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The Organic Waste Recycling System Based on Agro-Activities- of Urban residents - A Case Study of a Community Garden in Hino City, Tokyo
- 1. 都市農地における都市住民を担い手とする 有機性廃棄物利用システムの実態解明 -東京都日野市S農園の事例より The Organic Waste Recycling System Based on Agro-Activities- of Urban residents - A Case Study of a Community Garden in Hino City, Tokyo Naomi Shimpo*, Mamoru Amemiya**, Makoto Yokohari*** *Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo (Currently: Faculty of Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba) **Faculty of Engineering, Information and Systems, University of Tsukuba ***Faculty of Engineering, The University of Tokyo
- 2. Q. Q. 2 ・Kitchen wastes ・Grass, leaves Utilization as fertilizer Urban gardens and organic wastes recycling system Vegetables How can the amount of organic waste be controlled? How can the number of volunteers be secured? • Utilization of vacant lots or abandoned agricultural field • Activities for retired people • Environment-friendly society How can the system be managed?
- 3. Irrigation channel 3 Study sites 0 200m Categorized as “agricultural field” (Formerly a paddy field) 2,650m2 Seseragi Garden (Hino City, Tokyo) Seseragi Garden Private plots Pavillion Common plots Shed Herb garden Storage of leaves As of 2011
- 4. (Neighborhood with rice fields)
- 5. (Seseragi Garden / Seseragi means the sound of streams)
- 6. 6 Collection
- 9. 9 Collection Composting Cultivation Harvest
- 10. 10 Collection Composting Cultivation Harvest Others
- 11. 11 Collection Composting Cultivation Harvest Others Communication
- 12. (Use of Tofu residue provided by a Tofu factory nearby for free as fertilizer )
- 13. (Collaboration with kindergartens and nurseries in the neighborhood to teach how to recycle food waste and grow vegetables)
- 16. 16 Q1: How can the amount of organic waste be controlled? Measurement of organic wastes of each house (3 days in autumn 2011) The amount of organic wastes from a household The number of households ・Activity reports published by the garden (2004-2012) ・Interview with the garden manager A bucket for organic wastes Measurement Activity report Methods
- 17. 17 Questionnaire (what people do what) Subjects All the volunteers who came to the garden (65 people) Term Every working day for one month in every season (Dec 2011, Mar 2012, Jun 2012, Sep 2012 / 33 days in total) Q2: How can the amount of volunteers be secured? Methods Plus… Attribution (Sex, age, occupation, etc)
- 18. 18 - Frequency of visit Indices Clustering by degree of commitments (Ward’s method, Euclidean distance) - Minutes of working per day Find the characteristics of each cluster (Attribution, kind of works) Analysis
- 19. 19 Total amount of organic wastes per day Organicwastes Results Kitchen residue Leaves and grass from gardens
- 20. 20 Organicwastesperhousehold (76 households) (73 households) (80 households) Fluctuation of the amount of kitchen wastes per household Sep 13, 2011 Sep 20, 2011 Oct 4, 2011
- 21. 21 [Households] The change of households helping the garden Advice by an expert “10-15kg/1m2 of kitchen waste is best for the soil” Sep, 2004 Sep, 2005 Sep, 2006 Sep, 2007 Sep, 2008 Sep, 2009 Sep, 2010 Sep, 2011 Sep, 2012
- 22. 22 65 subjects -> 3 clusters Low commitment cluster • Mostly 30-40s • Mostly women -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -1 0 1 2 3 高頻度長時間作業群 中頻度長時間作業群 低頻度短時間作業群 Frequency of visit (Standarized) Minutes of working (standardized) High commitment cluster • Over 50-60s • Men: women ≒ 1:1 Middle commitment cluster • Mix of 30-40s and over 50s • Mostly women High commitment cluster Middle commitment cluster Low commitment cluster Q2: How can the amount of volunteers be secured?
