Sesame Value Chain in the Beira Corridor (SNV) - clean 22052014

Sesame Value Chain Analysis
Beira Agricultural Growth Corridor
Final Report
April 2013

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The Beira Agricultural Growth Corridor
The Beira Agricultural Growth Corridor (BAGC) initiative isapartnershipbetweenthe Government
of Mozambique,private investors,farmerorganisationsandinternational agencies.It waslaunched
in2010 withthe goal of promotingincreasedinvestment incommercial agriculture andagribusiness
inthe BeiraCorridor(Tete,SofalaandManica Provinces). The BAGCinitiative isdesigned toboost
agricultural productivityandcompetitivenessthrough:
 Coordinatingpublicandprivate investments togenerate maximizereturns;
 Leveragingexisting“anchor”investments inthe region (e.g.miningprojectsandrailwaylines) to
enhance theirimpactonthe agricultural sector;
 Developingnewinfrastructure andagriculture projectsascommercially-viablebusiness
opportunitiesthat drive growthandbenefitlocal communities;
 Supportingthe developmentof sustainableagricultural supportservices,withaspecial focus on
productioninputs,financial accessandextensionservices;and
 Improvingthe business climate foragricultural investors,withaspecial focusoninvestmentin
small andmediumsizedfarmingoperationsinthe BeiraCorridor.
For more informationsee:http://www.beiracorridor.com
SNV Netherlands Development Organisation
SNV NetherlandsDevelopmentOrganisation isanon-profitinternationaldevelopmentorganisation
headquarteredinthe Netherlandsandwith staff in35 countries.Forover40 years SNV hasworked
withnational,regionalandlocal governments,entrepreneursandcitizenassociationstoalleviate
poverty.SNV’s servicesare fundedby bothpublicandprivate sources.Withover900 technical
advisorsand100 local teams,we provide expertise in agriculture,renewable energy,education,
health,waterandsanitation,forestry, tourism, governance andprivate-sectordevelopment.
For more informationsee:http://www.snvworld.org/en/sectors/agriculture
Publication Notes
Citation:Mwai J., RuijtenM, etal. 2013. Sesame Value ChainAnalysesin the Beira Agricultural
Growth Corridor.Av.JuliusNyerere 1339, Maputo,Mozambique:SNV NetherlandsDevelopment
Organisation.
Correspondingauthor: MartinusRuijten(truijten@snvworld.org)
Copyright © 2013 by SNV NetherlandsDevelopmentOrganisation.
All rights reserved.Unless otherwise indicated, this report may be reproduced, quotedor citedwithoutpermissionofthe author(s) provided
there is proper acknowledgement. The responsibility forthe contents ofthis reportremains withthe author(s). While our objective is to
provide useful,general information, SNV makes no representations or assurances as tothe accuracy,completeness, or timeliness ofthe
information. The information is providedwithoutwarrantyofany kind, express or implied.This publication does notconstitute anoffer,
solicitation, or recommendationfor the sale or purchase ofany security,product, or service.Information, opinions and views contained in
this publicationshouldnotbe treated as investment, tax or legal advice.

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ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
BAGC BeiraAgricultural GrowthCorridor
DPA Direcção Provincialde Agricultura – Provincial Agriculture Directorate
ETG ExportTrading Group
FAO Foodand Agriculture Organisation
FEWSNET Famine EarlyWarningSystemNetwork
GoM Governmentof Mozambique
GBP Great BritainPound
IIAM Instituto deInvestigação Agrária deMoçambique- Mozambique Institutefor
Agricultural Research
MZN NewMozambican Metical
MT Metric Ton
NRI Natural ResourcesInstitute
ReSAKSS Regional StrategicAnalysisandKnowledgeSupportSystem
SIMA Sistema de Informação deMercadosAgrícolas deMoçambique–Agricultural Market
InformationSystem
SPA Serviços Provinciais de Agricultura – Provincial Agricultural Services
USD UnitedStatesDollar
VCA Value ChainAnalysis
VCD Value ChainDevelopment

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................... 5
Primary Objectives and Scope of Work....................................................................................... 5
Sesame Production in the Beira Corridor.................................................................................... 5
The Analysis, Its Methodology and Findings................................................................................ 6
First Steps to Designing an Effective Intervention .......................................................................7
1. Objective of the Value Chain Analysis..................................................................................... 9
2. Scope of the Value Chain Analysis ........................................................................................ 10
3. Methodology and Approach................................................................................................. 10
Team composition .................................................................................................................. 10
4. Production and Markets ...................................................................................................... 11
5. Markets and Margins........................................................................................................... 15
6. The Structure of the Mozambican Sesame Sector.................................................................. 17
7. Enhancing Farmer Incomes in an Imperfect Market............................................................... 21
Ethical Sourcing Certification................................................................................................... 21
Quality Standards and Product Grading.................................................................................... 22
Access to Information ............................................................................................................. 23
8. The Business Climate and the Sesame Value Chain................................................................ 24
9. Strengthening the Sesame Value Chain................................................................................. 25
10. The Application of Successful BAGC Models...................................................................... 28
11. Comparison of Production Systems................................................................................... 29
12. Conclusions and Recommendations.................................................................................. 33
Targeting Interventions and Identifying Access Points in the Value Chain................................... 33
Prospective Investments in Strengthening the Sesame Value Chain........................................... 34
Market Constraints and Imperfect Competition........................................................................ 36
Geographic Focus Areas.......................................................................................................... 36

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Primary Objectives and Scope of Work
Sesame has emerged as one of the key cash crops grown by smallholder farmers in the Central and
Northern regions of Mozambique. A relatively new addition to the commercial agricultural sector,
sesame cultivation expanded rapidly in the early 2000s. More than 300.000 Mozambican farmers—
overwhelminglysmallholders—arecurrently growingsesame,and40% of these are located alongthe
Beira Corridor. However, despite its popularity and demonstrated commercial viability, sesame
production has stagnated during the past 4 years.
The Beira Agricultural Growth Corridor (BAGC) initiative invited SNV Netherlands Development
Organisation toundertake thisValue ChainAnalysisasthe firststeptoestablishingajointprogramto
mobilisestakeholders insupportof the furtherdevelopmentof the sesamevaluechain.The objective
of thiscollaborationwill be toestablish aSesame Value ChainPartnership dedicatedtoenhancingthe
profitabilityofthe sectorbyboostingthemarginal productivityof sesamefarmers inthe BeiraCorridor
and building stronger, more efficient market linkages throughout the value chain. To build a sound
analytical foundation for this partnership BAGC and SNV carried out a joint assessment of sesame
productioninthe BeiraCorridor,whichcomprisedvalue-chainmapping,ananalysisof markettrends
and competitiveness,areviewof the governance andregulatoryclimateandthe identificationof key
value-chain constraints.
This studywas conductedby a Beira-basedteamincludingaconsultantand staff from bothSNV and
BAGC. The team conductedinterviewswith26 actors and stakeholders involved inthe BeiraCorridor
sesame industry.The study supplementedits primary data with material from authoritative sources
suchas the UN Foodand Agriculture Organization(FAO) andthe Governmentof Mozambique(GoM).
Sesame Production in the Beira Corridor
The studyrevealedanumberof importantdynamicsinsesamefarming,includingthe very smallscale
of sesame production models in the Beira Corridor. The Beira Corridor accounts for 50% of
Mozambique’s total number of sesame fields, but only 27% of the total area of sesame cultivation,
withanaverage growingareaperfarmerof lessthanhalfahectare (0.35ha).Withinthe BeiraCorridor,
SofalaProvince accountsfor almosthalf of all sesame fieldsandboaststhe largest average fieldsize,
making it an ideal entry point for an intervention in the sesame value chain.
FAOdata indicate thataverage sesame productivityhasstalledat 660 kilograms/hectare forthe past
several years,yetsesame yieldshave thepotentialtoexceed 1,000kg/ha.InSofalathe largestaverage
yields are in the Caia, Gorongosa, Nhamatanda and Maringue areas. Any prospective value-chain
intervention should begin by carefully examining differences in marginal productivity between
farmers in these areas and other, less productive regions. Among the best performing areas
Nhamatandaranks first at an average of 800 kg/ha, while the otherareas are at or below 570kg/ha;
Caia and Gorongosa have the lowest per hectare productivity in Sofala Province. The apparent

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underperformance of sesame production in these areas suggests that Caia and Gorongosa wouldbe
prime candidates for a value-chain intervention.
Sesame farmersin Mozambiqueselltheirproducetolocal traders,whointurnsell tolarge exporters;
sesame exports are primarily shipped to processors in Turkey, India and China at a about USD
1.100/tonne.1
Prices for finished sesame products are far higher: for example, less than 15% of the
consumerretail price for sesame oil typically goesto the sesame producer.Studyinterviewssuggest
that premiumexportpricescouldreachasmuchas USD 1.200/tonne for sesame oil, 1.400forsesame
paste (tahini) and more than 2.800 for high-quality white confectionary sesame2
.Farmers wouldbe
able to earn a minimum price of 1,190 for conventional and 1,300 for organic Fairtrade-certified
sesame; however, farmers would need to make substantial investments in order to be certified as
Fairtrade or Organic producers.
WithinMozambique, the commercial sesamemarketexhibitsahighdegreeof buyerconcentration:a
very small group of export firms purchase sesame from a far larger number of producers, many of
whom are smallholder farmers. Although they appear to compete with each other in purchasing
sesame there isevidenceof explicitcoordinationbetween exportingfirms,whichoftenservethe same
destination markets and sell to one another in order to complete orders or fill shipping containers.
This type of coordination is not present at the producer level, and imbalances in market power
between buyers and sellers appear to be constraining the competitiveness and efficiency of the
sesame value chain, thoughmore extensive microeconomicanalysis wouldbe requiredtofullyassess
these dynamics. The domestic sesame market also appear to suffer from a number of structural
imperfections commontoagriculturalmarketsinrural Africa,includingapurchasingsystem basedon
spot transactions conducted by small-scale traders (who are often agents of export firms), which
further limits price competition and may distort incentives on the part of buyers, sellers, or both.
The Analysis, Its Methodology and Findings
Inordertobetterunderstandthe opportunitiesandconstraintsfacingsesamefarmers the studyteam
analysed four alternative interventions for boosting sesame production in the Beira Corridor.
Improved productionmodels basedonthese interventions yieldprojectedinvestmentreturns ranging
from 11% to 52%. Expanding the use of improved seed appears to offer the single highest returnto
producers, yet this strategy does little to limit producers’ exposure to serious downside risks,
particularly theirdependenceon rainfall. Inordertobothincrease yieldsandmitigateweather-related
vulnerability the study recommends a combination of expanded access to improved seed and
irrigation, which is projected to generate a 38% increase in per-hectare productivity.
The study also yielded several additional findings regarding sesame production. Interviews with
farmers and district agricultural officers revealed that the majority of crop losses were caused by a
combinationof raindependencyandinefficientseed-plantingtechniques,whichwereexacerbatedby
endemic diseases and pests. Furthermore, sesame producers typically operate on a three-year field
1 This is the “Free on Board” (FOB) priceat the Port of Beira, essentially thefinal pricepointfor sesameexports
in Mozambique.
2 FOB Beira pricefor sesame seed equivalent

