ADVANCES IN MANAGEMENT OF STORAGE PESTS

1. SEMINAR
ON
SPEAKER
Jai Hind Sharma
ID no.: 52608
ADVANCES IN STORAGEADVANCES IN STORAGE
PESTS MANAGEMENTPESTS MANAGEMENT
GBPUA&T PANTNAGAR

2. Post harvest losses
Insect pest of stored grain
Detection methods & Sampling
Management Practices (Novel)
Conclusion
Introduction

3. Source: TNAU Agritech portelSource: TNAU Agritech portel
Storage losses

4. *Production in million Bales of 170 each
**Based on the M.S.P. fixed by government of India 2001-02 production and MSP figure from
Anonymous 2003
Post Harvest Losses In Different Crops Due To Insect Pests
Source: Applied Entomology -Dilip Singh, Delhi University

5. Country Year Losses
(%)
Comments
Bangladesh 2010 3.62 Maximum losses during storage
2013 1.84 Maximum losses during harvesting
2013 2.74 - Study conducted in Uttar Pradesh
- Maximum losses during harvesting
(58.4% of the total)
2004 4.32 - Study conducted in Karnataka
- Maximum losses (0.95%) during
storage at field level
India 2012 4.32 - About 75% losses at the farm level
- Maximum losses during storage at
field level (28.9% of the total loss)
2012 8.61 - Study conducted in Madhya Pardesh
- Maximum losses during storage (56%
of the total losses)
2013 7.22 - Study conducted in West Bengal
- Maximum losses during storage (54%
of the total)
2013 11.71 - Study conducted in Assam
- Maximum losses during threshing
(28.3%) and transportation (25.2% of
the total)
Peru 2012 15-25 -
Sub-
Saharan
Africa
2013 15.2 -
Amount of losses (a) weight loss; (b) seed germination
losses, for various grains due to natural or artificial insect
infestation during storage in traditional storage vs.
hermetic storage (in the case of a range of losses, an
average of the losses was used).
Losses in maize grain after 90 days of storage in
various storage structures

6. Post Harvest Management
According to the agriculture
ministry, Rs 50,000 crore
worth of food produced is
wasted every year in the
country
Losses in Storage product can be of two
types
Quantity Loss Quality Loss
Improper time of harvesting Change in colour, smell or taste
Inconsistent Harvest technology
(Thrashing & shelling)
Contamination with toxins
Improper drying methods Pathogen
Spillage during storage Insect excreta
Damage caused by pest
organism (Aflatoxin)
Reduction in nutritional value
Wasting a kg of wheat and rice means wasting 1,500
and 3,500 litres of water used in production
http://www.businessworld.in/article/Indi
a-Wastes-As-Much-Food-As-United-
Kingdom-Consumes-Study/27-08-
2017-124858/

7. InsectInsect
pestpest
DamageDamage
%%
commoditycommodity
Rice weevilRice weevil 10.9 Wheat ,maize
PulsePulse
beetlebeetle
32 -69 pulse
Lesser grainLesser grain
borerborer
10-11 Wheat ,maize
Grain mothGrain moth 10 -17 Wheat ,rice ,
oats
Rice mothRice moth 9-15 Rice, rice
products

8. Black Rat
Rattus rattus
Norwegian rat
Rattus norvegicus
House mouse
Mus musculus
Multimammate rat
Mastomys natalensis
Bandicot rat
B. bengalensis
Pacific rat
R. exilans

9.  Required relatively moist condition (70%
or more).
 Life cycle involves an incomplete
metamorphosis.
 Several reproduce parthenogenetically.
Three category of mites
Based on stomata present in the body
MITES
Extent of loss: 0.85%
Astigmata
•Acaris siro
•Aleuroglyphus ovatus
Prostigmata
•Cunaxa setirostris
•Pyemotes spp.
Mesostigmata
•Kleemannia spp.
•Blattisocius spp.

10. Detection of Storage Insect-Pest
Novel Approaches Of Detection And
Management Of Insect-pest

11. Presence of insectPresence of insect
Sound producedSound produced
Sound spectrum processingSound spectrum processing
Detection of insectDetection of insect
Acoustic Detection kitAcoustic Detection kit
Equipment's UsedEquipment's Used : Microphones and Piezoelectric sensors(1.4 m
long and 50mm in diameter).
Acoustic early detection of storage pests in grain silos (Beetle
Sound Tube)
The “Beetle Sound Tube”-System is the combination of tubes in which insect sounds are
focused and an acoustic system that records and analyses the signals. While the surface
of an acoustic sensor buried in grain could only detect insects in the close vicinity of the
sensor, the surface of the tube increases the area in which signals can be detected
significantly. The metal tubes work simultaneously as insect traps, which increases the
chance to record infestation at a very early stage even further. The sounds of insects next
to and inside the tube are recorded by a high sensitivity microphone located inside the
tube. The signals will be analyzed automatically by a specialized software providing
information about species and number of signals. The innovative approach is the use of
tubes to increase the area of detection and the automatic analysis of sounds. The “beetle
sound tube”-system shall provide farmers and storekeepers with information about insect
species and pest density that will be combined with suggestions for control treatments.
(Wu, Jia, Zhang, & Jiping, 2018)

