The document provides an overview of Selenium, including: - The different versions of Selenium (IDE, RC, WebDriver) and how they work. - How to locate elements using XPath, CSS selectors, and other methods. - Common WebDriver methods for interacting with browsers and elements. - Examples of handling different element types like dropdowns, radios, checkboxes. - How to configure the Selenium Grid for parallel testing on multiple machines.

1. Selenium Introduction
Prepared By:
Er. Sandeep Sharda
Sr. Member Technical Staff, OSB
Oracle

2. • Selenium IDE (SIDE)
• Selenium 1.0 (Remote Control)
• Selenium 2.0 (WebDriver)
• Selenium Grid
Selenium - Suite

3. • It is implemented as a Firefox extension, and allow us to
record, edit, and replay the test in Firefox
• We can save tests as HTML, Java, C# or any other format
by supported/available code formatter ext.
• Give facility to add assertions to verify results
• Allow to add selenese commands as and when required
• Selenium commands, often called selenese like: clicking
button, entering text, marking check box, selection from
list etc.
Selenium IDE

4. • IDE recorded test cases can run only in Firefox
• No Programming logic (like loops, conditional
statements) can be applied
• Selenium IDE can only execute scripts created in
Selenes
• It is difficult to use Selenium IDE for checking
complex test cases involving dynamic contents
Limitations of Selenium IDE

5. • It is a API and Library of Selenium
• A server, written in Java so can work in cross platforms
• A solution to cross browser testing
• Acts as a proxy to send web requests by launching browser
• Client libraries for many popular languages, to get support we need to
configure first
• We need to create the selenium object by giving server and browser
details to before running test cases:
DefaultSelenium selenium=new DefaultSelenium(“System address”, ”Port
no of selenium”, “Browser to launch”, “url”);
• This selenium object provide us interface to perform keyboard and
mouse action on keyboard
Selenium 1.0 (RC)

6. Selenium 2.0
WebDriver

7. What’s new
• Selenium 2.0 also called Selenium Web Driver
• Web Drivers are interfaces with language bindings
• WebDrivers are browser specific implementations
• Native keyboard and mouse interactions are supported
• Better support for handling popups and dialogs
• Supports running tests in mobile devices
• No need to start Selenium server unlike Selenium 1.0/RC
• WebDrivers available for language bindings – C#, Java,
Python, Perl, Ruby, PHP

8. Expr Desc Example
/ Select from the root node html/body/form/div[1]/center/table
/tbody/tr/td[1]/input
// Select nodes form the current node //table/tbody/tr/td[1]/input
@ Select attribute //input[@name=‘Login’]
Locating elements in Selenium
Through the HTML.. by
1. Tag name – a, input, select, span, div
2. Attribute – Name, Value, Id, type
3. Text - <title>Title of the document</title>
By Xpath

9. Example Desc
//input[@id='firstname’] Select element with tag input and id=firstname
//input[contains(text(),’Gmo ')] Select element with text containing Gmo
//input[starts-with(text(),’Enter’)] Select element with text starting with Enter
//input[contains(@value, “GMO")] identify element containing ‘GMO’ in value attribute
//input[contains(@id, "searchInput")
and contains(@text,“google")]
look at two attributes in input node
//input[starts-with(@type, “s")] find input node with attribute type and its value is starting
with 's'
//*[@accesskey=‘alpha'] Can use wild cards
//input[text()='First Name:'] Select element with tag input and text=firstname
//td/a/strong[contains(text(),'Socks')] Find all elements containing ‘Socks’
Examples: Locating elements
by Xpath
More: http://www.w3schools.com/xpath/xpath_syntax.asp

10. Selector Sample Desc
.Class .Button Selects all elements with class=“Button"
#Id #myForm Selects the element with id="myForm"
Element Select Selects all <select> elements
element, element Select , option elects all <select> and all <option> elements
element element Select option Selects all <select> elements inside <option>
elements
[attribute=value] [size='22'] Selects all elements with size=“22”
Element:first-child Select:first-child Select every <Select> element that is the first
child of its parent
Element:nth-child(n) Select:nth-child(2) Selects every <Select> element that is the second
child of its parent
Element:last-child Select:last-child Selects every <Select> element that is the last
child of its parent
Element:checked input:checked
Examples: Locating elements
by Css Selector
More: http://www.w3schools.com/cssref/css_selectors.asp