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cycle,in which the farmersopen new landto cultivationandenjoya relativelylarge yieldinthe first
year,followedby decliningreturns inyearstwoand three,are thenforcedto abandonthe field after
the third year.
However, the sesame value chain is not confined to production, and post-harvest handing and
marketing also represent important avenues for enhancing its income-generating impact. The study
foundthat a lackof qualitystandardsand productdifferentiation, pervasive information asymmetry,
the absence of strong producer associations to balance the market power of large buyers all
contribute toloweringthe returnsreceivedbyfarmers.Forexample,itisoftendifficultforpurchasers
to verify the quality of the sesame available to them, and as a result, they are unable to offer a
premiumforit.The establishmentof clearqualitystandards andreliableverificationprocesses would
promote transparency in the supply chain, generating incentives for farmers to invest in increasing
the value of theirproduce.Accesstoseveral differentgradesof sesame wouldalsobenefitpurchasers
and exporters, enabling them to diversify their product lines and range of potential clients.
First Steps to Designing an Effective Intervention
Improving the sesame value chain in the Beira Corridor will require identifying potential partners
amongprocessors/exportersand existingfarmerorganisations,aswellasbuildingtheseorganisations
where none currently exists.The presence of strongproducergroupscapable of collectivemarketing
will allow the establishment of direct linkages to exporters and input dealers, eliminating the
distortionscausedbythe trader system,andthe developmentof embeddeddownstreamservicesto
producers by the buyers. Organizing sesame farmers will facilitate training in improved farming
techniques, as well as the disbursement of improved seeds and other inputs and the development,
rehabilitationandexpansionof irrigationsystems.Strongproducerassociationswillalsobe critical to
formulating long-term agreements between buyers and sellers,enabling themto fix reliable quality
standardsand establishpricesthatreflectthatquality.The provisionof extensionandinputsservices
couldbe done in variousways:through pre-financed contractarrangementsbetweenproducersand
processors, through outgrower schemes of smallholders around a nucleus commercial farm or by
independentsmallercompaniesandcreditprovisiontofarmerassociationsorcooperatives.The first
two options seem most feasible for the near future.
Basedon the study’s findingsSofalaProvince providesthe most promisingopportunityavailable fora
prospective intervention inthe sesame value chain,asitaccountsfor 50% of boththe cultivatedarea
and production volume of sesame within the Beira Corridor. Within Sofala the intervention’s focus
should be on the districts of Caia, Gorongosa and Nhamatanda, which appear to have the greatest
potential for productivity growth. Within Caia the Murraca area would be compatible with the
logistical demands of a large-scale agricultural intervention, while in Gorongosa the Nhalirose area
would serve as a suitable base of operations. In Nhamatanda consideration should be given to the
Metuchira Pita, Tica and Muda areas, each of which offers unique advantages and drawbacks. The
study estimates the combined number of sesame fields in all three districts at 42,000, for a total
cultivatedareaof 21,000hectares.Basedonthe limitedavailable data,inSofalaProvinceanestimated
330 hectaresof sesame is cultivatedby farmers’ associationswith accessto irrigationsystems;these
associations would serve as a core group that the intervention would seek to expand upon. The
proposedintervention wouldbeginby mobilizinginterestedprivate sectorpartnersforinterventions,

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establishingbusinessandoperational plans.Thesewould include reliablebaseline valuesformarginal
productivity,total productivity,andfarm-gate pricesin the targetedarea, as well as the skill levelof
local farmers, the availabilityof arable land,access to investment credit,and other factors that may
affect the final evaluation of the intervention’s achievements and their potential reproducibilityin
other areas.

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1. OBJECTIVE OF THE VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS
Sesame hasrecentlyemergedasan importantcashcrop for smallholderfarmersinthe Central and
Northernregionsof Mozambique.Although cultivationincreased significantlyfollowingits
commercial introductioninthe early2000s, total productionhasstagnatedoverthe past4 years.
Thisappearsto be due to a combinationof agronomicchallenges,includingthe limiteduse of
improvedseedsandirrigationsystems,andmarketimperfectionsinthe sesame valuechain,
especiallyanticompetitive distortionsarisingfromthe concentratedstructure of the sesame
purchaser/exportermarket.
Despite itsdemonstratedcommercialpotential sesame remainslargely asmallholdercrop.More
than 300,000 farmersare growingsesame throughoutthe country,of which40% are located inthe
centre of Mozambique alongthe BeiraCorridor;yetthe average Mozambicansesame fieldisless
than one hectare,andinthe BeiraCorridorthe average fieldsize islessthan½hectare.The
potential yieldperhectare is upto a metricton forrain-fedcultivation (withpropermanagement
and fertilisation),butactual yieldsare lessthan400 kg due to pooragronomictechniques andthe
limiteduse of improved inputs.
Market opportunitiesforMozambicansesame are abundant.Effectivelydifferentiatingsesame
accordingto its quality andoil content wouldyieldimmediate benefits;atpresentmost
Mozambicansesame isa mix of differentseedtypesandqualitylevels,andthe resultisarelatively
lowhomogenousgrade unsuitableforhigh-value productslike confectionarysesame. Reliable
differentiationby type and qualitywouldallow producerstoreceive price premiumsforhigh-value
produce,reinforcingtheirincentivestoinvestinsuperiorseedvarietiesandutilize conscientious
harvestand post-harvesthandlingtechniques.
Evenin the absence of productdifferentiation,straightforwardincreasesinproductioncouldenable
a domesticsesame cleaning,processingandpressingindustrytobecome viable. Nearlyall
Mozambicansesame iscurrently exportedraw toAsiaandthe Middle East, where itisprocessed
alongwithlocal and otherimportedsesame intofinishedproducts.Increasedproduction volume
wouldcreate economiesof scale,allowing cleanedandde-hulledsesame seedsorsesame oil to be
exported directlytoconsumermarketsinEurope.Mozambique alsohasthe opportunitytobuild
origin-identitytosatisfyniche marketsforcertifiedorganicandFairtrade sesame.
The Government’sStrategicPlanforthe Agriculture Sector(PlanoEstratégico para o
Desenvolvimento do SectorAgrário—PEDSA) identifiesthe developmentof the BeiraCorridoras a
potential catalysttodrive growthinthe agricultural sector,andispursuinga seriesof initiatives
designed toattractincreased investment.The BeiraCorridorwasselectedforitshuge production
potential forbothfoodcropsand cash crops, as well as livestock, agroforestry andfisheries.Its
locationalsomakesitwell suitedtodenser integrationwithdomestic,regional andinternational
markets.

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Increasedsupportforthe sesame value chainpresents newandexpanded opportunitiesforprivate-
sectoroperatorswithinthe chain,aswell as the potential togreatly increase incomesamongBeria
Corridorsesame farmers.
2. SCOPE OF THE VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS
The Terms of Reference (TOR,attachedasAnnex A of thisreport) describes the activitiesthatwere
carriedout as part of thisAnalysisof the Sesame Value Chaininthe BeiraCorridor. The study
encompassed producers,marketersandotheractorsin the three provincesof Sofala,Manicaand
Tete,whichare situatedaroundthe primaryroad andrail infrastructure linkingthe inland
agricultural regionsto international marketsviathe Portof Beira.
BAGC and SNV carried outthe jointanalysisof the sesame valuechaininthe BeiraCorridor.This
documentis the final reportof that analysis.Itisdividedintofoursections:
1. Value-ChainMappingandKey-ActorNetworks:The analysis begins byidentifyingthe primary
and supportingactorsinthe sesame value chain,describingtheirrolesand relationships,and
mappingtheireconomicinteractions;
2. Market Trends& Competitiveness: itthenproceedstoassess marketdynamics andtrends, with
a focus on unmetdemand,growthopportunities,andthe positionof BeiraCorridorsesame
producersinthe international sesame trade;
3. Governance:the analysis continueswithanassessmentof the publicsector’srole inthe value
chain,as well asthat of NGOs, bilateral andmultilateralagencies,withaparticular focuson
identifyingpotential partners inthe developmentof sesame productionandmarketing;
4. Value ChainConstraints:finally,the analysisconcludesbyhighlightingthe majorconstraintsto
value-chaindevelopment,includingariskassessment,and presentstrategiesforovercoming
these challenges.
3. METHODOLOGY AND APPROACH
The field studytookplace between the 6th
and 16th
of November, 2012. Itsanalytical methodology
involved:
 A surveyof the available literature,documentationandstatisticsrelatedtothe sesame
productionandmarketing,aswell ascontextual informationonthe BeiraCorridor;
 A seriesof interviews withkeyactors inthe sector,including sesamefarmers,privatefirms,
donorrepresentatives,governmentagents,andotherstakeholders;
 Cross-referencingquantitativedatafrommultiple sources,andvalidatingfindings withrelevant
authorities;
Team composition
The Sesame Value ChainAnalysiswascarriedoutbya jointBAGC/SNV teamconsistingof the
followingmembers:

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Name Title Organisation
JamesMwai Consultant CompetitivenessConsultant
AnastácioTamele AgribusinessCoordinator BAGC
NairAbichande AgribusinessOfficer BAGC
MartinusRuijten SeniorAgribusinessAdvisor SNV
CintiaPortraite Agriculture Advisor SNV
The team interviewed26keyactors in the sesame value chain;mostwere conductedface-to-face,
thoughtelephoneinterviewswere usedinsome cases.The team structureditsinterviews arounda
commonsetof questions basedonaUNIDO frameworkforvalue-chaindevelopment,asking
additional andfollow-upquestionsasnecessary.
The study reamalsocollectedstatistical informationfromauthoritative sourcessuchas the UN Food
and Agriculture Organization(FAO) andthe officesof the MozambicanGovernment’s Provincial
Agriculture Directorate (Direcção ProvincialdeAgricultura –DPA).
Thisreportwill be sharedwitha multi-stakeholderforumforreview andfeedback.
4. PRODUCTION AND MARKETS
Sesame ishighlysensitive toweatherconditions,bothduringproductionandpost-harvesthandling,
and as a resultsesame productiontendstovarysignificantlyfromyeartoyear.Sesame farmers’
general lackof access to irrigationaccentuatesthe crop’s vulnerabilitytodrought,while excessive
rainfall,especiallyduringorimmediatelyafterthe harvest,cancause enormousspoilage losses.
Nevertheless,sesame productioninMozambique hasgreatlyincreased—annual variability
notwithstanding—withthe total volumeof sesame more thanquadruplingbetween2003 and 2010,
supportedbybuyingcompaniesanddevelopmentactors.Sesame pricesalsorose steadilyduringthe
same period,whichlikelycontributedtothe rapidincrease inproduction.
Table 1 Mozambique:Sesame ExportQuantity,ExportValue,andValue perTonne,2003-2010
Year 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Volume (MT) 5,281 12,582 11,755 8,166 19,653 25,793 39,436 22,676
Value (USD,thousands) 3,268 9,005 8,303 5,788 15,793 38,233 45,151 26,929
Value perTonne 0.619 0.716 0.706 0.709 0.804 1.482 1.145 1.188
Source: Volume and Value from FAOSTAT, accesses November 2012. Cost per tonne calculated figure.
However,itisimportanttonote that the increase intotal sesame productionwassolelydriven by
expandedcultivation,withmarginalproductivityremainingessentiallyunchangedduringthe period.

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Table 2 Mozambique:Sesame Production, AreaHarvestedandAverage Yield2005-2010
Year 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Area Harvested Ha 22,000 20,000 35,000 45,000 65,000 69,500
Production Tonnes 15,000 12,000 23,000 30,000 43,000 46,000
Yield Yield/Ha 0.6818 0.6000 0.6571 0.6667 0.6615 0.6619
Source: FAOSTAT accessed November 2012
The average yieldperhectare inMozambique hasstalledataround660kg, yet international
experience suggeststhatMozambique iscapable of per-hectare yieldsinexcessof 1.000kg.
Moreover,itis importantto note that these figuresobscure considerable variationsbetween
individualproducersandbetweenaveragesfordifferentregions. Yieldsin the Beira Corridor,for
example, aresignificantly belowthe nationalaverage. While thisisdue toa numberof factors
discussedindetail inthisreport,the majorcausesappeartobe the relativelyunfavourable weather
conditionsobserved inthe lastseveral seasonsand ageneral increase inthe incidence of destructive
pests.There are alsoindicationsthatthe scale of cultivationhasanimpacton marginal productivity.
Table 3 Beira Corridor:Numberof Sesame FieldsandTotal CultivatedArea,byProvince
PROVINCE NUMBER OF FIELDS AREA (Ha) AVG AREA PER FIELD (Ha)
Zambezia 22,066 6,570 0.30
Tete 18,541 5,705 0.31
Manica 36,280 12,747 0.35
Sofala 69,780 26,785 0.38
Regional Subtotal 146,667 51,807 0.35
National Total 291,563 194,171
Source: CAP2010
Due to the smallerscale of sesame productionpracticedbyfarmersinthe BeiraCorridor,the region
accounts for50% of Mozambique’stotal numberof sesame fieldsbutonly27% of the total area
undercultivation, withanaverage fieldsizeof justover1/3 hectare. Withinthe Corridor, Sofala
Province hasboththe most sesame fields (almosthalf of all fieldsinthe Corridor) andthe largest
average fieldsize.The importance of sesame productioninSofalasuggeststhatthe province may
serve asan ideal entrypointforhigh-impactinterventionsinthe sesame valuechain.
Table 4 SofalaProvince: AreaunderCultivationandTotal Sesame Production byDistrict
District Area (ha) Production (MT)
2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11
Beira 382 229
Buzi 894 894 973 1,578 644 644 1,578 1,262
Caia 6,136 6,136 6,350 8,583 4,418 4,418 8,466 4,892
Chemba 710 710 970 1,249 511 511 679 3,591
Cheringoma 1,029 1,029 1,963 1,251 741 741 1,570 1,126
Chibabava 1,261 1,261 1,832 2,107 908 908 1,466 2,107
Dondo 446 446 697 697 321 321 418 418