12. Electronic NOSE
Detects the change in quality of grain like-
1. production of volatiles
2. odors by microorganisms
3. Presence of insects
Remotely controlled.
It consists of non-selective electronic gas
sensors
e-nose was able to differentiate 1 RFB/kg infestation level from 20 RFBs/kg infestation level in wheat
at 14% and 16% moisture content.
(J. Wu, Jayas, Zhang, White, & York, 2013)
ELECTRONIC NOSEPORTABLE ELECTRONIC NOSERED RUST FLOUR BEETLE

13. The NIR advantage:
 no sample preparation
 no chemicals or
consumables
 non-destructive
 operator friendly
 fast (30-60 seconds)
 reliable and
 precise
Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy
How it works
The working principle can
be defined as follows:
Near Infrared light is directed
onto a sample. The light is
modified according to the
composition of the sample
and this modified light is
detected (see transmission
and reflectance below)
The spectral modifications are
converted to information
regarding the composition of
the sample. These conversion
algorithms are called
”calibrations”
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India

14. Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy System

15. • Simple, fast and nondestructiveSimple, fast and nondestructive
method.method.
• KarunakaranKarunakaran et al.et al. (2004) used(2004) used softsoft
X-ray to detect internal and externalX-ray to detect internal and external
infestations ofinfestations of RhyzoperthaRhyzopertha
dominica in wheat kernels.dominica in wheat kernels.
• Lixi Fluoroscope: source of soft X-Lixi Fluoroscope: source of soft X-
raysrays
• X-ray images were acquired asX-ray images were acquired as
grayscale imagesgrayscale images
X-ray Image of S. oryzae

16. Approaches
For
Rodents
Novel Management
Approaches

17. Silica like; diatomaceous earth, synthetic
silica
(SiO2), sands, Silica Aerogel
Aluminium oxide (Al2O3)
Zinc oxide (ZnO)
Copper oxide (Cu2O)
Titanium dioxide
Silver Nanoparticals like; AgNO3
Bioactive Nanoparticles Used AgainstBioactive Nanoparticles Used Against
Stored Grain Pest ManagementStored Grain Pest Management
Green Ag NPs is synthesized from
Azadirachta indica (Tripathi et al., 2009);
Glycine max (Vivekanandhan et al.,2009) and
Camellia sinensis (Begum et al.,2009).
• 100% mortality of Corcyra
cephalonica by amorphous silica
Nanoparticals (Vani and Brindhaa,
2013).
• 80-95% mortality of S. oryzae was
observed (Debnath et al. 2010).
Sitophilus oryzae Rhyzopertha dominica
Corcyra
cephalonica
Silica powder

18. Response of Sitophilus oryzae to continuous exposure to wheat treated with NSA after 3 and 9
days
Response of Rhyzopertha dominica to continuous exposure to wheat treated with NSA after 3
and 9 days
Mean mortality (±S.E.) of Sitophilus oryzae adults exposed for 7 days on rice
treated with surface functionalized nanoparticles at 3 dose ratesTEM image of [A] SNP, [B]
ANP, [C] ZNP, and [D]
SEM image of TNP
•(Goswami, Roy, Sengupta, & Debnath, 2010)
Cumulative release of β-Cyfluthrin in water from controlled release
formulations •(Loha, Shakil, Kumar, Singh, & Srivastava, 2012)

19. Mechanical Methods
Storage insect Pests management gadgets from TNAU
 TNAU insect probe trap
 TNAU pit fall trap
 TNAU two-in-one model trap
 Indicator Device
 TNAU Automatic Insect Removal Bin
 UV – light trap for grain storage godowns
 Device to remove insect eggs from stored
pulse seeds
 Trap for monitoring stored product insects in
warehouse
 TNAU Stored Grain Insect Management Kit
Concept : Insects love “AIR” and move towards air. This behaviour of the insect is
exploited in this technology.

20. (A) Pherocon II trap, (B) Unitrap or bucket trap, (C)
Japanese beetle trap, and (D) Lindgren multiple funnel
trap.
 Cause Mating Disruption.
most commonly pheromones are used for-:
 Plodia interpunctella,
 Lasioderma serricorne And
 Tribolium castaneum
Pheromones are chemical signals from one organism that stimulate a
response in another individual of the same species.
Now a days we are using aggregation
pheromone
Now a days we are using aggregation
pheromone
The two male- produced aggregation pheromones of R. dominica are (S)-
(+)-1-methylbutyl(E)-2-methyl-2-pentenoate (dominicalure-1 [DL-1]) and (S)-
(+) methylbutyl (E)-2,4-dimethyl-2-pentenoate (dominicalure-2 [DL-2]
Mean SEM number of R. dominica captured per trap in
different trap types baited with aggregation
pheromones (DL-1 and DL-2) in Stillwater
Mean SEM number of R. dominica captured per trap
per week in wooded sites, outdoor near grain
elevators, and open Þelds at different trap heights in
Stillwater
Mean SEM number of R. dominica captured per trap
per week across locations in wooded sites, outdoor in
grain elevators, and open Þeld in Stillwater,
Proportions SEM of R. dominica sexes captured per
trap in wooded sites, near grain elevators, and open
Þelds in Stillwater
•(Edde, Phillips, & Toews, 2009)
PHERO MONES

