2. Pestalotiopsis- Morphology, phylogeny, biochemistry and
diversity
Presented by,
SIRISHA M
PG21AGR13107
UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTRAL SCIENCES, RAICHUR
2
MASTER'S SEMINAR- 1
ON
9. Symptoms caused by Pestalotiopsis spp.
Pestalotiopsis
Scab
Blights
Fruit rot
Grey
blight
Twig
dieback
9
10. Fig. 1. Disease cycle of genus Pestalotiopsis
Maharachchikumbura et al., 2011 10
11. Fig. 2. Infection process of Pestalotiopsis spp.
Bhuiyan et al., 2021 11
a and b)Germ tube formation
c) Formation of light brown
acervuli
d) Dark brown acervuli at
168 hai
e) Oozing out of spores from
conidiomata
13. Fig. 4. Conidial characters of Pestalotiopsis spp.
Maharachchikumbura et al., 2011 13
k) Appendages without knobs
l) Knobbed appendages
m) Short appendage
n) Large appendage
o) Branched appendage
p) Appendage araising from top of
apical cell
q) Appendage araising from middle
of apical cell
r) Appendage araising from base of
apical cell
s) With basal appendage
t) Without basal appendage
a) Light concolorous
b) Dark concolorous
c) Versicolorous
d) Short conidia
e) Large conidia
f) Long conidia
g) Broad conidia
h) Bisetulatae
i) Trisetulatae
j) Multisetulatae
14. 14
Cultural analysis and growth kinetics of Pestalotiopsis
psidii (Pat.) Mordue causing scabby fruit canker in
guava (Psidium guajava L.)
Bhogal et al., 2022
Fig. 5. a) Pure culture of Pestalotiopsis psidii. b) Conidia of
Pestalotiopsis psidii
15. Fig. 6. Effect of different nutrient media on growth and growth rate of
Pestalotiopsis psidii
15
Bhogal et al., 2022
16. Nutrient media
Days to acervuli
production
No. of acervuli Colour of mycelium Type of growth
Potato dextrose agar 25 269.67 (2.43) Creamish white Cottony and moderately fluffy
Czapek’s dox agar 9 1455.33 (3.16) Cream Cottony but suppressed
Richard’s agar 10 1552.00 (3.19) Creamish white Cottony but suppressed
Malt extract agar 37 01.00 (0.00) Cream Completetly suppressed
Oat meal agar 8 16.00 (1.19) Pure white Cottony but flaky
Corn meal agar 16 30.00 (1.47) Light cream
Sparse and completely
suppressed
Guava decoction agar 9 10.00 (1.00) Creamish white Cottony but suppressed
CD @ 1%
SE(m)±
1.77
0.82
0.09
0.03
Table 1. Effect of different nutrient media on the acervuli production and cultural
characters of Pestalotiopsis psidii
16
Bhogal et al., 2022
17. Fig. 7. Effect of different temperature regimes on mycelial growth and growth
rate of Pestalotiopsis psidii
17
Bhogal et al., 2022
18. Temperature
(°C)
Days to production of
acervuli
No. of acervuli Colour of mycelium Type of growth
15 20.33 457.00 (2.65) Transparent Suppressed
20 22.33 418.33 (2.62) White Suppressed and cottony
25 25.00 404.67 (2.60) Creamish white
Moderately fluffy and
cottony
28 27.67 396.00 (2.59) Creamish white
Cottony and moderately
fluffy
30 25.67 407.33 (2.60) Creamish White
Moderately fluffy and
cottony
32 23.33 384.67 (2.58) White Moderately fluffy
35 22.00 405.33 (2.60) White
Half fluffy and half
suppressed
CD @ 1% 1.73 0.03
SE(m) ± 0.80 0.01
Table 2. Effect of different temperature regimes on acervuli production and
cultural characters of Pestalotiopsis psidii
Bhogal et al., 2022
19. Fig. 8. Effect of different pH levels on mycelial growth rate of Pestalotiopsis
psidii
19
Bhogal et al., 2022
20. pH Days to production of acervuli No. of acervuli Colour of mycelium Type of growth
5.0 19.33 1476.67 (3.16) White
Cottony but little
suppressed
5.5 21.00 1168.00 (3.06) Creamish white
Cottony but little
suppressed
6.0 22.33 981.00 (2.98) Cream Cottony and fluffy
6.5 23.00 871.00 (2.93) Cream Cottony and fluffy
7.0 26.33 393.67 (2.59) Whitish cream Cottony and fluffy
7.5 28.33 767.67 (2.88) Cream Cottony and fluffy
8.0 28.67 656.33 (2.81) Cream Cottony, little fluffy
CD @1% 1.85 0.02
SE(m)± 0.85 0.01
Table 3. Effect of different pH levels on acervuli production and cultural
characters of Pestalotiopsis psidii
20
Bhogal et al., 2022
21. 21
Fig. 9. Morphology of Pestalotiopsis theae
A, C &D. Conidia, B. Conidiogenous cells, E. Colony from above, F. Colony from below
Maharachchikumbura et al., 2013
Pestalotiopsis species associated with camellia sinensis
22. 22
Fig. 10.Morphology of Pestalotiopsis furcate
A. Blight on leaf of Camellia sinensis, B-D. Conidiomata, E. Conidogenius cells, F-I. Condida, I,J. Colony on PDA
Maharachchikumbura et al., 2013
26. Characterization and control of Pestalotiopsis spp. the causal
fungus of guava scabby canker in El- Beheira governorate, Egypt
Fig. 11. Number of Pestalotiopsis spp., recovered from guava fruits and leaves
Argawy, 2015 26
27. Characteristics Colony colour
Front view Back view Acervuli
Pestalotiopsis
spp.