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Gorongosa 4,994 4,994 7,800 7,800 3,596 3,596 6,240 4,228
Machanga 129 129 120 283 93 93 60 113
Maringue 2,551 2,551 2,838 5,130 1,837 1,837 2,189 3,591
Marromeu 902 902 1,407 1,411 649 649 914 917
Muanza 85 85 120 145 61 61 36 44
Nhamatanda 650 3,121 4,348 5,401 2,247 2,247 2,174 4,321
Source: DPA
Table 5 SofalaProvince:Average YieldsperDistrict
District Yield (Ton/Ha) District Yield (Ton/Ha)
Chemba 2.875 Marromeu 0.650
Chibabava 1.000 Dondo 0.600
Cheringoma 0.900 Caia 0.570
Nhamatanda 0.800 Gorongosa 0.542
Buzi 0.800 Machanga 0.400
Maringue 0.700 Muanza 0.300
Source: Study calculations
WithinSofalaProvince itwouldappearfromthe datathat ChembaDistrictachievesthe highestper-
hectare yield,thoughat nearlythree times the industryaverage andmore thanfourtimesthe
Mozambicannational average (i.e.2.875ton/hav.1.000 and 660ton/ha, respectively) thisisalmost
certainlythe resultof a measurementorstatistical error. Nevertheless,furtherstudyof sesame
productionconditionsinChembamaybe warranted.
The districtswiththe highestsesame-productiongrowthratesare Caia,Gorongosa,Nhamatanda
and Maringue.The evidentinterestshownbyfarmersinexpandingsesame productionwouldmake
these districtsthemaprime targetfor value-chaininterventions.NhamatandaDistricthasreacheda
marginal yieldof 800ton/hawithMaringue close behindat700, both of whichare above the
national average of 660; meanwhileCaiaandGorongosaare at 570 and 542ton/ha, respectively.It
wouldtherefore appearthatCaiaand Gorongosaofferthe greatest opportunity forboosting
productivitythroughimprovements inthe value chain,thoughall fourdistrictsare well-suitedto
sesame-developmentinterventions.
Accessto irrigation systems iscritical toincreasingyieldsand mitigatingvulnerabilitytoweather-
relatedshocks.There are a numberof producerassociations inthese fourdistrictswithirrigation
systems,thoughmanyare not currently operational.Establishingpartnershipswiththese
associationscould serve asa pointof entryforinterventionsinthe sesame valuechain, allowingfor
contractingand service provision toneighbouringcommercial nucleus farmsinline withthe BAGC
spoke andhub model.
Table 6 Data on AssociationswithIrrigationNetworksinSofalaProvince
Districts Name ofAssociation Locality Total
Land
Current Status

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Area
(ha)
Operational Non
Operational
Caia Associaçãode Murraça Murraça 3 X
Produtoresde Murraça Murraça 80 X
Associaçãode Licoma Sena 3 X
Associaçãode
Sumbureiro
Vilasede 3 X
Associaçãode Caia Vilasede 2 X
UtumbeNdiPhaza Murraça 1.5 X
CupezanaMpiadidi Murraça 1.5 X
Tchitukuko Murraça 1.5 X
Gorongosa Associaçãode
Nhabirira
Canda 60 X
Produtoresde
Nhalirose
Nhalirose 10 X
Produtoresde Piro Piro 2 X
Produtoresde Tsiquiri Tsiquiri 6 X
Associaçãode
Nhauranga
Vundúzi 7.5 X
Maríngue Produtoresde Kunduve Kunduve 2 X
Produtoresde Súbue Súbue 5 X
Produtoresde Samater Samater 2 X
Associaçãode Samater Samater 4
Nhamatanda Associação Agrícola Metuchira
Pita
5 X
AssociaçãoAgro-
pecuária
Metuchira
Pita
5 X
Associaçãode
MetuchiraPita2
Metuchira
Pita2
15 X
Associação
PiaManguana
Tica 40 X
Associaçãode
MudaMassequesse
Muda 35 X
Associaçãode
Macaraúle
Macaraúle 25 X
Associaçãode Bebedo Bebedo 20 X
Source: BAGC
Table 7 OrganisationsDirectlyorIndirectlySupportingIrrigationinSofalaProvince
Organisation Description
DPA Provincial Agriculture Directorate,the Government’sprimary agricultural
researchand extension service provider

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OIIL Local-Initiative-BasedInvestmentBudget,aGovernmentinvestmentfundfor
local developmentprojects.The name has recentlybeen changedtothe
DistrictDevelopmentFund.Since 2006,everydistrictreceivesanannual
allocationof approximatelyMZN 7 million
GIZ GermanSocietyforInternational Cooperation (formerGTZ),aprivate firm
specializingintechnical assistance;GIZactivitiesinMozambiqueinclude rural
developmentandprivate-sectordevelopmentinitiatives,amongother
programming
MINAG Ministryof Agriculture,the line ministrytaskedwithexecutingthe
Government’snationalagriculturaldevelopmentstrategy
SAVE Save the Children,amajorinternational NGOfocusedonchild protectionand
humandevelopment
INGC National Institute forDisasterManagement,aGovernmentagency whose
mandate includesthe preventionandmitigationif droughts,floodsandother
agriculture-relatednatural disasters
ProIRRI The World Bank-supportedSustainable IrrigationDevelopmentProject,
designedtoincrease agricultural productionandraise farmproductivity
throughnewor improvedirrigationschemesinthe Provincesof Sofala,
Manica and Zambezia
PIDA The Programme for Infrastructure DevelopmentinAfrica,itsprojectsin
Mozambique include rehabilitatingroadsandrailwaysinthe BeiraCorridor
and expandingthe capacityof the portof Beira
AfDB AfricanDevelopmentBank,amajormultilateralagencyprovidingloansand
directprogrammingthroughoutAfrica,includingmultiple on-going
operationsinMozambique
ABIODES Biological Agriculture,BiodiversityandSustainableDevelopment,a
Mozambicannon-profitassociationdedicatedtoresponsible agricultural
developmentandsoundenvironmentalmanagement
Source: BAGC
As describedin Table 7,above, there are numerous organizations engagedinsupportingthe
rehabilitationof non-operationalirrigationsystems, aswell asexpanding existinginfrastructure and
buildingthe capacity of local associationstomanage theirirrigationsystems.The operation most
directly relevanttothe proposed BAGC-SNV partnershipisthe WorldBank’sProIRRIproject,whichis
alreadyunderwayin Caia,NhamatandaandGorongosaDistricts.
5. MARKETS AND MARGINS
Mozambique exportsnearlyhalf of itssesame toTurkey,3
whichappliesan ad valoremtariff of
23.40%. Mozambique’ssecondary exportmarketsare India,ChinaandJapan.However,trade data
3 Sesame exports to Turkey accountfor almost6 million tonnes out of 13.5 million tonnes in total exports.

16 | P a g e
are incomplete,andafull breakdown of exportvolumes toall majordestinationsiscurrentlybeing
compiledusingshippingrecordsfromthe Portof Beira.
CurrentexportpricesforMozambicansesame are aboutUSD 1.100/tonne to destinationmarkets in
India,BangladeshandChina.These countries are themselveslarge-scalesesameproducers, and
Mozambicanimportsfeedintotheirproduction chains.Theirprimaryfinished product,both for
domesticconsumptionandexport,issesame oil.
Table 8 Global Markets: Sesame-Oil Exportsfrom SelectedCountries
Country Min. Order Purity Packaging Extraction Type USD/Tonne
Bangladesh 100 tonnes 99% 190 kg steel
drumsused
Crude 1,850 - 2200
India 1 tonne n/a 5 kg plastic
containers
Coldpress 2,300 – 2,500
China 5 tonnes 100% Plasticcontainers Roasted 4,600 – 5,000
Source: Alibaba website, accessed November 2012
Retail pricesforconventionalsesame oilindevelopedcountries are oftenashighasUSD 10 perlitre,
and mayreach twice that fororganic sesame oil. Thismeansthataslittle as15% of final sesame-oil
price accrues to the sesame farmer.
Table 9 Global Markets: The Evolutionof Pricesalongthe Sesame-OilValue Chain
Producer
(Seed)
Trader
(Seed)
Exporter from
Beira (Seed)
India Re-
Export (Oil)
Europe/US
Supermarket (Oil)
Price (USD/Kg) 0.73 0.83 1.10 1.15 5.06
Percentage of EndValue 15 16 22 23 100
Source: Study based on UK supermarkets and India export prices
Exportpricescould reach USD 1.200-1.400/tonne for seed suitable formakinghigh-qualitysesame
oil or sesame paste (tahini)andcouldevenexceed USD2.300/tonne for white confectionary sesame.
International certificationsystems mayofferevenhigherpremiums.
Table 10 Fairtrade MinimumFOBPrice andPremiumforSesame (USD/MT)
Product Variety Fairtrade Minimum Price Fairtrade Premium4
Organic 1.300/tonne 220
Conventional 1.190/tonne 220
Source: FLO Website, accessed November 2012
4 The Fairtradepremium is a sum of money paid on top of the agreed Fairtradepricefor investment in social,
environmental or economic development projects,decided upon democratically by producers within the
farmers’ organisation or by workers on a plantation.

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Fairtrade certificationoffers premiumadvantages,butproducerassociationswouldbe required to
make substantial initial investments inthe certificationprocess.The costof Fairtrade certification
couldbe as much as USD 5,000 per producerorganisation.There are, however,anumberof funding
modelsavailable tocoverthe start-upcostof certification, includingbothcommercialinvestments
and grant mechanisms.
Amongthisstudy’smajorfindingsisthatsesame fromMozambique iscriticallylackinginproduct
differentiation—itpossessesnospecificcharacteristicsthatwouldallow itcommandaquality
premiumorserve a niche market.Mozambicansesame isconsequentlytreatedasageneral bulk
commodityandexportedtoIndia,Chinaandelsewheretobe mixedwithotherundifferentiated,
low-grade sesame fromaroundthe worldandprocessedintorelativelyinexpensivefinished
products.Because Mozambicansesame isessentiallyindistinguishable fromothertypesof raw
sesame,Mozambicanexportersare price-takers,whomustacceptwhateverprice the global sesame
marketiscurrentlyofferingandcannotcharge a qualitypremiumordiversifyintoniche markets.
Organicand Fairtrade certificationare amongthe waysinwhichMozambicanproducerscan
establishaproductidentityandbuildareputationforquality.However,inordertodo so theymust
overcome anumberof obstaclesarisingfrommarket imperfectionsinMozambique’sdomestic
sesame value chain.
6. THE STRUCTURE OF THE MOZAMBICAN SESAME SECTOR
Mozambique’ssesamesectorischaracterizedbyanumberof structural constraintsthatlimitits
competitivenessanddiminishitsefficiency.Asnotedabove,sesame isoverwhelminglyasmallholder
crop, and as a resultthe marketispopulatedbya vastnumberof small-scale producers.However,
due to the large start-upand sunkcosts of sesame warehousing,processingandexport,whicharise
frominherenteconomiesof scale andindivisibilitiesinproduction,the marketisdominatedbyafew
large commercial buyers.Moreover,thereare considerable physical distancesbetweensesame
producers,withthe sesame growingregionof the BeiraCorridoralone spanningmanyhundredsof
square kilometres,andthese distancesare exacerbatedbypoorqualitytransportationinfrastructure
and a weakmarket-informationnetwork.Asaresult,sesame buyerstendtoenjoyverylimited
competitioninanygivenarea, insome casesvergingonregional monopsony.5
Because onlya small groupof commercial buyers operatesinanygivenarea—andgiventhe
relativelylow capacityof regulatoryauthoritiestaskedwithpolicinganticompetitivepractices—
5 A “monopsony” is an uncompetitive market in which there is a singlebuyer of a good or serviceand multiple
sellers of that good or service,the converse of the more familiar “monopoly”(one seller,many buyers).
Whereas the costs of a monopoly areborne primarily by buyers,in the form of higher prices,the costs of a
monopsony are borne primarily by sellers,who are effectively held “captive” by the singlebuyer and forced to
either accept whatever pricethe singlebuyer is offering, or exit the market. The singlebuyer (the
“monopsonist”) therefore offers the lowest pricethe sellers arewillingtolerate,which in cases where sel lers
face substantial fixed as well as variablecosts may even be below full costrecovery, potentially drainingthe
sellers’capital stock over time. Monopsonies arenot as thoroughly studied as monopolies,in part becausein
advanced economies sophisticated transportation and information networks tend to make them infeasible;
however, there is evidence that they arefar more common in developing economies, and especially in rural
areas.For a more thorough discussion of these issues see:“Competition and Regulation in Agriculture:
Monopsony Buyingand Joint Selling”,OECD Policy Roundtables,2004.