21. DPPQS(major use of pesticides)

22. Percent Mortality(%)
Treatment RhyzoperthaRhyzopertha
dominicadominica
SitophilusSitophilus
oryzaeoryzae
TriboliumTribolium
castaneumcastaneum
Spinosad 1
ppm
7878 9595 2525
Spinosad 2
ppm
100100 100100 6161
Spinosad
+deltamethri
n0.5pp
100100 7070 5959
Kostyukovsky, Trostanetsky, & Quinn, 2016)

23. • Plant extracts are commonly referred to as botanicals.
• Secondary plant metabolites.
• Extremely low toxic to mammals.
• Killing or repellent property makes seeds unsuitable for insect pests
and many more…
POOJA GANGWAR AND Dr. S. N.TIWARI

24.  Aluminum box (75x40x41
cm)
 Heater and a ventilator
 Crecirculation of the
phosphine gas
 Degesch Plates. 1plate: 33g
of 56% PH3
 Total 12 plates, contains
396g of PH3 (Max.)
Kostyukovsky, M et.al. (2010)
Effect of Smoke on mortality of storage insect pests in wheat grains
under airtight conditions
Effect of Smoke on mortality of storage insect pests in wheat grains
under airtight conditions
Effect of Smoke on germination and post germination response of
wheat seeds after different exposure time
Effect of Smoke on germination and post germination response of
wheat seeds after different exposure time
Usha Yadav and Ruchira Tiwari (2018)Usha Yadav and Ruchira Tiwari (2018)

25. Punit Ahluwalia and Anand Ramachandran, Texas,
USA
Combating Rodent Infestation in Warehouses
using
Wireless Sensors
Combating Rodent Infestation in Warehouses
using
Wireless Sensors
Case Study: Response of Local and Centralized DSS to a Weather
Event
Case Study: Response of Local and Centralized DSS to a Weather
Event

26. • Most of the post harvest losses occur in storage, which
we should reduce by using efficient management
practices.
• Computer based inspection and monitoring for grain
storage can helps to chose these efficient management
practices.
• Use of nanoparticles, biological insecticides and
botanicals not only can reduce the infestation level but
also can reduce the level of toxicity.
CONCLUSION

27. REFERENCES………
 Edde, P. A., Phillips, T. W., & Toews, M. D. (2009). Responses of <I>Rhyzopertha dominica</I> (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae)
to Its Aggregation Pheromones as Influenced by Trap Design, Trap Height, and Habitat. Environmental Entomology, 34(6),
1549–1557. https://doi.org/10.1603/0046-225x-34.6.1549
 Gangwar, P & Tiwari, S. N. (2014). Bioefficacy of some essential oils and their fractions against insect pests of stored grain.( doctoral
dissertation). GBPUA&T, Pantnagar.
 Goswami, A., Roy, I., Sengupta, S., & Debnath, N. (2010). Novel applications of solid and liquid formulations of
nanoparticles against insect pests and pathogens. Thin Solid Films, 519(3), 1252–1257.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2010.08.079
 Kostyukovsky, M., Trostanetsky, A., & Quinn, E. (2016). Novel approaches for integrated grain storage management. Israel
Journal of Plant Sciences, 63(1), 7–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/07929978.2016.1159410
 Loha, K. M., Shakil, N. A., Kumar, J., Singh, M. K., & Srivastava, C. (2012). Bio-efficacy evaluation of nanoformulations of
β-cyfluthrin against Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). Journal of Environmental Science and Health - Part B
Pesticides, Food Contaminants, and Agricultural Wastes, 47(7), 687–691. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601234.2012.669254
 Wu, J., Jayas, D. S., Zhang, Q., White, N. D. G., & York, R. K. (2013). Feasibility of the application of electronic nose
technology to detect insect infestation in wheat. Canadian Biosystems Engineering / Le Genie Des Biosystems Au Canada, 55, 1–9.
https://doi.org/10.7451/CBE.2013.55.3.1
 Wu, Z., Jia, W., Zhang, Y., & Jiping, W. (2018). 12th International Working Conference on Stored Product Protection
(IWCSPP) in Berlin, Germany, October 7-11, 2018, 328–337. https://doi.org/10.5073/jka.2018.463.077
 Yadav, U., & Tiwari, R. (2018). Effect of smoke on insect mortality and quality parameters of stored wheat at Pantnagar ,
Uttarakhand, 6(3), 1661–1666.