- 23. 23 Number of volunteers per day Dec 2011 Mar 2012 Jun 2012 Sep 2012 High commitment cluster Middle commitment cluster Low commitment cluster [people/day]
- 24. 24 Collection Communication ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Low commitment ● ● ● ● ● High commitment ● ● ● Thinning out Harvesting ● ● Shed maint. Machine maint. Distribution of harvest Sorting out Others Indiv. Plot ● Others Others Rest, chat Middle commitment Collection Cultivation Sowing Processing organic waste Input Turing compost Tilling Fertilizing Planting Weeding Others Others What do they engage in? … Constant hard works Temporary easy works Others
- 25. 25 How to organize participants? ①Secure participants for hard and constant works … Pay salary (only for organic waste collection) ②Set non-strict rules for middle and low commitment cluster … No obligation for frequency and works to do To attract various people while securing necessary works
- 26. 26 Households do not provide the stable amount of organic wastes. Checking the condition of soil sometimes, they invited and increased gradually the number of households which help providing organic wastes. There were a group which engaged in essential works constantly and groups which came to the garden in the busy season or just once for a try. Prevention from over-inputting organic wastes into the soil by experimental knowledge Conclusion Allowance for various degree of commitment Q1: How can the amount of organic waste be controlled? Q2: How can the number of volunteers be secured?
Editor's Notes
- 都市農地における都市住民を担い手とする有機性廃棄物利用システムの実態解明，東京都日野市Ｓ農園の事例より，と題して，著者を代表して新保が発表いたします。よろしくお願い致します。
- To answer these question, I focused on this Seseragi Garden. It’s located in suburbs of Tokyo, about 30km west from the center of Tokyo. You can see residential area mixed with agricultural fields. And here, you can find Seseragi Garden. The land is categorized as agricultural field, which means originally only professional farmers can use this land. So it was illegal to use this as a community garden. But it’s kind of “gray” activity. This is the layout. Mostly they use the land as common plots and there are also a pavillion and a shed, although it is not allow to set a building on agricultural fields.
- Here, gardeners use a truck to collect organic wastes, put them directly into the soil, and grow vegetables, harvest and distribute to the gardeners. They, mainly guys, also engage in DIY works for comfortable stay, and of course many events of communication regarding foods are held.
- Here, gardeners use a truck to collect organic wastes, put them directly into the soil, and grow vegetables, harvest and distribute to the gardeners. They, mainly guys, also engage in DIY works for comfortable stay, and of course many events of communication regarding foods are held.
- Here, gardeners use a truck to collect organic wastes, put them directly into the soil, and grow vegetables, harvest and distribute to the gardeners. They, mainly guys, also engage in DIY works for comfortable stay, and of course many events of communication regarding foods are held.
- Here, gardeners use a truck to collect organic wastes, put them directly into the soil, and grow vegetables, harvest and distribute to the gardeners. They, mainly guys, also engage in DIY works for comfortable stay, and of course many events of communication regarding foods are held.
- Here, gardeners use a truck to collect organic wastes, put them directly into the soil, and grow vegetables, harvest and distribute to the gardeners. They, mainly guys, also engage in DIY works for comfortable stay, and of course many events of communication regarding foods are held.
- Here, gardeners use a truck to collect organic wastes, put them directly into the soil, and grow vegetables, harvest and distribute to the gardeners. They, mainly guys, also engage in DIY works for comfortable stay, and of course many events of communication regarding foods are held.
- To answer the question 1, I measured the amount of organic wastes from every single household and also checked the number of households which provide organic wastes to the gardeners. But because today I don’t have enough time to focus this, I will skip the details today. If you have questions, just please ask me later.
- To the question 2, I did questionnaire survey to know what people do what. I asked gardeners to fill in the sheet every gardener through four seasons. So, if you come to the garden, you should fill in the sheet every time. In the end 65 people answered and 519 sheets were collected.