18 | P a g e
sesame-purchasingfirmsexhibitahighdegree of explicitcoordination andpowerasymmetry. And
althoughtheyostensiblycompete inpurchasingseed,there isevidence thatsesame purchasers
serve the same exportmarketsand mayevenbuystock fromeach otherinorderto complete orders
or fill shippingcontainers.Suchcoordinationisnotpresentatthe producerlevel;andalthoughthe
marketpowerof sesame purchaserscouldbe offsetbyproducercooperatives, currentlythese
organizationsare relativelyweak,wheretheyexistatall,andoftenhave difficultyeffectively
coordinatingactionbytheirnumerousconstituentfarmers.Buyersalsoenjoyasymmetrical powerin
termsof marketinformation:thesefirmsare aware of regional differencesinsesame priceswithin
Mozambique aswell asprevailingpricesinexport markets.Producers,bycontrast,tendtohave very
limitedinformationonconditionsoutsidetheirownimmediate local market.Finally,sesame
exporters frequentlyemploytheirownagentsas local purchasers,enablingthemtovertically
integrate almostall of the domesticvalue chain.
Figure 1 Mozambique’sSesameMarketinInternational Perspective:FiveValue-ChainTypes
Source: The Governance of Global Value Chains, Review of International Political Economy.
Due to these conditionsthe Mozambicansesame marketismostsimilartothe “Captive”model
diagrammedin Figure 1,above.Inany givenregional marketa leadingfirminvestsinsecuringits
control overthe supplyof sesame fromthe local farmers,whichmayinclude explicitorimpliednon-
competitionagreementswithotherbuyers.6
Inthe absence of effective actionbygovernment
regulatorstobreakup local monopsonies,orstrong producerassociations tocountertheirmarket
power, suppliersmaybe forcedtoaccept whateverprice the leadfirmisoffering.Because the lead
6 Non-competition agreements are a form of cartelization in which firms agreeto effectively cede control of
different market segments to one another; each firm then exercises an effective monopoly (or monopsony)
over its allotted segment. This type of agreement need not entail an actual written or verbal contract between
firms,and can be accomplished simply by establishinginformal norms aboutwhat market segments “belong”
to which firms.

19 | P a g e
firmisaware of its marketpower ithas a strong incentivetoofferthe lowestprice possible thatwill
not drive itssuppliersoutof the market,therebyenablingsesamepurchasers tocapture the
maximumsurplusfromsesame farmers.
In addition, many Mozambican exporters (and,byextension,manydomesticpurchasersand
commercial traders) are actually branchesof muchlargerinternational firms.These firmshave
enormousadvantagesoverlocal sesame producers,aswell astheirMozambicanpurchasing
competitors,especiallyintermsof investmentcapital.InMozambique,interestratesondomestic
commercial loans(inMZN) are currently at around20-25% annually,whileinterestonmicroloansis
typicallyaround 3-3.5% per month. Collateral requirements are alsoveryhighbyglobal standards
and inefficientorunreliable definitionandadjudicationof propertyrightsleavesmanyprospective
borrowersunable touse theirassetsascollateral. International firmstypicallyface muchlower
borrowingcostsand lessstringentcollateral requirementsinmore sophisticatedandwell-capitalised
creditmarketsabroad.Theyalsomay possessconsiderable internal resourcestofinance
investments.Byleveragingtheircapital toinvestinrelativelylarge-scalepurchasing,processingand
warehousingfacilities andexportoperations,international firmsare able toaggressivelyasserttheir
control overlocal markets,withcreditconstraintshelpingtoshieldthemfromlocal competitors.

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Figure 2 The Beira Agricultural Corridor: Diagram of the Sesame Value Chain
CONSUMER
PRODUCTS
BUYER MARKETS
EXPORTERS
TRADERS
PRODUCTION ZONES
INPUT SUPPLIERS
Source: Study findings
Oil Paste Confectionary Others
India China Turkey
Middle
East
Japan Others
ETG
Indo Africa OLAM Others
Contract and
Other Traders
Zambezia
13%
Sofala
51%
Tete
11%
Manica
24%
Seed
Multiplication
IIAM
Retained
Grain
Agro InputDealersSPA Exporters
Tools and
Equipment
Pesticides
and
Fertilisers

21 | P a g e
7. ENHANCING FARMER INCOMES IN AN IMPERFECT MARKET
The problemsaffectingthe Mozambicansesamemarketare systemic—theproductof structural
constraintsthatbinda verylarge groupof small-scalesellerstoa verysmall groupof large-scale
buyers—andasa resulttheycannoteasilybe addressedorresolved.However,theycanbe
circumvented. There are anumberof promisingstrategiesforimprovingthe incomesof sesame
farmersinthe Beira Corridor,andeach comeswithitsownadvantagesanddrawbacks. Each of these
approachesrequiresstrengtheningfarmerorganizations,includingproductioncooperativesand
collective marketinggroups, asafirststepto increasingtotal sesame production,improvingthe
qualityof sesame produced,andenhancingthe livelihoodsof sesame farmersinthe BeiraCorridor.
Ethical Sourcing Certification
One way forsmallholdersesame farmers toovercome the constraints theyface inthe domestic
marketwouldbe to establishdirect contractswith ethical-sourcingfirms,includingcertified-organic
and Fairtrade-label brands. Ethical-sourcingcertificationensuresthatfarmersreceive anabove-
marketpremiumfortheirproduce andmanyethical-sourcingsystemsrewardsocially,economically
and environmentallysustainable practices. However,asnotedabove,bothFairtrade andorganic
certification wouldrequiresubstantial investmentsinthe capacityof producerorganisations.
Ethical sourcingrequiresthatthe certifyingagencybe able toverifythat itsproducergroups
conformto appropriate standardsintermsof theirproductionmethods,labourpracticesandquality
controls. Thisinturn requireswell-organizedproducergroupsthatcan (i) crediblydemonstrate that
theyrepresentasufficientnumberof farmerstomeetthe certifyingagency’sminimumscale of
production;(ii) manage the initial negotiationswiththe agency inatimelyandresponsive manner;
(iii) ensure thatthe organization’s constituentfarmersmodifytheirpracticestomeetanyapplicable
standardsof thatagency;and (iv) guarantee thatthose standardsare maintainedovertime.
Ethical-sourcingcertificationinvolvesaconsiderable degree of administrative capacityonthe partof
producerorganizations.Formanyof these groupsbuildingthatcapacitycouldbe accomplished
througha phasedapproach,withinitial investmentsdesigned toincrease productivityandquality
for the conventional marketbefore upgradingto ethical-sourcingmarkets. Negotiatingdirect
contracts withconventionalexportfirmscould serve asasteppingstone inthisprocess.
Producerorganizationscanboostincomesfortheir constituentfarmersby signingadvance contracts
for fixedamountsof sesame atanagreeduponprice.Thishelpsbothbuyersandsellers toobviate
the inefficienttradersystem,inwhich they relyonsmall-scale intermediaries (traders) tolinkthem
together.Forsesame farmersthe benefitis higherpricesthatcanbe establishedinadvance,
boostingtheirrevenueandreducingthe time costand uncertaintyinvolvedinmarketingtheir
produce.Forthe purchasercontract farmingcan be a way of guaranteeingapredictable supplyof
produce and/orensuringaminimumlevelof quality.Itcanalsobe a wayfor smallerexportersto
entera marketdominatedbya fewlarge firms. The organizational-capacitydemandsof contract
farmingare generallylowerthanforethical-sourcingcertification,thoughtheyrequire similarforms

22 | P a g e
of producercoordination,whichallowsthese arrangementstoserve assteppingstonestomore
sophisticatedformsof collectivemarketing. There isanexistingexampleof thisworkingwithSNV in
Nampula. Initial exploratorydiscussionswithanexportingfirmsuggestthatthere isprivate-sector
interestinpursuingcontractfarming arrangementsbasedon transparentpricingsystems.These
arrangementscanalsobe modifiedtoinclude investmentsinimprovedinputsandagronomy
training,allowingcontractedfarmerstoincrease theirproductivityandthe qualityof theirproduce
overtime.
Quality Standards and Product Grading
Anotherwayto improve qualityandefficiencythroughoutthe value chainistoestablishcommon
standardsof productqualityand evaluationcriteria.Atpresentthere are nogenerallyagreed-upon,
widelypublishedstandardsforsesame quality.Interviewswithexportfirmsindicate thatthere are
informal standardsof qualityforsesame oil andthe cleanlinessof sesame forexport, butthese are
not backedbyany industryassociationornational agency.
Indiaisamong the world’sleadingsesame producers,processors,importersandexporters.India’s
standards for agricultural productqualityare setforthinthe AGMARK certification system. AGMARK
standardsare establishedbythe Government’sDirectorateof MarketingandInspectionandlegally
enforcedbyThe Agricultural Produce (GradingandMarketing) Act.Althoughthe Governmentof
Mozambique hasnotyet setfortha similarsetof standardsfor sesame,publicagenciesmay
considerusingthe AGMARKcriteriaforreference.
Table 11 AGMARK CriteriaforSesame Quality
Grade
Designation
Definition of Quality
A) Special Characteristics7
Foreign matter (% by
weight, maximum)
Immature,
shrivelled
and dead
seeds (%
by weight,
maximum)
Damaged,
discoloured
seeds (%
by weight,
maximum)
Total
impurities
(total of
column 2-
4), % by
weight
maximum
Admixture
of other
varieties/
types (%
by weight
,
maximum)
Moisture
content
(% by
weight,
maximum)
Special 0.5 1.0 Nil 1.5 5.0 5.0
Good 1.0 2.0 1.0 3.0 10.0 6.0
General 2.0 3.0 2.0 5.0 15.0 7.0
B) General Characteristics
Sesame seedsmustbe obtained
fromthe plant
Sesame mustbe free fromfungusandinsect
attack, live insects,obnoxioussmell,rodent
contamination,excreta,non-edible oil seeds,
7 Definitions: Foreign matter: dust, lumps of earth, dirt, stones, stems, straw or any other impurity and/or any
other edible/non edible seeds. Damaged and discoloured seeds: seeds that are materially or internally
damaged or discoloured materially affectingthe quality. Immature shriveled and dead seeds: seeds which are
imperfectly developed or shrunken. Dead seeds arethose seeds which areduds and can be easily crushed by
finger. Admixture of other types/varieties: brown/black and other coloured sesame seeds present in white
sesame and vice versa

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SesamumindicumlinnSya, family
Pedaliaceae
artificial colorationandall otherimpurities
excepttothe extentspecified.
Source: www.agriexchange.apeda.gov.in accessed November 2012
The establishmentof similarstandardinMozambique would promotetransparencywithin the
sesame supplychain andcreate incentivesforbothproducersandexporterstoinvestinthe quality
of theirproduce.Cleargradingguidelines wouldallow buyerstoofferprice premiumsforsesame
that metbasic qualitystandards,while loweringcostsforprocessorsandexporters,whowould
sufferfewerlossesfrompoor-qualityproduce;basicgradingguidelinescouldserve as the basisfor
furthervalue-chainupgrading,includingawarehouse receiptsystem, andwouldrepresentan
importantsteptowardbuildingMozambique’sreputationasa high-qualitysesame supplier.
The establishmentof these guidelineswouldbe bestaccomplishedbyarelevantgovernment
agency,suchas the Ministryof Agriculture andRural Development orthe Ministryof Industryand
Commerce.However,industryleadersthemselvescantake the leadby promulgatingasetof quality
standardsinconcert withfarmerassociations.The participationof farmerassociationsisimperative,
as technical constraintsmake qualitytestinginfeasible atthe individualfarmer/traderlevel.Farmer
associationcapable of bulking,grading,andcollectivelymarketingsesame are crucial toimproving
the qualityof sesame producedbythe BeiraCorridor value chain.
Access to Information
Farmerassociationsalsohave animportantrole to playinexpendingaccesstomarket information.
Many sesame farmerscurrentlysufferfromaseriouslackof informationaboutpricesanddemand
conditionsoutsideof theirownimmediate local market;asa result,theyare unable tocompare
pricesand determineamarketingstrategythatmaximizestheirprofitmargin,andinsteadoftensell
theirproduce to whoeverisbuyinglocallyatwhateverprice isbeingoffered.
InformationinfrastructureinMozambique hasexpandedrapidlyinrecentyears.Cellularphone
subscribershave increasedfrom anegligible share of the populationin2000 to roughlyathird in
2011; internetaccesshasexpandedmore slowly,butsteadily,risingfrom0.1% in2000 to 4.3% in
2011.8
Yetaccess often remainsinadequate,especiallyinrural areas.Farmerassociations canserve
as key focal pointsforcollectinganddisseminating regularly updatedinformation onregionaland
international markets,enhancingthe efficiencyof the value chainby easingthe truncationsand
excessivetransactioncostsimposedbylimitedmarketinformationandensuringthatgoodsare
betterallocatedtomeetchangingdemandconditions.
The international experience suggeststhatradionetworksofferanotherpromisingoption for
aggregatinganddisseminatingmarketinformation, especially where transmissionsinlocal languages
can be usedtoovercome bothlanguage andliteracybarriers.Stakeholdersinthe sesame value
chaincan developpartnerships toimprove marketintelligence systemsbyaddingsesame quality,
price and goodpractice information. Currentinformationplatformswiththe potential forexpansion
8 World Bank, World Development Indicators (2012)