11. • Firefox
ff=new FirefoxDriver();
• IE
System.setProperty("webdriver.ie.driver", “D:Selenium
ProjectsBrowserDriversIEDriverServer.exe");
ie=new InternetExplorerDriver();
//ensure protected mode is turned off/on for all zones under security tab
//set zoom level to 100%
• Chrome
System.setProperty("webdriver.chrome.driver", "D:Selenium
ProjectsBrowserDriverschromedriver.exe");
chrome=new ChromeDriver();
//ensure auto update is turned off
Working with Browsers

12. Method Desc
.get(String url) Navigate to url
.navigate().to(String url) Navigate to url
.navigate().back() Navigate to the previous page in thecache
.navigate().forward() Navigate to the next page in thecache
.getTitle() Pagetitle
.close() Close the current instance of thebrowser
.quit() Close all instances of thebrowser
.findElement(By.xpath(xp)) Locate element byxpath
.findElement(By.name(name)) Locate element by nameattribute
.findElement(By.id(id)) Locate element by idattribute
.findElement(By.className(cls)) Locate element byclass
.findElement(By.cssSelector(selector)) Locate element by cssselector
.findElements(By.tagName(tagname)) Locate all elements having tagtagname
Commonly used WebDriver
methods

13. Method Desc
element.getText() Retrieves the text of the givenelement
element.clear() Clears the value from inputelement
element.sendKeys(chars) Input value into element
.manage().window().maximize(); Maximize window
.manage().timeouts().pageLoadTimeout
(10,TimeUnit.SECONDS);
Page load time
element.isDisplayed() Check if element is displayed – returnstrue/false
element.isEnabled() Check if element is enabled– returnstrue/false
Commonly used WebDriver
methods

14. • Input field
WebElement field = driver.findElement(By.name("QTY_TENTS"));
field.clear(); field.sendKeys(value);
• Drop Down box
Select selection = new Select(browserDriver.findElement(By.xpath("//select[@name='CardType']“));
List<WebElement> options = selection.getOptions(); elementSize=options.size();
selection.selectByIndex(1); / selection.selectByVisibleText(“visa”);
• Radio
driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@value='oneway']")).click();
• Check box
isChecked=driver.findElement(By.name("shipSameAsBill")).isSelected();
driver.findElement(By.name("shipSameAsBill")).click();
• Handle popups
driver.switchTo().alert().accept(); driver.switchTo().alert().getText();
WebDriver Snippets

15. • Auto-suggest Drop down (google.co.in)
driver.findElement(By.cssSelector(“. gbqfqw").sendKeys(value);
driver.findElement(By.cssSelector(“#gbqfqw").sendKeys(Keys.DOWN);
driver.findElement(By.cssSelector(“div#gbqfqw”).sendKeys(Keys.UP);
• List out the options in the selection box
WebElement select = driver.findElement(By.name('CardType'));
List <WebElement> options = select.findElements(By.tagName("option"));
for (WebElement option : options) {
String name = option.getAttribute("value"); System.out.println("value:"+name); }
• Switch to frame
driver.switchTo().frame( "frameName" ); driver.switchTo().defaultContent();
• Handling Windows
Set<String> handles = driver.getWindowHandles(); nextWindowHandle=handles().iterator().next();
driver.switchTo().window(nextWindowHandle);
WebDriver Snippets

16. • Capture screen shot
File scrFile = ((TakesScreenshot) browserDriver).getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);
FileUtils.copyFile(scrFile, new File(“c:.filename.jpg"));
• Wait for an element – Explicit wait
WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(browserDriver, 10); //seconds
WebElement ele = wait.until(ExpectedConditions.visibilityOfElementLocated(By.xpath ("//a[contains(text(),'Java
training')]")));
• Implicit Wait – applies to all elements
browserDriver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(20,TimeUnit.SECONDS);
• Simulate mouse actions
Actions mouseAction= new Actions(driver);
WebElement menu = wd.findElement(By.xpath("//a/span[text()= 'Books & Media']"));
mouseAction.moveToElement(menu).perform();
WebDriver Snippets

17. WebDriver Snippets
• Execute Java Script
((JavascriptExecutor) driver).executeScript(<any valid javascript>);
• Co-ordinates of WebElement
WebElement techEval=driver.findElement(By.xpath("//a[text()='Technical topics']"));
Method 1
Locatable hoverItem = (Locatable) techEval;
Coordinates cor= hoverItem.getCoordinates(); System.out.println(cor);
Method 2
System.out.println(techEval.getLocation().getX() +”,“ +techEval.getLocation().getY());

