Space weather refers to changing environmental conditions in near-Earth space that can influence technology systems and human life. The three main components that drive space weather are solar flares, solar energetic particles, and coronal mass ejections from the Sun. Various scales are used to categorize space weather events based on their potential impacts, which can include power outages, communication disruptions, radiation storms, and orientation problems or increased drag on satellites. The lecture concludes by reviewing current space weather forecasts.
The Effects of Space Weather - March 2019ChadCogan
Some forms of space weather have the ability to impair or damage electical grids, communications satellites and weather satellites, GPS, and a variety of radio signal dependent technology. Proper education, engineering, and operational awareness can all assist in mitigating systems’ vulnerabilities space weather.
Solar storms are known as called solar flares. The solar magnetic field causes solar activities. It is an intense burst of radiation that is generated due to the release of magnetic energy from the sunspots. These are the biggest explosive events in our solar system. The solar storm looks like a bright spot in the sun, lasting from a few minutes to a few hours.
The Effects of Space Weather - March 2019ChadCogan
Some forms of space weather have the ability to impair or damage electical grids, communications satellites and weather satellites, GPS, and a variety of radio signal dependent technology. Proper education, engineering, and operational awareness can all assist in mitigating systems’ vulnerabilities space weather.
Solar storms are known as called solar flares. The solar magnetic field causes solar activities. It is an intense burst of radiation that is generated due to the release of magnetic energy from the sunspots. These are the biggest explosive events in our solar system. The solar storm looks like a bright spot in the sun, lasting from a few minutes to a few hours.
“Cis-lunar” space including lunar orbit and the lunar surface is once again a strong focus
as a destination for both robotic and human space exploration
• Multiple nations are now pursuing both robotic exploration programs with spacecraft in
lunar orbit and landers on the lunar surface.
• In addition to these purely robotic exploration programs, NASA has started construction
of the Gateway space station for operations in lunar orbit and development work has
begun on the Human Landing System infrastructure which promises to return humans to
the lunar surface for the first time since the last Apollo missions in the 1970’s.
• Because the Moon has very little atmosphere and no strong intrinsic magnetic field to
protect the surface from meteoroid impacts and charge particles, respectively, the space
environments that need to be considered when designing and operating lunar
exploration missions are essentially the free-field environments used in design of
interplanetary missions
Outline
• Atmosphere
• Lunar regolith and dust
• Illumination and thermal
• Solar UV/EUV
• Ionizing radiation
o GCR
o SPE
o Albedo neutrons
• Space plasma and charging
• Meteoroid environments
o Primary impacts
o Ejecta
• DSNE Lunar Environments
This presentation talks about our atmosphere, its composition, the layers of the atmosphere, effects of EM radiation, EM spectrum, Visible spectrum, factors affecting our atmosphere, terrestrial long wave flux and how earth's radiation release and income gets balanced in brief, the sources from which the information has been taken is mentioned in the end of the presentation.
An introductory Powerpoint to the final module, this civers the basics of the climate system, how the atmosphere is layered, the effects on all layers caused by increasing altitude, the global pattern of surface wind circulation and an introduction to ocean circulation
This presentation deals with current space congestion scenario and the available measures that could be taken to cope with the continually emerging problem.
PPT Obstructs: Outline about Meteorological satellites and their types. principle of Satellite remote sensing - Electro Magnetic Spectrum, Data from weather satellites.
“Cis-lunar” space including lunar orbit and the lunar surface is once again a strong focus
as a destination for both robotic and human space exploration
• Multiple nations are now pursuing both robotic exploration programs with spacecraft in
lunar orbit and landers on the lunar surface.
• In addition to these purely robotic exploration programs, NASA has started construction
of the Gateway space station for operations in lunar orbit and development work has
begun on the Human Landing System infrastructure which promises to return humans to
the lunar surface for the first time since the last Apollo missions in the 1970’s.
• Because the Moon has very little atmosphere and no strong intrinsic magnetic field to
protect the surface from meteoroid impacts and charge particles, respectively, the space
environments that need to be considered when designing and operating lunar
exploration missions are essentially the free-field environments used in design of
interplanetary missions
Outline
• Atmosphere
• Lunar regolith and dust
• Illumination and thermal
• Solar UV/EUV
• Ionizing radiation
o GCR
o SPE
o Albedo neutrons
• Space plasma and charging
• Meteoroid environments
o Primary impacts
o Ejecta
• DSNE Lunar Environments
This presentation talks about our atmosphere, its composition, the layers of the atmosphere, effects of EM radiation, EM spectrum, Visible spectrum, factors affecting our atmosphere, terrestrial long wave flux and how earth's radiation release and income gets balanced in brief, the sources from which the information has been taken is mentioned in the end of the presentation.
An introductory Powerpoint to the final module, this civers the basics of the climate system, how the atmosphere is layered, the effects on all layers caused by increasing altitude, the global pattern of surface wind circulation and an introduction to ocean circulation
This presentation deals with current space congestion scenario and the available measures that could be taken to cope with the continually emerging problem.
PPT Obstructs: Outline about Meteorological satellites and their types. principle of Satellite remote sensing - Electro Magnetic Spectrum, Data from weather satellites.
2137ad - Characters that live in Merindol and are at the center of main storiesluforfor
Kurgan is a russian expatriate that is secretly in love with Sonia Contado. Henry is a british soldier that took refuge in Merindol Colony in 2137ad. He is the lover of Sonia Contado.