24 | P a g e
include the Government’sAgricultural MarketInformationSystem(Sistema deInformação de
MercadosAgrícolas—SIMA andINFOCOM) andExtensionRadio,whichisoperated byAGRA.
8. THE BUSINESS CLIMATE AND THE SESAME VALUE CHAIN
Mozambique’s businessclimate hasamajorimpact on the sesame value chain.Because agricultural
exportersare price takersinthe global marketplace,highadministrativecostsare borne almost
entirelybydomesticproducers,traders andexporters. The costof tradingacross borders,although
moderatelybelowthe SSA average,isstillveryhighbyglobal standards.
Table 12 Mozambique:The Administrative BurdenonExporters
Indicator Mozambique SSA Average
Numberof documentsrequiredforexport 7 8
Numberof daysrequiredforexport 23 31
Cost percontainerforexport(inUSD) 1,100 1,990
Source: World Bank Doing Business Report (2013)
Table 13 Mozambique:CostsInvolvedinTradingacrossBorders
Time (days) Cost (USD)
Documentpreparation 13 185
Customsclearance andtechnical control 2 250
Port andterminal handling 4 365
Inlandtransportationandhandling 4 300
Totals 23 1,100
Source: World Bank Doing Business Report (2013)
In additiontothe 7 exportdocuments listedinthe WorldBank’s2013 Doing Business report,the
study teamfound 2 additional documentsrequired forsesame exports,afumigationcertificateand
a phytosanitaryinspection certificate,both issuedatthe Port of Beira.Interviewswithexportfirms
highlighted the costof congestion-relateddelaysatthe Portof Beira;howeverthe PortAuthority
indicatedthatexporterswere toblame forbringinginadditionalcontainersafterthe 5 dayfree-
storage period.These delaysare likelydue toa combinationof inadequate portcapacityand
impropercontainerstorage atthe port, withthe lattercausedinpart by lackof secure warehousing
facilitiesinthe area.
The extremelyhighcostof enforcingcontractsinMozambique severelycompromisesthe efficiency
of the value chain.Inmostcases the total cost of enforcingacontract significantlyexceedsthe value
of the claim.
Table 14 Mozambique:Costsof EnforcingContracts
Indicator Mozambique
Time (days) 730
Filingandservice 90

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Trial and judgement 460
Enforcementof judgment 180
Cost (as% of the claim) 142.5
Attorneycost 98.5
Court cost 24
Enforcementcost 20
Procedures 30
Source: Doing Business Report 2013, World Bank
The large numberof administrative procedures,highattorneycosts, andespeciallythe twoyears
requiredtopursue a breach-of-contractclaimtoitsconclusion representmajorliabilitiesforboth
buyersandsellersanddiscourage the establishmentof long-termbusinessrelationships.Thesecosts
presentaseriousobstacle tofarmerassociationsattemptingtonegotiate directcontract
arrangementswithexporters orvice-versa,one whichmustbe addressedinthe designof
prospective interventionsinthe value chain.
9. STRENGTHENING THE SESAME VALUE CHAIN
Figure 3 Mozambique:Ansoff Matrix forthe Sesame ValueChain
New/ImprovedProduct
Existing exporters buy high-quality white
sesame
South Africa processorsdemand white
sesame,asdo Fairtradelabelsand organic
brands
The productionof white sesame canbe
strengthenedby:
Improved seedvarieties andagricultural
extension
No mixingof seeds eitherbefore plantingor
duringpost-harvesthandling
Improve cleaningduringpost-harvest
handling
Sustainabilityrequires :
Highlevelsof cleanliness
Improvedvariety
Strongproducerorganisations
Compliance withstandards
Contracts andsourcing plans
Traceabilityandorigin
OldProduct
Existing exportersbuy low-quality
undifferentiated sesame
Importersbeyond traditionaltrading
partners(Turkey,China,India) demand
undifferentiated sesame
The productionof undifferentiatedsesame
can be strengthenedby:
Improvedquality
The improvementof existingsupply-chain
agreements
Increasedproductivity
Sustainabilityrequires:
Improvedquality
The developmentof new supplychain
relationships
Increasedproductivity
Old Markets New Markets
Source: Authors’ Figure Based on Ansoff Matrix Template

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The Ansoff Matrix presentedin Figure 3,above, dividesthe sesamevalue chainintofourquadrants,
(i) newproductsinoldmarkets,(ii) newproductsinnew markets,(iii)oldproductsinnew markets,
and (iv) oldproductsinoldmarkets.Interventionscanbe designedtostrengthenanyorall of these
aspectsof the value chain,dependingonwhichbestsuitsthe circumstancesandambitionsof
relevantstakeholders.In ordertobe successful interventionswill require increasedinvestment,
strongerproducergroups, andimprovedcoordinationamongproducergroupsandothervalue-
chainactors. Special attentionshouldbe giventothe opportunitiespresentedby downstreamactors
(exportersanddestination-marketfirms) thathave developedstrongreputations andspecific
competencies,includingproductcertification.Twoexamplesof firmsthathave builtreputationsfor
qualityandoffera range of certificationoptionsare presentedin Table 15,below.
Table 15 Example of InternationalSesameSupplyChainRelationships
Product Exporter Country Certifications Destination Markets and
Supermarkets
Sesame
Paste
Hebei Royal Trading
Company Limited
China BRC, HACCP,
ISO 9001
Carrefour, Metro, Auchan,
Billa,Casina,Netto, Migros
Sesame
Paste
Narin Bys Dis Ticaret
Anonim Sirketi
Turkey BRC, FDA,
HACCP,
KOSHER, HALAL
UK, MiddleEast, USA
Source: Information Published on Firm Websites
Overthe short term,farmerassociations,exportfirms,industrygroupsand otheractorsin
Mozambique’ssesamevalue chain shouldbe encouragedtocollaborate withwell-established firms
servingbothnewandexistingexportmarkets.Overthe longerterm, interventionsinthe value chain
can empowerMozambicanactorsto buildtheirowncompetence in conductingcertification
procedures andestablishingdirectrelationshipswithretailersindestination markets.
Table 16 Mozambique:Prospective StrategiesforStrengtheningthe Value Chain
Value Chain Actor Intervention Strategy Examples that can be Scaled-
Up/Copied
Input Suppliers  Facilitateaccess to improved seeds
 Improve labellingof seeds
 Providespecific information on
treatment of seeds
 Promote suitablepackagesizes (for
use on fields greater than 1 ha)
 Increasegeographical coverageof the
input supply network
 Greenbelt on fertilizer
 Agrifocus intended seed treatment
 IFDC agro-dealers programin
Tanzania a privatesector link was
done with the agrochemicals
company, BYTRADE. Through
negotiations with NARI,BYTRADE
supplied flea beetle control
insecticidein very small packs
sufficientto treat seed for 1 ha,
makingit affordablefor
smallholders
Producers  Organisefarmer associationsto:(i)
jointly procureinputs atdiscounted
bulk rates, and (ii) collectively market
output, includingvia contractfarming
 Some PO’s in Buzi and Nhamatanda
could be role model.
 Some past projects likePromec,
FHI.

27 | P a g e
Up/Copied
 Provideagronomy trainings on
subjects such as plantingtimes and
techniques
 Promote row planting instead of
broadcasting
 Promote use of improved seed
 Avoid mixingseeds of different
varieties
 Use appropriatepest-control
technology (organic/conventional) in
coordination with neighbouring
farmers
 Improve post-harvest handlingwith a
focus on product cleanliness
 Facilitateaccess to and use of new
productive technologies through
demonstration plots and by calculating
return on investment
Traders Focus on product differentiation:
 Create quality-certification systems in
concert with traders
 Safeguardingthe integrity of white
and organic varieties through clear
labelling,individual bagging, separate
transportsystems, etc.
 Spread market information to
facilitatecompetition and reduce price
disparities between traders
 Potential traders includeSENWES,
Sunsmile,others…
Processors  Establish contract-farming systems in
which processors provideinputs and
extension services and even capital for
irrigation and other improvements in
return for guaranteed delivery of high-
quality product
 Strengthen long-term relationships
with producers
 Commit to payingquality premiums
based on clear standards and jointly
promote product-gradingsystems
 MLT tobacco
 AgDevCo patient capital,ECA
 ETG inclusiveBusinessmodel
Exporters  Strengthen long-term relationships
with producers
 Commit to payingquality premiums
based on clear standards and jointly
promote product-gradingsystems
 IKURU organic / Fair Tradeexports
 ETG inclusivebusiness model

28 | P a g e
Up/Copied
 Encourage investment in organic /
Fairtradecertification and exploration
of new destination markets
Source: Study findings
Table 16, above,presentsalistof interventionstrategiesateachlevel of the value chain.The study
teamrecommendsthata selectionof actorsfromeach level be organisedintoaworkinggroup,
facilitatedbySNV.A numberof prospectivepartnersinthe developmentof the sesame value chain
are identified inAnnex Eof thisreport. Thisworkinggroupwill draw onitsown intimate knowledge
of the Mozambicansesame marketaswell asthe experience inagricultural development
programmingofferedbySNV todetermine anappropriate strategyforstrengtheningthe sesame
value chaininthe BeiraCorridor. SNV and the BACG initiativewill mobilize fundingfrommultiple
sourcesto pilotinterventions,and the lessons learnedduringthe pilotphase willbe rapidlyapplied
to the formulation of broaderandmore comprehensive market-basedsolutions.
10. THE APPLICATION OF SUCCESSFUL BAGC MODELS
The study teamexamined the commercialisationmodelsandserviceprogrammesthathave been
proposedorare currentlybeingimplementedbythe BAGC.Several applicable modelsforsesame
value-chainupgradingwere identified atthe productionlevel. Interventionsbasedonthese models
wouldrequire the supportof complementary marketingprogrammesfocusedon supportingfarmer
associationstodevelopproductgradingandcollective marketingsystems.
Table 17 The BeiraCorridor:BAGC Models
Smallholder Commercialisation Models Description Sesame Value Chain
Application
Thisis a familiarmodel in
whicha commercial farm
‘hub’providesservicesto
smallholderfarmer
organisations.Here the
commercial farmwould
extendirrigationto
smallholderfarm
communitiesaswell.
Scale of production
wouldallow for
approaching
Fairtrade/organic
certificationagencies
WorldBank/ProIRRI
investmentinirrigation
viaoutgrowing
schemes already
underway

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Under thismodel irrigation
servicesare leasedto
commercial and
smallholderfarmers.A
modularlayoutallowing
plotconfigurationsranging
from5 to 50 ha. Allows
smallholderfarmers to
expand tomediumsize.
Gravity-fedsmall-scale
irrigationisfeasible for
sesame farmers, but
sesame wouldhave to
compete withother
high-value crops,this
will dependonmarket
access andlocation.
Dragline irrigation is
alsoa potential option,
but determiningits
cost effectiveness
wouldrequire further
analysis.
Source: BAGCand Study Team
11. COMPARISON OF PRODUCTION SYSTEMS
Variousproductionsystemsforsmallholdersare possibleeachwithdifferentcharacteristicsand
returns. The importantrealisationisthatagronomicpracticesmustimprove forfarmerstoearna
sustainable and economicallyviablereturnfromsesame production asillustratedinthe table below.
Alternative Producer Scenarios / Treatments
1 2 3 4
Treatments Farmer Practice Treated Seed &
Pest Control
Improved Seed
and Fertilizer
Irrigation
Average plot size ~0.5 ha ~ 0.5 - 1.0 ha ~ 1,0 - 2,0 ha > 2.0 ha
Seed retained seed
(grain)
treated retained
seed (grain)
improved &
treated (Lindle)
improved &
treated (Lindle)
Smallholder Service-Delivery Programme Description Sesame Value Chain
Application
An extensionof the “hub
model”describedabove.In
exchange foraccessto
certaintypesof financing
supportall commercial farm
hubswouldprovide
smallholderswithina25km
radiuswith accessto lower
cost inputs,improvedpost-
harvestfacilitiesandaccess
to marketingandextension
services.
Existingcommercial
sesame farmersand
farmerassociations
wouldfacilitate the
rapidexpansion of the
hubmodel inthe Beira
Corridor.