18. Firefox profile
• A profile in Firefox is a collection of bookmarks, browser settings,
extensions, passwords, and history; all of personal settings.
• Why use profile when executing selenium tests?
• Webdriver always creates an anonymous profile with default settings,
so sometimes tests may behave differently at times
• Tests may require some proxy settings which doesnot come with default
settings which webdriver creates.
• SSL certificates or some browser plugins may be required to successfully
execute the tests.
• Procedure:
• Create a new profile and use in the test
• Create firefox profile through script

19. • Create a new profile and use in the test
• From windows start/run : firefox.exe -P
• Create a new profile. Select the profile, start firefox, apply settings.
• In selenium script, code the following and examine new firefox browser is opened with
applied settings.
ProfilesIni pi = new ProfilesIni(); FirefoxProfile fp = pi.getProfile("SelTests");
browserDriver=new FirefoxDriver(fp);
• Create firefox profile through script with proxy settings
FirefoxProfile fp = new FirefoxProfile(); fp.setEnableNativeEvents(true);
fp.setPreference("network.proxy.type", 1); // manual proxy setting
fp.setPreference("network.proxy.http", "localhost"); // specify ip (or localhost)
fp.setPreference("network.proxy.http_port", 8080); // specify port
browserDriver=new FirefoxDriver(fp);
Get these properties by typing “about:config” in Firefox browser
Firefox profile

20. Exceptions Desc
ElementNotVisibleException Thrown when although an element is present on the DOM,
it is not visible, and so is not able to be interacted with.
NoAlertPresentException Thrown when switching to alert which is not present.
NoSuchElementException Thrown when element could not be found.
TimeoutException Thrown when a command does not complete in enough
time.
UnexpectedAlertPresentExceptio
n
Thrown when an unexpected alert is appeared.
StaleElementReferenceException Thrown when a reference to an element no longer appears
on the DOM
ElementNotFoundException page not loading fast enough or element not yet loaded
Selenium Exceptions

21. Grid 2.0
• Run tests in parallel
• Run tests in multiple machines – Physical/Virtual
• Consists of hub and one or more nodes
• Hub
• provides the configurations or capabilities to the Selenium
WebDriver tests
• receive the entire test request and distribute it to the right
nodes
• Nodes
• connects to hub for parallel execution

22. Grid Configuration
• Hub m/c
Standalone jar run as hub
Listens to configured nodes on port 4444 (default and can be
changed)
java –jar selenium-server-standalone-2.xx.x.jar –role hub [-port xxxx]
• Nodes m/c
Standalone jar run as node with browser, OS configuration with any
open port
• Execute
Run the test code from eclipse/IntelliJ or supported IDE

23. Node Configuration
• IE
java -jar selenium-server-standalone-2.xx.x.jar -role webdriver -port 5555
-Dwebdriver.ie.driver=C:BrowserDriversIEDriverServer.exe
-browser “browserName=iexplore,version=8,maxinstance=1,platform=WINDOWS"
-hub http://hub_IP_or_Name:4444/grid/register
• Chrome
java -jar selenium-server-standalone-2.xx.x.jar -role webdriver -port 5555
-Dwebdriver.chrome.driver=C:BrowserDriverschromedriver.exe
-browser "browserName=chrome,version=28,maxinstance=1,platform=WINDOWS"
-hub http://hub_IP_or_Name:4444/grid/register
• With Firefox
java -jar selenium-server-standalone-2.xx.x.jar -role webdriver –port 5555
-browser "browserName=firefox, version=22,maxinstance=2,platform=ANY"
-hub http://hub_IP_or_Name:4444/grid/register

24. • From IntelliJ
• Add TestNg jar file to libraries
• Create TestNg test class and create test code methods with relevant
TestNg annotations
• Run the test code using TestNg test
• Using Testng.xml
• Create testng.xml – manual
• Create testng.xml - Eclipse-TestNg needs to configured in eclipse
• Run the xml file
‒ From command line
‒ From Ant – download/configure Ant from within eclipse
‒ From Maven – download/configure Maven from within eclipse
Grid - Test Execution via
TestNG

25. Thank you