflammation is associated with airway
hyperresponsiveness that leads to recurrent episodes of
wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and
coughing,
particularly at night or in the early morning. These
episodes are usually associated with widespread, but
variable, airflow obstruction within the lung that is often
reversible either spontaneously or with treatment”
– Enkätbaserade definitioner
12. Vad orsakar astma?
• Komplext, olika saker bidrar och samverkar
• ”Individfaktorer”
– Genetik
– Övervikt
– Kön
• ”Miljöfaktorer”
– Allergen
– Infektioner
– Arbetsmiljö
– Rökning
– Luftföroreningar (inomhus/utomhus)
– Diet
– Prevalensen ca 6-10%, kumulativ incidens ca 2-3 fall per
1000 person år
13. Vad säger forskningen
Barn (kohort studier)
Avstånd från bostaden till närmaste väg (<50m. 50‐250m, 250‐1000m,
>1000m (ref))
Morgenstern et al 2008
15. Vuxna
• Vuxna är mindre undersökta map astmaincidens och luftföroreningar
– Prevalens studier
• Skiftande resultat för astma
– Heinrich et al (2005) högt trafikflöde utanförbostaden ökade
risken för bronkit men ej astma
– Cesaroni et al (2008) samband mellan astma prevalens och
självskattad exponering , inget samband till objektiva mått
– Modig et al (2006) icke signifikant samband mellan astma och
trafikflöde runt bostaden samt NO2
– Kohort studier
• ASHMOG‐studien, icke signifikant samband mellan pm10 och astma
incidens
18. Definition av astma
Negativt svar på frågorna: Positivt svar på frågorna:
‐Astmamedicin ‐Har du eller har du haft
astma
‐Astmaattacker ‐Har du fått diagnosen
astma av läkare
‐ Astma medicinering
eller astma attacker
1990 1999
19. Exponering/ befolkningsexponering
• Modellerade föroreningshalter
(NO2, vinterhalvårsmedelhalter)
– Tre olika modeller
• Göteborg (Enviman)
• Uppsala (Airviro)
• Umeå (TAPM)
– Modellerna i Uppsala och Göteborg var tidigare validerade
– Modellen i Umeå fick korrigeras baserat på urbana
bakgrundsmätningar
• Hög upplösning (50*50 meters grid)
• Deltagarnas fastighetskoordinater
21. Slutsats
• Höga halter av fordonsavgaser utanför hemmet ökar
risken för nyinsjuknande i astma bland vuxna
• Att bo med höga jämfört med låga kan fördubbla
risken
• Viktigt att ta hänsyn till i konsekvensanalyser