30 | P a g e
1 2 3 4
Treatments Farmer Practice Treated Seed &
Pest Control
Improved Seed
and Fertilizer
Irrigation
Plantspacing (mainly)
broadcasting
broadcasting&
intercropping
(50 - 60) x 10 cm 60 x 10 cm
Seeds per plantinghole 3 to 5 3 to 5 2 to 3 2
Density control replantingto
replaceaffected
plants (labour
intensive+ low
yield)
Yes not needed not needed
Pest control increasingly yes,
but not very
effective
yes (1st3
weeks)
yes yes
Fertilizer use – base wood ash or
none
wood ash or
none
120 NPK/ha 120 NPK /ha
Fertilizer use - top dressing none None 100 UREIA/ha 100 UREIA / ha
Weeding 1 or 2 depending
on family labour
available
2, but
depending on
family labour
available
2; hired labour 2; hired labour
Estimated yield 0.2 - 0.4 Mt/ha 0.4 - 0.6 Mt/ha 0.6 - 1.0 Mt/ha 1.0 - 1.5 Mt/ha
(or higher). 2
Harvests/ year
Farm implements & tools -
depreciation 50%
machete, hoe &
handle,scythe
idem + Backpack
sprayer
Back pack
sprayer,
machete, hoe,
scythe
Back pack
sprayer,
machete, hoe,
scythe
Capital cost- draglineirrigation USD 5,000 / ha
Depreciation capital cost10% USD 500 = MZN
14.500
Operational cost10%(assuming
electr. & water on serviced plot)
USD 50 = MZN
1.450
Source: Study findings and estimates
Sesame production costs for one hectare and respective gross margin under different
treatments – Farmers Practice and Treated Retained Seed
Activity / cost (MT / MZN) Farmer's Practice Treated Retained Seed
Land preparation (wood logs
removal) 1,200 1,200
Land cultivation family labour 1,500 family labour 1,500
Seed 6kgs at 40 Mts 240 5 kgs x Mts 60 300
Treatment of seeds 0 bought from agro-dealer
Base Fertilizer Wood ash or nothing 0 Wood ash or nothing 0

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Activity / cost (MT / MZN) Farmer's Practice Treated Retained Seed
Planting 150 150
Pesticide / herbicides 2 * 250 ml 300 3 applications 450
Dressing 0 0
Weeding 1 family labour 450 family labour 450
Density control family labour 600 family labour 600
Weeding 2 family labour 600 family labour 600
Harvest family labour 500 family labour 500
Hulling family labour 900 family labour 1,500
Packing & transport to market family labour 100 family labour 100
depreciation 50% no sprayer 240 865
Total investment 6,780 8,215
Yield per hectare 300 500
Average price per kg 25 25
Total income 7,500 12,500
Gross margin MZN 720 4,285
Gross Margin % 11% 52%
Table 13b: Sesame production costs for one hectare and respective gross margin under different treatments
– Improved Seed, Fertiliser and Irrigation
Activity / cost Improved seed and fertilizer
Improved Seed, Fertiliser and
Irrigation
Land preparation 0 0
Land cultivation Mechanized 2,500 2,500
Seed 3kgs x Mts 100 300 6kgs x Mts 100 600
Treatment of seeds 3kgs @ Mts 7,5 / kg 23 45
Base Fertilizer 120 kgs NPK 3,600 240 kgs NPK 7,200
appears to substitute
50 kg UREIA 0
appears to substitute50 kg
UREIA 0
Planting 150 300
Pesticide / herbicides 3 applications 450 6 applications 900
Dressing 100 kgs UREIA 2,400 200 kgs UREIA 4,800
Weeding 1 hired & family labour 450 hired & family labour 900
Density control 0 0
Weeding 2 hired & family labour 600 hired & family labour 1,200
Harvest hired & family labour 500 hired & family labour 1,000
Hulling hired & family labour 2,400 hired & family labour 7,200
Packing & transport to market collected by trader 0 collected by trader 0

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Activity / cost Improved seed and fertilizer
Improved Seed, Fertiliser and
Irrigation
depreciation 50% 865 865
Irrigation-depreciation 14,500
Irrigation-operational costs 1,450
Total investment 14,238 43,460
Yield per hectare 800 2 harvests/yr. 2,400
Average price per kg 25 25
Total income 20,000 60,000
Gross margin MZN 5,763 16,540
Gross Margin % 40% 38%
Table 14: Summary of Gross Margins for 4 Scenarios / Treatments
1 2 3 4
Activity / cost Farmer's practice Treated retained
seed
Improved seed
and fertilizer
Irrigation
Total income 7,500 12,500 20,000 60,000
Gross margin MZN 720 4,285 5,763 16,540
Gross Margin % 11% 52% 40% 38%
AlthoughTreatment2wouldappearto offerahigherreturnfor producers,ithasseveral highrisk
exposuresparticularlythe dependenceonrainfall.The studydeterminedbothfromfarmersandthe
agriculture officersthatlosseswere heavydue toraindependencyandseedplantingpatternsand
thereafterfurtherincreasedbypestsanddiseases.
It isalso dependenton3 yearfieldcycleswhere the farmersopennewland,anddependingon
rainfall getdecliningreturnsfromYear1 intoYear 2 and abandon the fieldafterYear3. A more
detailedsummaryof the risksispresentedinthe table below;
Table15: Risks and Sustainability
1 2 3 4
Treatments Farmer
Practice
Treated Seed
& Pest Control
Improved Seed and
Fertilizer
Irrigation
Risk profile rain-fed;high risk of crop failure rain-fed;high risk of crop
failure
low-risk of crop failure;high
yields 'guaranteed'
Sustainability unsustainableslash-and-burn
agriculture;with fastdeclining
yields after year 2
Investment in soil health
combined with rotation
croppingwith maize, cow
peas, etc.
Investment in soil health
combined with rotation
croppingwith high-end
horticulturecrops
Moral
Hazard
High
transaction
costs
High
transaction
costs
In the TZ example managers from the leadingsesame
exporter, who is also activein Mozambique, attended the
inception workshop and agreed in principleto payinga
premium for white sesame. In practicethis did not happen
although some farmers groups packaged their white

33 | P a g e
separately from the local sesame.The TZ survey revealed
that because sesame from this region sells in theoil market
there is no premium availablefor seed colour which is a
requirement of the confectionary market. However, itmay
be that some exporting companies aredoingtheir own
separation and accessingpricepremiums.The same is
confirmed for Mozambique.
Threat of El
Nino
.
El Niño is a recurrent weather phenomenon that takes placeapproximately every two to seven
years and usually lasts between 12 and 18 months, depending on the magnitude of the
warming of surfacewater. Accordingto FEWSNET Equatorial sea surfacetemperatures (SST)
are greater than 0.5°C above average across theequatorial Pacific Ocean,an indicator thatEl
Niño conditions aregradually developing.
Statistically,there is an increased chancefor some areas to receive below-average rainfall
duringEl Niño events, though impacts vary.Reduced rainfall duringthe critical floweringand
maturation period of cereal crops,such as maize,during the second half of the season
(January-March 2013) can impactcrop development and output.
Parts of southern Africa aretypically proneto dry spells between January and March,including
Botswana, northern Namibia, southern and central Mozambique. Duringan El Niño event
there is a higher probability thatdry spells will occur.If dry spellsarelongand occur duringa
critical phaseof crop development, crop yields will beimpacted
12. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Thisanalysisof the sesame value chaininthe BeiraCorridoridentifiedanumberof important
constraintsthatreduce the efficiencyand productivityof the subsectorandlimititsimpactonthe
incomesandlivelihoodsof sesame farmers.The mostimportant obstaclestothe inclusive,broad-
basedand sustainable development of the value chaininclude:(i) limitedaccesstoimproved seeds
and otherinputs;(ii) pooragronomy practicesthatreduce marginal productivity;(iii)the absence of
qualitystandardsand productdifferentiation inthe domesticmarket,(iv) inadequate market
informationamongproducers; and(v) alack of strong farmerassociationsthatwouldenabledirect
contract negotiations,collectivemarketing,productgradingandethical-sourcingcertification, and
economiesof scale ininputpurchasing.
Strengtheningthe value chainwillrequireaddressingeachof these obstaclesthrougha
comprehensive,multi-stakeholderapproach.Effectiveinterventionsinthe sesame subsectorwill
involve:(i) establishingpartnershipswithactorsateach level of the value chain;(ii) buildingdirect
linkagesbetweenproducersandexporters;(iii) developingrelationshipswithassociationsthathave
installedirrigationsystems,includingnon-functional systemsthatcanbe rehabilitated;(iv)
expandingmarketinformationnetworks; (v) promulgatingcommonstandardsforsesame quality
and encouragingpurchaserstoofferqualitypremiums;and (vi) promotingthe use of improvedseed
varieties.
Targeting Interventions and Identifying Access Points in the Value Chain

34 | P a g e
The findingsof thisanalysisindicate thatinterventionswill be mosteffective if theyare targetedto
reach geographical areaswhere the potential productivitygainsare greatest, aswell asleveraging
the supportof existingactors at each level of the value chain.Atthe production level aprospective
intervention couldfocusonthe multiplication andexpandeduse of improved seed varietiesand
encourage investmentinirrigationnetworks.
The MozambicanGovernment’sInstitute of Agricultural Research(InstitutodeInvestigação Agrária
de Moçambique—IIAM) hasbeenattemptingtopromote the use of improvedseeds,butitsefforts
are hinderedbyalack of funding.Private-sectorfirmssuchasMozSeeds9
have alsoinvestedin
expandingthe use of improvedseeds,ashave associationsof smallholderseedproducers,and
prospective interventionscandrawon the lessonslearnedduringfromtheirexperience.
Associationsthatoperate irrigationnetworks canassistindisseminating improvedseedvarieties,
but irrigationitself iscritical forbolsteringsesameproductionandreducingproducers’vulnerability
to weather-relatedshocks.Establishingpartnershipswiththese associationswillbe animportant
firststepfor improvingsesameproduction.Commercial farmswithirrigationsystemsthatcanbe
expandedtoneighbouringsmallholdersalso offerimportantopportunitiesforinterveningatthe
productionlevel.
At the marketinglevel,the keytoasuccessful intervention inthe sesame valuechain willbe to
strengtheningthe capacityof farmerassociations,enablingthemtoorganize theirconstituent
farmersintoa commercial enterprisecapable of negotiatingdirectly withpurchasers.Strongfarmer
associationswill enablefarmerstoachieve the necessaryscale of productiontoallow forreliable
gradingand qualitycertification,whichinturnwill enablepurchaserstooffer quality premiumsthat
rewardinvestmentinimprovedinputsandagronomytechniques.Ultimately,these associationsmay
be able to attract interestfrominternational ethical-sourcingcertificationagencies,further
increasingthe price premiumavailabletofarmers.
Effortsto strengthenproducergroupswouldbe complementedby interventionsatthe sectorlevel
designedtoestablishasetof common qualitystandards andevaluationcriteriaamongproducers,
tradersand exporters. A firststepwouldbe tosetup a regularforum for multi-stakeholderdialogue;
inthiscontext, the existingprovincialanddistrictagricultural meetingsofferanentrypointfora
sesame-specificplatform. SNV iscurrentlyfacilitatingamulti-stakeholderforumforoilseedsin
Nampula,focusingonsoybeans,groundnutsandsesame,whichcouldserve asamodel.Manyof the
participantsinthisforum are also active inthe BeiraCorridor.
Prospective Investments in Strengthening the Sesame Value Chain
Strengtheningthe sesame valuechaininwill require investments infourmainareas.A successful
interventionmustinvestinthe capacityof farmerassociationsandin supportingmulti-stakeholder
collaboration,including the establishmentof asector workinggroup comprisingactorsfromall
levelsof the value chain.Activitiesinthisareashouldbe pursuedthroughcoordinatedefforts by
9 A division of Mozfoods, SSA. Rua Joseph Ki-Zerbo, 255 CP: 2112,Maputo, Mozambique
www.mozfoods.com