Creamy White Yellow L-
yellow
Orange L-
orange
Yellowish
brown
Saffron Big Small
P. psidii
21 0 11 10 0 0 0 0 21 0
P. microspora
5 4 0 0 5 4 0 0 0 9
P. neglecta
0 4 1 0 0 3 0 0 4 0
P. clavispora
4 3 0 0 0 0 3 4 7 0
Pestalotiopsis sp.
0 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 2
Total
30 13 12 10 7 7 3 4 32 11
Table 4. Cultural characteristics of isolates grown on PDA media
Argawy, 2015 27
Fig. 12. Colony phenotypes of Pestalotiopsis spp., on PDA
28. Fig. 12. Colony phenotypes of Pestalotiopsis spp., on PDA
Argawy, 2015 28
1. P. clavispora, 2. P. microspora, 3. P. neglecta, 4. P. psidii, 5. Pestalotiopsis spp.
A. Front view B. Back view C. Acervuli
29. Table. 5. Characteristics of conidia of Pestalotiopsis spp., isolates
Pestalotiopsis spp. Number of apical
appendages
Size of appendages
(µm)
Conidia Color of
median cells
Basal Apical Width
(µm)
Length
(µm)
P. psidii 2-3 3.79 20.48 4.80 23.9 Pale brown
P. microspora
2-3 4.06 18.04 5.63 25.21
Brown
P. neglecta 3-4 4.62 20.55 6.70 25.77 Brown
P. clavispora
2-4 7.16 28.44 7.74 24.82
Dark brown
Pestalotiopsis spp.
3-4 0.55 30.05 7.55 25.15
Pale
olivaceous
Argawy, 2015 29
30. Argawy, 2015 30
Fig. 13. Conidia of Pestalotiopsis spp., isolates recovered from guava
A) P. microspora B) P. clavispora C) P. neglecta D) P. psidii E)Pestalotiopsis spp.
31. Fig. 14. Mean lesion diameter, incited by Pestalotiopsis spp., in the
pathogenicity test
Argawy, 2015 31
32. Argawy, 2015 32
Fig. 15. RAPD- PCR banding pattern of Pestalotiopsis spp., isolates
a b c
d
e
a. BAR primer, b. BAQ, c. 18, d. A9B4, e. A9B10
34. Characterization of Pestalotiopsis sp. causing grey leaf spot in
coconut (Cocos nucifera L.)
Bhuiyan et al., 2021
Fig. 16. Grey leaf spot symptom on a coconut leaf.
34
a) Initial symptom with yellowish halo b) typical grey leaf spot with grey center
35. Fig. 17. Effect of temperature on radial mycelial growth of
Pestalotiopsis sp.
