SELECTION AND ARRANGEMENT OF ARTIFACIAL TEETH FOR COMPLETE.pptx

SELECTION AND ARRANGEMENT
OF ARTIFACIAL TEETH FOR
COMPLETE DENTURE
DR MD MAMUNUR RASHID
BDS,FCPS(Prosthodontics)

INTRODUCTION
• The selection of artificial teeth for edentulous patients
requires a knowledge and understanding of a number of
physical and biologic factors that are directly related to
each patient.
• The selection of artificial teeth is a relatively simple, non
time consuming procedure, but it requires development of
experience and confidence.
• Any choice of artificial teeth must be considered as a
preliminary selection until the teeth are arranged on the
trial denture bases and can be critically viewed in the
patient’s mouth.

Anterior tooth selection
• The selection of artificial teeth for edentulous patients
when all records of form, color, and size have been lost is
a clinical procedure.
• Trial in the patient’s mouth is the best way
• Much of the effectiveness of tooth selection depends on
the ability of dentists to interpret what they see
• Careful examination of the faces and teeth of people with
natural teeth will develop a sense of dentofacial harmony
that is the objective of tooth selection and esthetics
• There must be harmony of color, form, size, and
arrangement of teeth

• Factors to be considered for selection of
anterior teeth:
A. Shade (color).
B. Size.
C. Form.
D. Material.

SHADE:
• A knowledge of the physics, physiology, and
psychology of color is of value in the selection
of the color
• The color of most concern to dentist is the
yellow color, because the colors of teeth and
faces are primarily yellow
• Colors have four qualities— 1. Hue 2. Saturation
(chroma) 3. Brilliance (value) 4. Translucency
• All these are involved in selection of teeth

Hue
• It refers to the dominant wavelengths present in a
spectral distribution e.g. red, green, yellow, etc.
• The hue of the teeth must be in harmony with the
hue of the patient’s face.
• Disharmony will make dentures look artificial
Saturation
• It is the amount of color per unit of area of an
object

Brilliance:
• It refers to the lightness or darkness of an object
• Patient’s with fair complexion have lighter teeth than
the patient with dark complexion
Translucency :
• It is the property of an object that permits the
passage of light through it but cannot give any
distinguishable image
• Presence of translucency makes the teeth looks alive

• The factors of shade selection are:-
1. Age.
2. Sex.
3. Complexion.
4. Patient -preference

1. Age:-
# The younger the patient, the lighter the color
is preferred.
# The color of natural teeth darken with age
because of deposition of secondary dentin ,
wearing away of enamel and external
staining from oral fluids, foods or tobacco.
2. Sex: - The sex may effect color, it seems that
females given brighter teeth than males.

3. Race:-
>The color of the face should harmonize the color of teeth.
Lighter teeth are suitable for lighter skin, while darker teeth
are suitable for darker skin, although darker people with dark
skin seemed to have very light teeth. This is because of
contrast in the skin and tooth color.
4. Patient preference (Method of pair comparison ):-
> Show the patient a complete shade guide and select the
two tabs that are lightest and darkest, hold them against the
patient lip and ask them to point to the one that they prefer.
More than two or three shades should be selected and
comparison between them would help in final right selection.

SIZE:
• The size of the teeth should be in proportion to the size of
the face and head
• Women’s teeth are often smaller than men’s
• A distinct difference between CI & LI is desirable in women
• Following factors are used as a guide to select the size of the
teeth :
1. Methods using pre-extraction guides
2. Methods using anthropological measurements of the
patient
3. Methods using theoretical concepts
4. Methods using anatomical landmarks

METHODS USING PRE-EXTRACTION GUIDES
It includes-
• Diagnostic casts,
• Photographs,
• Radiographs,
• Observation of the teeth of close relatives, and
• Extracted teeth

DIAGNOSTIC CASTS
• Diagnostic cast of natural teeth are the most
reliable guides in both selecting arranging
anterior teeth.
• The size and form of the anterior teeth can be
determined on the diagnostic cast, and
comparable artificial teeth are selected

PHOTOGRAPHS
• Provides information about the width of the
teeth and possibly the outline form
• An algebraic proportions may be established
with some known and unknown factors such
as interpupillary distance in patient and in the
photograph, and the width or length of the CI
in the photograph (unknown factor)