35 | P a g e
publicextensionservices, farmerassociations, SNVandotherNGOs,andprivate firmsrangingfrom
inputsupplierstotradersandexporters.SNV’s experiencehas shown thatmobilizingfundingfor
innovationand the developmentof inclusivebusinessmodelscan greatlyfacilitate the development
of improved processesforsector-widecoordination betweenstakeholders.
Investmentsinininputsupply shouldfocuson buildingthe technical aswell asthe financial
capabilityof inputdealers tostock,sell andexpandaccesstoimprovedseeds. Expandingthe use of
high-yield,disease-resistantvarietieswillinsome cases require securingproprietary rightsto
improvedseeds aswell as investmentsin fieldtestingandmultiplication. Traininginputdealers in
the use of appropriate fertilizers,pesticideswillbe equallyimportant.Investmentstoincrease
access to affordable workingcapital wouldhelp toensure thatinput dealershave adequatestockfor
successive planting seasons.
Investmentsinexpandingorrehabilitating irrigationsystemscouldgreatlyincreaseproductivity,
potentiallyallowingfortwoharvestsperseason. However,itwillbe importanttoconductinitial
opportunity-costassessmentsagainstalternative cropsinorderto determine the bestuse of
irrigationinvestments.Once these assessmentshave verifiedthe economicviabilityof irrigated
sesame,aninterventionshouldattempttoleveragepublic irrigationprogrammesandirrigation
supportprovidedbyNGOsandother international agencies.
On the marketingside,investmentsinstorage facilities would allow producerstotake advantage of
significantseasonal price fluctuations.Mostfarmerscurrentlysell all theirproduce immediately
afterthe harvest,whenpricesare verylow,because theylackadequate warehousesorsilostostore
theircrops.Investmentsinstorage facilitiescombinedwithcomplementary insuranceandfinancing
safeguardswouldallow farmerassociations tosell theirproduce atmuchhigherpriceslaterinthe
season;basedonlocal marketconditions,higherpricesmayallow forthe inclusionof arepayment
system,whichwouldrecoupall orpart of the initial investmenttouse forfurtherprogramming.
Furthermarketinginvestmentscouldbe directed towardlinkingfarmerassociationsanddomestic
exportfirmswithethical-sourcingagencies thatdeliverprice premiums, suchas organic or Fairtrade
certification.Althoughethical-sourcingcertificationoffersconsiderable returns,especiallyto
farmers, attainingittypicallyrequires substantial investmentatthe producerandsupply-chainlevels
to ensure thatthe final productwouldbe of traceable originanduncontaminatedbynoncertified
sesame. Certification-relatedinvestmentsshouldbe made onthe basisof contracts negotiated with
brandsand firms whoare themselves willingtomake additional investmentsinstrengtheningthe
value chain, suchas throughthe Fairtrade ProducerCertificationFund.
Evenwiththese interventions, alarge share of sesame farmerswill continue tosupplylow-quality
undifferentiatedsesame tothe traditionalexportmarket.Furtherefforts canhelptobuild the
capital structure required toincrease private-sectorinvestmentindomesticprocessing,whichcould
boostpricesinthe domesticvalue chaineveninthe absence of improvedproductiontechniquesor
marketingpractices.Equityinvestmentsinvalue-addingprocessing,suchassesame oil production,
can be pursued inconcertwith technical assistance.

36 | P a g e
Market Constraints and Imperfect Competition
The concentratedstructure of the domesticsesame market,inwhichmanysmall-scale producers
sell toa fewlarge-scale buyers,seriouslycompromisesthe efficiencyof the value chain. Many
sesame farmersare essentiallylockedinacaptive-supplierrelationship withasingle exportfirm;and
manyof these firmsare workingtoverticallyintegrate the supplychainbyexpandingintotrading,
processing, andeveninputsupply.Strengtheningfarmerassociations,enablingthemtosource
inputsandmarkettheirproduce collectively,wouldhelptooffsetthe marketpowerof large firms.
Strongfarmer associationscouldalsoassume greaterresponsibilityforprovidingextension services
to theirmembers.Negotiatingmarketingcontractsbetweenfarmersandexporterswould serveto
reinforce the legitimacy of farmergroupsinthe value chain,enablingthemtofurtherimprove their
marketingclout.
The nature of the sesame marketissuch that any successful value-chainintervention will require
close collaborationwith exportingfirms.Establishingorexpandingindustryforumswouldallow for
increasedcooperatingbetweenexporters,traders,andfarmerassociations,suchasindetermining
commonqualitystandardsandgradingcriteria.
Geographic Focus Areas
The available evidencesuggeststhatSofalaProvince shouldbe the focus of prospective
interventionsinthe sesame value chain,asitaccountsfor roughly50% of all sesame productionin
the BeiraCorridor.WithinSofalathe districtsof Nhamatanda,CaiaandGorongosaare currently
experiencingthe fastestgrowthrates forsesame cultivation,presentingaprime opportunityto
increase productivityatfarmlevel whileworkingto strengthenthe still-expandingmarketing
systems forsesame inthese districts.
WithinCaiaDistrictthe Murracaareawouldbe compatiblewiththelogistical demandsof alarge-scale
agricultural intervention,while in Gorongosa the Nhalirose area would serve as a suitable base of
operations.InNhamatandaconsiderationshouldbe giventothe MetuchiraPita,TicaandMudaareas,
each of which offers unique advantagesand drawbacks. The study estimatesthe combined number
of sesame fieldsinall three districtsat42,000, for a total cultivatedareaof 21,000 hectares.Basedon
the limited available data, in Sofala Province an estimated 330 hectares of sesame is cultivated by
farmers’associationswithaccesstoirrigationsystems;theseassociationswould serveasacore group
that the intervention would seek to expand upon. The proposed intervention would begin by
establishingreliable baselinevaluesformarginal productivity,total productivity,andfarm-gate prices
in the targetedarea,as well asthe skill level of local farmers,the availabilityof arable land,accessto
investment credit, and other factors that may affect the final evaluation of the intervention’s
achievements and their potential reproducibility in other areas.

37 | P a g e
REFERENCES
Anonymous,2002. Overview of the NigerianSesameIndustry,ChemonicsInternational,USAID,
November2002
Gardiner,T. 2010. Engajamentodopequenoproductordosectorfamiliarnacadeiade valoresde
gergelim. Provinciade Nampula,Mozambique. CNFA/ProjectoSANA.
Gereffi G.,HumphreyJ.andSturgeonT. 2005. , The governanceof globalvaluechains, Review of
International Political Economy12:1 February2005: 78–104
Hillocks R., Linking the production to marketchain for the developmentof smallholder agricultural
commoditiesusing sesamein Mozambiqueand Tanzania asa model.Interimnarrative report,
Natural ResourcesInstitute,Universityof Greenwich,UK
ReederJ.,JabaraC and BurketS, 2003, Industry and TradeSummary - Oilseeds,UnitedStates
International Trade Commission,USITCPublicationNumber3576, February2003
SNV Mozambique.2011. ProductionMapping& Value ChainUpdatingFor:Groundnut,Sesame And
CashewCropsConsultancyReport,SNV-NampulaPortfolio,December,2011
Thurlow,J.2008. AgriculturalGrowthand InvestmentOptionsforPoverty Reduction in
Mozambique.ReSAKSSWorkingPaper#20, International FoodPolicyResearchInstitute (IFPRI).
USAID 2010. Market Intelligence Report:AlternativeMarketsforNigerianSesameExports,USAID,
October2010
WorldBank 2013. DoingBusinessReport2013 (10th
Edition) - Mozambique, SmarterRegulationsfor
Small andMediumSize Enterprises,WorldBank
WEBSITES
www.mysupermarket.co,uk accessedNovember2012
www.alibaba.com accessedNovember2012
www.sesameseedreport.blogspot accessedNovember2012
www.faostat.com accessedNovember2012
www.Mozfoods.com
http://www.beiracorridor.com
http://olamonline.com/products-services/spices-vegetable-ingredients/sesame/sustainability
http://www.etgworld.com/commodities/oilseeds/

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Annex A: Terms of Reference
Beira Corridor Sesame Value Chain DevelopmentProject
Termsof Reference forValue ChainAnalysis
Background
Sesame hasemergedasone of the keycashcrops for smallholderfarmersinthe Central and
Northernregionsof Mozambique.Althoughthe cropwitnessedsignificantgrowthsince its
commercial introductionfromabout2002 to 2005, productionhasstagnatedinthe last 4 years;
largelydue toagronomicchallenges.
Sesame isessentiallyasmallholderfarmercrop.More than 300.000 farmersare growingsesame
throughoutthe country,of which40% inthe centre of Mozambique alongthe Beiracorridor.
The potential yieldperhectare is500 kg butfarmersare gettinglessthan400 kg due to poor crop
managementandlowuse of inputs.
Market opportunitiesforthe cropremainfirm.More immediateopportunitiesare inexportof
sesame seed,while withincreasedproduction,processingintosesameoil maybecome viable.
Sesame iscurrentlymostlyexportedunprocessedtoAsiaandthe Middle East.Opportunitiesexist
for exportof cleanedandde-hulledsesameseedtopremiumconfectionarymarketsinEurope,in
orderto capture more value domestically.Mozambiquehasthe opportunitytobuildorigin-identity
to satisfyniche marketsfororganicandfair trade sesame.
The Government’sStrategicPlanforthe Agriculture Sector(PEDSA)identifiesthe Beiracorridorasa
catalystto drive agricultural developmentinthe country,withinwhichinitiativesare being
promotedtoattract increasedpublicandprivate sectorinvestment.The locationisbeingtargeted
due to itshuge productionpotential forfood,cashcrops,livestock,forestry,fisheries,andalsoits
integrationwithdomestic,regional andinternational markets.
Increasedsupportforthe Sesame value chainpresentsopportunitiesfornew businessventuresfor
the variousprivate sectoroperatorswithinthischain,aswell asforincreasedincome forthe
participatingfarmers.
RelevantInterventionsby SNV
The US$1.8 MillionPROMERprojecthas an impacttargetof improvedincome for6.000 households
throughincreasedagricultural productivityby2014. The program aimsto improve the functioningof
rural marketsandmarketlinkagesformaize,sesame,groundnutsandbeansfor20,000 small holder
producers.SNV Mozambique implementsthe US$1.8 MillionProducerOrganizationSupport
componentinfourdistrictsinthe ZambeziaandNampulaprovinces.Alsointhe north,SNV hasbeen
workingwithExportMarketingonthe pilotingoutgrowingschemesforsesame withsmall-scale
commercial farmers.
In 2011 SNV establishedanational oilseedsmulti-stakeholderplatformwithsharedchallengesand
opportunitiesbydifferentactors.Sesame,groundnutandsoyabeansare the three cash crops
identifiedbythe platformmembersforfurthervaluechaindevelopment.
Since April thisyear,SNV isimplementingaprojecttoimprove foodsecurity(inone of 4Provincesof
the corridor) withfinancial supportfromAGRA (Alliance foraGreenRevolutioninAfrica).The