- Then gardeners were clustered by degree of commitments, I mean frequency of visit and minutes of working per day. Then the characteristics of each cluster was found.
- まず結果です。 こちらは収集量の計測結果ですが，有機性廃棄物の大部分は生ごみであり，草葉類は比較的少なかったことがわかりました。 そして生ごみの収集量は日ごとに見ればほぼ一定であることがわかりました。 ＊＊＊ 日毎のばらつきの話をする（棒グラフ あまり変化していないということを強調、かつ、草葉類の微少さを強調）
- ただし，世帯ごとにみたばあい，生ごみの収集量がばらつくことがわかりました。 たとえば，Ａさんは10kgちかく生ごみを出すこともあれば，Ｂさんは２ｋｇくらいしか出さない，あるいは生ごみを出さない日もときどきある，といった実態がわかりました。 これは，何世帯から生ごみを収集すればよいか計算するにあたり，農地面積から必要な有機性廃棄物量を，世帯ごとの平均収集量でわることができないことを示しています。 つまり，単純にこの世帯数から集めればよいと適正な数をずばり当てることはできず，しかも養分過剰となると戻すのが大変なため，増やしたり減らしたりという，試行錯誤もしづらいことを示しています。 では，Ｓ農園ではどうやって適切な収集世帯数に調整したのでしょうか。
- これは年次報告書から得られた，収集世帯の登録数の推移です。 初期は口コミ中心ですが，後記は自治会へのアンケートをするなど，意図てきに段階的に増やしていった過程がみられます。 そして，Ｓ農園が受け入れ可能な有機性廃棄物量の上限から，200世帯が適当と判断したとのことでした。 これには２つの根拠があります。 ・元農業改良普及員のアドバイスを参考にＳ農園が設定した目安： 「生ごみ1m2あたり10～15kgが適量」 → 実際に，1日あたり収集量240kg / 1日あたりの投入面積15m2 = 16kg/m2 ・土壌状態の科学的確認： コムギの生育実験 → 生ごみの有用性確認（当時は牛糞・生ごみ堆肥を使用） 土壌成分分析 → 土壌養分について不足（2005年） 土壌養分はカリウムが多い意外に大きな問題なし（2011年） ＊＊＊ 話が飛躍（これまでは今の状況の話、ここからいきなり過去にさかのぼる 情報の水準が違う） 「今の状況にどのように至ったのか説明します」 「試行錯誤があって今の状況になった」 「具体的にその試行錯誤はこれこれこういうことで・・・」
- This is the results. 65 subjects were sorted into three understandable clusters. High commitment cluster, middle commitment cluster and low commitment cluster. Referring to the attribute data, high commitment cluster consisted of people over 50s and the ratio of men and women was 1:1. The middle commitment cluster was mix of people in their 30 or 40s and over 50s. They were mostly women. The low commitment cluster consisted of younger people, in their 30s or 40s, and they were also mostly women.
- This graph shows how many people from each cluster came to the garden on each working day. You can see people in the high commitment cluster came to the garden constantly through the seasons, on the other hand people in the middle commitment cluster came the most in the summer. People in the low commitment cluster came to the garden once or twice, so always low.
- さらに，この来園パターンや，作業内容の分担をどう調整しているのか，リーダーへの聞き取りによって明らかにしました。 結果，高負担の作業に関しては，それを行う人の確保がなされていました。 具体的には，高頻度の人たちに対してのみですが， 有機性廃棄物の収集作業に賃金が支払われていたり， 農作物栽培に関する作業指示の担当者が決められていたりしました。 一方で，それ以外の人たちに対しては自由度が設けられており， 来園頻度も，作業内容も，好きなものを選択できるようにしているとのことでした。 つまり，必要な作業を担保しつつ，多様な都市住民を広く巻き込む仕組みにより，処理面で課題となる，関与する人数の不安定さが生じないよう，コントロールしていたといえます。