INTRA-ORAL RADIOGRAPH
• Radiographs made before the natural teeth were
lost can supply information about the size and
form of the teeth to be replaced.
• However, radiographic image is slightly enlarged
and may be distorted because of divergence of
the x-ray

EXTRACTED TEETH
• Provides excellent information as to size and form
for the artificial teeth
• Cannot be used in selecting color

METHODS USING ANTHROPOLOGICAL
MEASUREMENTS:
These methods measures certain anatomical
dimensions and derive the size of teeth using
certain formula:
1.Anthropometric cephalic index
2. Berry’s biometric index
3. H. Pound’s formula 1

• Anthropometric cephalic index (Sears) – Transverse
circumference of the head is measured using a
measuring tape at the level of the forehead
. Width of the upper CI= Circumference of the
head /13
.Total Width of the upper anterior = bi-zygomatic
width /3.36
.Total Width of the lower anterior =4/5 Width of the
upper anteriors

• Berry’s biometric index
Width of the upper CI= bi-zygomatic width /16
Width of the upper CI=length of the face/20

H. Pound’s formula
• Width of the upper CI=bi-zygomatic width/16
• Length of the upper CI=length of the face/16

Anterior teeth selection
METHODS USING THEORITICAL CONCEPT
1. Winklers concept
2. Typal form theory: Leon Williams (1917)
3. Temparamental theory: Dr. Sparzheim
4. Concept of harmony: J.W. White

Winklers concept :
According to winkler, the teeth should be selected
based on three different view’s namely
1. Physiological
2. Psychological
3. Biomechanical
• Physiolgical – Facial musculature contributes to the
esthetics of a patient – Increasing the thickness of
the denture base in the labial and Buccal sulci can
produce a puffy appearance – Facial wrinkles fade
when the vertical dimension is increased

Anterior selection tooth
Winklers concept :
Psychological:
• Camper’s line is the psychological plane of
orientation
• It is raised in happy people
• It is tilted in depressed people
Biomechanical :
• According to this teeth should be set in the
neutral zone

Typal form theory: Leon Williams (1917)
• According to this, the shape of the teeth should be inverse
of the shape of the face
Concept of harmony: J.W. White in 1872
• According to him, the size and color of the teeth should be
in harmony with the size of the head and color of the eye

METHODS USING ANATOMIC LANDMARKS:
Seven anatomic entities are used as guides to selection
of anterior teeth for size:
1. Size of the face
2. Size of the maxillary arch
3. Incisal papilla and the cuspid eminence or the
Buccal Frenum
4. Maxillomandibular relations
5. The contour of the residual ridges
6. The vertical distance between the ridges
7. The lips

SIZE OF THE FACE:
• The average width of the maxillary CI is estimated to
be one sixteenth of the width of the face measured
between the zygoma.
• The combined width of the six maxillary anteriors is
slightly less than one third of the Bizygomatic
breadth of the face
• The face-bow can be used as a caliper to record the
Bizygomatic breadth of the face.

SIZE OF THE FACE:

SIZE OF THE MAXILLARY ARCH:
• Make measurements from the crest of the incisal
papilla to the hamular notches and from one
hamular notch to the opposite hamular notch
• The combined length of the three legs of the
triangle in millimeters is used on the selector
• Mold selector can be used for the measurement
• The circular slide rule indicates the tooth sizes,
anterior and posterior, both arches

INCISAL PAPILLA AND THE CUSPID
EMINENCE OR THE BUCCAL
FRENUM:
• occlusal rim can be used to to locate
the distal of cuspid eminence.
• A pointed instrument is passed to
the occlusal rim at each corner of
the lips and a mark is recorded
• The distance between the marks
following the contour of the arch is
the combined width of the six
maxillary anterior teeth

MAXILLOMANDIBULAR RELATIONS:
• The sizes and the positions of the teeth will have to
vary from the accepted normal if the teeth in the
one arch are to complement the teeth in the other
arch.
• In instances of protruded mandibles the mandibular
teeth are frequently larger than normal.
• If the mandibles are retruded, the mandibular teeth
are frequently smaller.