Bhuiyan et al., 2021 35
36. Fig. 18. Cross inoculation test of Pestalotiopsis sp.
Bhuiyan et al., 2021 36
a. Areca palm , b. Betel nut palm
37. 37
Phylogeny of Pestalotiopsis
Phylogeny
Evolutionary history or course of
development of an organism
Monophyletic
Polyphyletic
Group of organisms descended from a
single ancestors
Group of organisms descended from
more than one ancestor
38. 38
Jeewon et al., 2002
Phylogenetic relationships of Pestalotiopsis and
allied genera inferred from ribosomal DNA
sequences and morphological character
39. Jeewon et al., 2002
Fig. 19. Phylogenetic tree generated from MP analysis of partial
28S rDNA gene sequence
39
Fig. 19. Phylogenetic tree generated from MP analysis of partial
28S rDNA gene sequence
40. Biochemistry of Pestalotiopsis spp.
40
Industrial
Agricultural
Medicinal
Species Metabolite produced Role Reference
Pestalotiopsis sp. Laccase Bioremediation, waste water treatment Yadav (2019)
Pestalotiopsis sp. Chitin deacytalase Inactivate the acivity of chitin oligomers Cord-Landwehr (2016)
Pestalotiopsis fici Pestalofones A- E Antifungal activity against Aspergillus fumigatus Liu et al. (2009)
Pestalotiopsis theae
Pestalazines and
pestalamides
Antifungal activity against Aspergillus fumigatus Ding (2008)
Pestalotiopsis sp.
Pestalachlorides G ,
pestalone
Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus
aureus and Bacillus subtilis
Liu et al. (2009)
Pestalotiopsis guepinni
Pestalopyrones Necrosis of the leaves Evidente (2012)
Pestalotiopsis diploclisia Scylatone Infection in host plant Wu (2022)
Pestalotiopsis longiseta and
Pestalotiopsis theae
Oxysporone, Pesthetocin,
PT-Toxin
Induces leaf necrosis Nagata (1992)
Biochemistry of Pestalotiopsis spp.
41. Pestalopyrone
Pestalamide Pestalachlorides A – C
Pestaloside
Hydroxypestalopyrone
Pestalofone
Ambulic acid
Deshmukh et al., 2017
Fig. 20. Biochemical compounds produced by Pestralotiopsis species
(a) Germ tube (gt) formation from the third median cell of conidium; (b) two germ tubes formed from the same median cell of a conidium; (c) formation of light brown acervulus (ac) at the initial stage on epi- and hypodermal cells; (d) dark brown acervulus developed on epi- and hypodermis at 168 hai; (e) Oozing out of spores from the conidiomata (con). Scale bar = 10 μm. hai, hours after inoculation
2 Some commonly use conidial characters for Pestalotiopsis species identification (1) colour of the median cells a light concolorous b dark concolorous c versicolorous (2) size of the conidia d small conidia e large conidia f relatively long conidia g relatively broad conidia (3) number of apical appendages h two apical appendages i three apical appendages j five apical appendages (4) presence or absence of knobbed apical appendages k apical appendages without knobbed apical appendages l apical appendages with knobbed apical appendages (5) length of the apical appendages m relatively short apical appendages n relatively large apical appendages (6) branched or unbranched apical appendages o branched apical appendages (7) position of the apical appendages attached to the apical cell p attached to the top of the apical appendages q attached to the middle of the apical appendages r some attached to the bottom of the apical cell (8) presence or absence of basal appendages s presence of apical appendages t absence of apical appendages. Scale bars: a–b=20 μm
1. P. clsvispora 2. p microspore 3. P neglecta 4. P. psidii 5. Pestalotiopsis spp . A. front view 2. back view c. acervuli
a. P microspore B. clavispora c. neglecta d. psidii and spp
(a) Initial symptom with yellowish halo (yh); (b) typical gray leaf spot with gray center (gc)
ffect of temperature on radial mycelial growth of Pestalotiopsis sp. (a) Potato dextrose agar Petri plates showing the varying growth of five isolates of Pestalotiopsis sp. at different temperatures; maximum mycelial growth observed at 25°C; no mycelial growth observed at 15°C and 35°C; (b) Mean radial mycelial growth (cm) of five isolates of Pestalotiopsis sp. at different temperatures. Each bar graph represents the mean of three replicates (p ≤ 0.05). Vertical bars indicate standard errors of the meanffect of temperature on radial mycelial growth of Pestalotiopsis sp. (a) Potato dextrose agar Petri plates showing the varying growth of five isolates of Pestalotiopsis sp. at different temperatures; maximum mycelial growth observed at 25°C; no mycelial growth observed at 15°C and 35°C; (b) Mean radial mycelial growth (cm) of five isolates of Pestalotiopsis sp. at different temperatures. Each bar graph represents the mean of three replicates (p ≤ 0.05). Vertical bars indicate standard errors of the mean
4 Cross‐inoculation test of Pestalotiopsis sp. at 168 hai in (a) areca palm and (b) betel nut palm. gls, gray leaf spot; NW, non‐wounded leaf; W, wounded leaf