39 | P a g e
projectfocusesongoodagriculture practiceswhichinclude soilfertilitymanagement,intercropping
legumes(pigeonpea) andmaize asthe staple foodinthe region.
Recently,the BeiraAgricultureGrowthCorridor(BAGC) partnershipinvitedSNV todevelop a
PartnershipConceptNote Programforaninterventioninthe nearfuture.
The sesame partnershipbetweenBAGCand SNV
The BAGC initiative issupportedbyagroup of private sectoragribusinesses,bothlocal and
international,plusdonorsandleadministries.Itcomprises:(i)the BAGCPartnership,aMozambican
not-for-profitmembershiporganisation;andii) the BAGCCatalyticFund,a social venture capital
investmentvehicle.The BAGCPartnershipisworkingon:(a) BDSSupply(VOSD;integrationof
smallholders;irrigation;land,electricity,seedsandfertiliser;CatalyticFund;(b) Investment
Promotion,(c) EnablingEnvironment:(d) Partnershipsand(e)knowledgemanagement;
The BAGC seekstopartner withSNV inmobilisingstakeholdersinterestedinfurtherdevelopmentof
the Sesame value chains.The aimwill be tofacilitate the creationof aSesame Value Chain
Partnershipthatwouldcollaborate inthe developmentof the Sesame Value Chain.
Keyinitial activitieswillbe carriedoutfromOctoberto December2012. DuringwhichperiodBAGC
and SNV will jointlydevelopa PartnershipConceptNote thatpresentsandsubstantiates
opportunitiesfordevelopingandimplementingaPartnershipProgramme withinthe BeiraCorridor.
Specificallythe conceptnote will
a) Define constraints/issuestothe functioningof the sesame VCwithinthe BeiraCorridor;
b) Provide informationoncurrentactivitiesof potential partners,how partnerscouldcontribute to
the partnership,the benefitsthattheywouldderive fromsuchpartnership,issuesthatpresent
challengestotheirparticipation;
c) Identifypotential sourcesof funds(publicandprivate) tosupportinterventionactivitieswithin
sesame value chain,especiallythose todevelopnewsmallholderintegrationmodels(around
contract farmingand/orhub/spoke models);
d) Identifygeographical clusters/areasthat couldbe the focusof partnershipactivities;and
e) Define apreliminaryPartnershipActionPlan
Scope ofthe Value Chain Analysis
These Termsof Reference coverthe activitiestobe carriedoutin regardthe Analysisof the Sesame
Value Chaininthe BeiraCorridor.Thiscorridorencompassesthe agricultural activitiesinthe three
provincesof Sofala,Manica and Tete;groupedaroundthe road / rail / port infrastructure,linkingthe
hinterlandtothe seaport of Beira.
BAGC and SNV will jointlycarryoutan analysisof the sesame value chaininthe corridor,consisting
of:
5. Value ChainMappingandRelationships:identifythe primaryandsupportingactorsinthe
sesame value chain,theirroles,andinterrelationshipsandmaptheirinteractions;
6. Market Trends& Competitiveness: identifysalesmarketsandtrends,unmetdemand,growth
perspectivesand(international) competitors;
7. Governance:identifyhowthe value chainis organized,where decisionsare made andwhatthe
positionof the poorisin the chain.Specificattentiontobe paidtoidentificationanddescription
of (potential) supportpartners;

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8. Value ChainConstraints:identifythe majorconstraintstovalue chain developmentandtarget
populationparticipationinthe value chain.Includingriskassessmentandcropbudgets.
Deliverables
The team will produce acomprehensive reportonthe Sesame Subsector inthe BeiraCorridoras
outlinedabove whichshouldalsoinclude:
a) A database withall actors inthe chain,both direct(tradingcompanies,processors,input
suppliers,etc.) andindirect(supportorganisations,researchinstitutions,etc.),depictedinaVC
map;
b) Detailedinformationoncurrentactivitiesof potential partners,how partnerscouldcontribute
to the partnership,andissuesthatpresentchallengestotheirparticipationinthe VC
partnership;
c) Recommendationsforthe choice of geographical clusters/areasthat couldbe the focusof
partnershipactivities;
Methodology
 Literature studyof available documentationonthe sesame subsectorandonthe Beira Corridor
ingeneral;
 Semi-structuredinterviewswill be carriedoutwithkeyactors(private companies,donors,
governmentinstitutions,VCfacilitators) tolookatpotential marketscope anddevelopavalue
chainapproach that fulfilsmarketrequirementswhile buildingonexistinginitiatives;
 Crossreferencingof quantitative datawithothersourcesandvalidationof findingswithkey
stakeholders (fromthe private sector);
 Team workwitha stronglearningapproachtowardsimprovedqualityVCA’s;
Team composition
The VC will be carriedoutby a jointBAGC/ SNV team consistingof
JamesMwai Consultant (JM)
AnastacioTamele BAGC coordinator - Beira (AT)
Martinus(Tiny) Ruijten SNV Sr. AgribusinessAdvisor (TR)
MoisesRaposo SNV Sr. Agriculture Advisor (MR)
CintiaPortraite SNV Agriculture Advisor (CP)
Timing and work plan
PlannedActivities Team membersand (days)
JM AT TR MR CP
Preparationof the ToR for the VCA. x x
Finalisingandapproval of the ToR x 0.5
Literature studyandpreparation 1 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
Travel to Beira 1 0.5 0.5 0.5
Compositionof teamandinceptionmeeting 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
Carryingout data collectioninterviewsin2provinces
(Manica,Sofala) withtradingcompanies,service providers,
8 5 8 4 4

41 | P a g e
government,farmers’representatives,donors,VC
facilitators;analysisof data
Elaborationof the draft report 2 1
Presentationanddiscussion(bySkype) of the draftreport 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
Finalisingthe report 2 0.5 2
Returntravel 1 0.5 0.5 0.5
Total 16 7 14 6.5 6.5
Resourcesrequired
Input Remarks
SNV staff contribution 3 Agricadvisorsfora total of 26 days,incl.travel,accommodation
Consultancy 16 days consultancyfee ;airtravel , DSA andaccommodationfor14
days
Material Office andprintoutmaterial
Stakeholdersverification

42 | P a g e
Annex B: Background Information on
Sesame Cultivation in Mozambique
Sesame seedscome inmanycoloursdependingonthe cultivarharvested.The mosttradedvarietyof
sesame isoff-white coloured.Othercommoncoloursare buff,tan,gold,brown,reddish,greyand
black.
Sesame is verydrought-tolerant,inpartdue toits extensive rootsystem.However,itrequires
adequate moisture forgerminationandearlygrowth.Whilethe cropsurvivesdroughtaswell as
presence of excesswater,the yieldsare significantlylowerineitherconditions.Moisturelevels
before plantingandfloweringimpactyieldthe most.
Most commercial cultivarsof sesame are intolerantof water-logging.Rainfall late inthe season
prolongsadequate moistureforgerminationandearlygrowth.While the crop survivesdroughtas
well aspresence of excesswater,the yieldsare significantlylowerineithercondition.Moisture
levelsbefore growthandincreaseshighharvest-shatteringlosses.Windcanalsocause shatteringat
harvest.
Initiationof floweringis sensitivetophotoperiodandtosesame variety.The photoperiodalso
impactsthe oil contentinsesame seed;increasedphotoperiodincreasesoil content.The oil content
of the seedisinverselyproportional toitsproteincontent.
Sesame varietieshave adaptedtomanysoil types.The highyieldingcropsthrive bestonwell-
drained,fertile soilsof mediumtexture andneutral pH.However,these have low tolerance forsoils
withhighsaltand water-loggedconditions.Commercialsesame cropsrequire90 to 120 frostfree
days.Warm conditionsabove 23 o
C favourgrowthand yields.While sesamecropscangrow inpoor
soils,the bestyieldscome fromproperlyfertilizedfarms.
Since sesame isa small flatseed,itisdifficulttodryit afterharvestbecause the small seedmakes
movementof airaroundthe seeddifficult.Therefore,the seedsneedtobe harvestedasdryas
possible andstoredat6 percentmoisture or less.If the seedistoomoist,itcan quicklyheatupand
become rancid.
Afterharvesting,the seedsare usuallycleanedandhulled.Insome countries,incl.Mozambique,
once the seedshave beenhulled,theyare passedthroughanelectroniccolour-sortingmachine that
rejectsanydiscolouredseedstoensure perfectlycolouredsesame seeds.Thisisdone because
sesame seedwithconsistentappearanceisperceivedtobe of betterqualitybyconsumersandsells
for higherprice.Immature oroff-sizedseedsare removedbutsavedforoil production.
Sesame seedisahighvalue cash crop.Sesame priceshave rangedbetweenUS$800 to 1700 per
metricton between2008 and2010.
Sesame exportssellacrossa wide price range.Qualityperception,particularlyhow the seedlooksis
a major pricingfactor.Most importerswhosupplyingredientdistributorsandoil processorsonly
wantto purchase scientificallytreated,properlycleaned,washed,dried,colour-sorted,size-graded
and impurity-freeseedswithaguaranteedminimumoil content(notlessthan40 percent) packed
accordingto international standards.Seedsthat donotmeetthese qualitystandardsare considered
unfitforexportsandare consumedlocally
Source: Wikipedia

43 | P a g e
Sesame Products
Input Products Description and Uses
Seeds Confectionary Friedseedsboundtogetherwith
sugar syrupto make sweetmeats
Seeds Biscuits Whole seedsbakedintobiscuits
Hulledseeds Bakery PopularinnorthernEurope either
incorporatedintobreadsoras
decorative toppings
Seeds,sometimes
roasted
Oil Usedin oriental cuisine.The flavouris
quite strongand rarelycompatible
withtraditional Westernstyle cooking
but alsousedas saladoil
Oil Medical treatment Ulcersand burns
Oil Margarine Once and importantuse,now other
cheapervegetableoilsare available
Oil Aerosol Reporteduse asa synergistfor
pyrethrumsprays
Low grade oil Various Soaps,paints,lubricantsand
illuminants
Hulledseeds Tahini A paste of sesame seedswhichisused
as an ingredientinEastern
MediterraneanandMiddle Eastern
foods
Tahini Dipsand spreads Variousingredientssuchaschickpeas
or eggplantsare addedto Tahini to
make dipsand spreadssuchas
hummus
Tahini Halva A sweetmade fromTahini andsugar
withotheraddedflavourings
Cake Animal feed Proteinrichsupplement
Cake from hulledseeds Ingredient Usedin some Indiancookingand
othersnack
Source: Overview of the Nigerian Sesame Industry, Chemonics/USAID

44 | P a g e
Previousstudies (Production Mapping and ValueChain Upgrading –Sesame,2011) have identified
the reference varietiesICTA-R-198,NicaraguaandLinde-02.The choice of IIAMis the lastone for
large scale multiplication.
That studyalsomentionedthatthere wasinformationthatMozambique hasitsownindigenous
varieties.Noevidence wasfoundonthe presence of suchvarieties.Howeveritissaidthatthey
alwaysappearas colourmixedgrains.Itismore likelythatsuchvarietiesare those of Tanzanian
originforinstance Naliendele-92;Ziada-94andLinde-02types.These varietiesare protectedby
international breeders’propertyrights.Theymayhave escapeddeliberatelyornotthroughlong
bordermovementof agro-productsinthe Northof Mozambique.
The study believesthatdue tothe unregulatednature of the sesame sectorinMozambique,the
ease of spreadingseedswithinthe country,the factthatthe same buyersinthe northare active in
the Beiracorridor and the non-existence of certifiedseeds,the same varietiesare beingusedinthe
studyarea.

45 | P a g e
Annex C: The Various Actors and Their
Current Roles in the Sesame Value
Chain
Primary
Actors
Role Mozambique Examples
Consumers Demandethical andsustainable foods
Consume confectionary,bakeryproducts,
paste and oil.
Tahini
Oil
Confectionaryandbakeryproducts
Processors Buy fromexporters
Processseedintooil
Market the oil
Processseedintopaste
Processseedforuse incosmeticandother
products
Small oil processorinthe north.
Most processingintopaste andoil done
inIndia,Turkeyand especially China.
Fairtrade seedbeingprocessedin
Kenya.
Exporters Setup buyingpostsduringthe season
Provide retained grainasseed
Bulkthe product
Use staff as fieldbuyingagents
Provide storage
Processexportdocumentation
Buy fromtraders
Semi-processingsuchasde-hulling
Sortingbycolour and
Finance some traders
ExportMarketing(ETG)
OLAM
IndoAfrica
Others
Traders Act as agentsfor exporters/processors
Bulkproduce
ETG agents
Othertraders

46 | P a g e
Pay farmers
Source for produce
Producers Plantseed
Applypesticidesandfertilisers
Weed,space andharvest
Sort and bag
Various
Seed
Multipliers
Plantingof certifiedseed
Applicationof onfarmprinciples
Harvestand bag
IIAMhad attemptedthisinthe pastbut
was hamperedbyfunds.Thisrole needs
to be done commerciallybyfirmssuch
as MozSeedsandby associationsof
smallholderseedproducers.
Input
Suppliers
Buyingof seedfromseedcompanies
Sortingof grain intoseedfornextseason
Baggingof the seed
Providingadvice onpesticidesandfertilisers
SEMOC
Agri Focus
ETG (FertiliserPlant)
Greenbelt
Secondary Actors
Port
Operator
Loadingand offloadingof cargo& containers
Verificationanddocumentation
Storage facilities
Cornelder
Fumigation
Companies
Provide on-sitefumigationandissue a
certificate
Fumigationcompanies –e.g.Delports,
Fumigan
Government
Inspectors
Provide certificateforSPPSatthe port for
exportandimportedgoods
Provide informationforpublicuse
PostoFytosanitario
Extension
Workers
Advise farmersongoodagricultural practices
Gather andshare informationforpublicuse
SPA
Research
Institutes
Investigate,developandissuesvarieties IIAM

Sesame Value Chain in the Beira Corridor (SNV) - clean 22052014

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