2137ad Merindol Colony Interiors where refugee try to build a seemengly norm...luforfor
This are the interiors of the Merindol Colony in 2137ad after the Climate Change Collapse and the Apocalipse Wars. Merindol is a small Colony in the Italian Alps where there are around 4000 humans. The Colony values mainly around meritocracy and selection by effort.
Explore the multifaceted world of Muntadher Saleh, an Iraqi polymath renowned for his expertise in visual art, writing, design, and pharmacy. This SlideShare delves into his innovative contributions across various disciplines, showcasing his unique ability to blend traditional themes with modern aesthetics. Learn about his impactful artworks, thought-provoking literary pieces, and his vision as a Neo-Pop artist dedicated to raising awareness about Iraq's cultural heritage. Discover why Muntadher Saleh is celebrated as "The Last Polymath" and how his multidisciplinary talents continue to inspire and influence.
Hadj Ounis's most notable work is his sculpture titled "Metamorphosis." This piece showcases Ounis's mastery of form and texture, as he seamlessly combines metal and wood to create a dynamic and visually striking composition. The juxtaposition of the two materials creates a sense of tension and harmony, inviting viewers to contemplate the relationship between nature and industry.
2. Overview of lecture 12
• In this lecture we will explain what space weather is and then take a high-
level look at the three main components:
– Solar flares
– Solar energetic particles
– Coronal Mass Ejections
• We will then introduce the space weather scales used to categorise these
events
• Finally, we take a quick look at the impacts of space weather on spacecraft,
humans and terrestrial infrastructure
– This connects with the material we introduced in week 1
Space Environment – Space Weather
3. What is space weather? Space Environment – Space Weather
"Conditions on the Sun and in the solar
wind, magnetosphere, ionosphere and
thermosphere that can influence the
performance and reliability of space-borne
and ground-based technological systems
and can endanger human life or health."
http://soho.nascom.nasa.gov/spaceweather/
'Space weather' describes changing
environmental conditions in near-Earth
space.
https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/specialist-
forecasts/space-weather
4. Space weather impacts Space Environment – Space Weather
https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/learn-about/space-weather/impacts
5. National Risk Register Space Environment – Space Weather
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/national-risk-register-2020
2017 version:
6. National Risk Register Space Environment – Space Weather
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/national-risk-register-2020
2020 version:
7. What is space weather? Space Environment – Space Weather
There are three main components of
space weather:
• Solar Flares
• Solar Energetic Particles
• Coronal Mass Ejections
Where the trajectory of solar activity intersects
with the orbit of Earth there can be detrimental
effects*
Space Weather Preparedness Strategy
8. Solar flares Space Environment – Space Weather
Produce intense Ultraviolet
and X-Rays that reach the
Earth within minutes:
• Disruptions to High Frequency
communications
9. Solar energetic particles Space Environment – Space Weather
Reach the Earth in less than an
hour, leading to radiation
storms:
• Increased exposure to radiation for
passengers & aircrew in flight
• Faults in electronic systems at aviation
altitudes
• Systems faults and damage to satellites
• Disruption to HF communications at
high latitudes
10. Coronal Mass Ejections Space Environment – Space Weather
Explosive eruptions on the Sun,
which cause parts of the corona
to blast away:
• Arrive at the Earth between one and four
days after being ejected
• Power outages
• Disruption of satellite operations and
telecommunications services, including
Global Navigation Satellite Systems
12. Space weather scales Space Environment – Space Weather
Geomagnetic storms
Disturbances in the geomagnetic field caused by
gusts in the solar wind
G1 (minor) to G5 (extreme)
Solar radiation storms
Elevated levels of radiation that occur as a result of
increasing energetic particle numbers
S1 (minor) to S5 (extreme)
Radio blackouts
Disturbances of the ionosphere caused by X-ray
emissions from the Sun
R1 (minor) to R5 (extreme)
13. Space weather scales Space Environment – Space Weather
Geomagnetic storms
NOAA G-scale: duration of event will influence severity of effects
Kp Index Scale Descriptor Effect on Spacecraft
Operations
5 G1 Minor Minor impact on operations
possible
6 G2 Moderate
7 G3 Strong
8 G4 Severe
9 G5 Extreme Potential for extensive surface
charging, increase in drag (LEO),
orientation & uplink/downlink
problems
15. Space weather scales Space Environment – Space Weather
Solar radiation storms
NOAA S-scale: duration of event will influence severity of effects
Flux level ≥ 10
MeV
(s-1ster-1cm-2)
Scale Descriptor Effect on Spacecraft Operations
101 S1 Minor Infrequent single event upsets
possible
102 S2 Moderate
103 S3 Strong
104 S4 Severe
105 S5 Extreme Potential for temporary outages, loss
of control, serious noise in sensors,
permanent damage to solar arrays
16. Space weather scales Space Environment – Space Weather
Radio blackouts
NOAA R-scale: duration of event will influence severity of effects
GOES X-ray peak
brightness by class
and flux
(Wm-2)
Scale Descriptor Effect on Spacecraft
Operations
M1 (1×10-5) S1 Minor Degradation of low frequency
navigation signals
M5 (5×10-5) S2 Moderate
X1 (1×10-4) S3 Strong
X10 (1×10-3) S4 Severe
X20 (2×10-3) S5 Extreme Navigation signal outages on
sunlit side of Earth causing loss
of positioning, navigation errors
18. Activities
• Visit the UK Met Office Space Weather
website to obtain the aurora and space
weather forecasts for the next four days
and to see the latest imagery of the Sun:
• https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/speciali
st-forecasts/space-weather
• Compare with the predictions made by
NOAA (National Ocean and Atmospheric
Administration):
• https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/
Space Environment – Space Weather