• THE CONTOUR OF THE RESIDUAL RIDGES: –
>The artificial teeth should be placed to follow the contour of
the residual ridges that existed when the natural teeth were
present.
> A knowledge of direction of resorption of the two arches
will allow a fairly accurate visualization of the original
contour.
> Resorption of maxillae in anterior segment is in a vertical
and palatal direction, Posteriorly in vertical and medial
direction
> In mandible in in anterior segment is in vertical and lingual
direction, Posteriorly in vertical and lingual direction 33

• THE VERTICAL DISTANCE BETWEEN THE RIDGES: –
>The length of the teeth is determined by the available space
between the existing ridges.
• THE LIPS –
>When the teeth are in occlusion and the lips are together,
the labial incisal third of the maxillary anterior teeth
supports the superior border of the lower lip
> In speech the incisal edges of the maxillary anterior teeth
contact the lower lip at the junction of the moist and dry
surfaces of the vermilion border.
> It is best demonstrated when the letter F, as in fifty five is
pronounced

FORM OF ANTERIOR TEETH:-
>The form and outline of the anterior teeth
can be determined using the following factors:
1. Shape of the patient’s face or facial form
2. Patient’s profile
3. Dentogenic concept and dynesthetics

Shape of the patient’s face or facial form –
This is based on the Typal form theory by Leon
Williams
– According to him, facial form can be described
• square,
• ovoid and
• tapering.

Profile of the face:
• Can be divided into:
– Straight,
– convex and
– concave.
• The labial surface of Upper central incisor
viewed from the mesial aspect should be in
harmony with profile of the face.

Dentogenic concept and dynesthetics:
Dentogenics is the art, practice and technique of
creating the illusion of natural teeth in artificial
dentures and is based on the elementary factor
influenced by sex, personality and age of the patient.
It was first described by Frush and Fisher.
The term “Dynesthetics” is derived from Greek
word “dynamics” meaning power. It supports in
working factor of dentogenic concept.

Dentogenic concept:
Sex: –
> In female, the incisal angles are more rounded and the
teeth have lesser angulation while in males, the incisal
angles are rounded to a lesser degree and teeth are
more rounded.
> The incisal edge of the CI is parallel to the lips and the
laterals are above the occlusal plane in males. But in
females it follows curve of the lower lip (CI & LI)
> The distal surface of CI are rotated posteriorly for
females.

Dentogenic concept:
Sex: –
>Lateral incisors
• Mesial surface are rotated anteriorly in relation to CI in
females
• The mesial ends are hidden by the CI. This makes the
canine very prominent in males
>Canines
• Only the mesial thirds are visible in females because they
are rotated anteriorly in relation to the CI whereas even
the middle two-thirds of the canine are visible in males

Dentogenic concept
Age:
– Age can be easily separated into young, middle or elderly.
– Due to decrese in muscle tone, sagging of the cheeks and
the lower lips occur. To prevent cheek biting, horizontal
overlap of the posterior teeth can be increase.
– Inter occlusal distance reduces with age. Hence,
mandibular teeth are more visible than the maxillary teeth.
– In old patients the teeth tend to have square form due to
attrition, more round features disappears and line angle
quite seen in those patients.

Dentogenic concept:
Age:
– Old patient have gingival recession, & can be
reproduced in the dentures
– The color of the teeth also changes with age.
Personality:
– It seems reasonable that a large vigorous type of
persons have teeth of a size and form with
prominent markings, different from those of a
delicate appearing patient.

Dynesthetics:
– The term “Dynesthetics” is derived from Greek word
“dynamics” meaning power.
– It supports in working factor of dentogenic concept.
– The technique of Dynesthetics is an auxiliary stimulus in the
creation of a dentogenic restoration.
– It is secondary to sex, personality and age factors.
– These are rules, which concern the three important division of
denture fabrication
1.The tooth
2. Its position
3. Its matrix

MATERIALS OF ANTERIOR TEETH
MATERIALS OF ANTERIOR TEETH:-
There are two main types:
1. Porcelain,
2. Acrylic
Porcelain teeth:
We have vacuum fired and air fired. The vacuum is
better because they are harder and have luster.
Generally porcelain teeth are preferred particularly
for young person because they look more vital,
very smooth and difficult to abrade.

MATERIALS OF ANTERIOR TEETH
MATERIALS OF ANTERIOR TEETH:-
Acrylic teeth:
They are made from acrylic resin, indicated when
there is insufficient inter-occlusal distance, and
grinding becomes necessary, also in situation where
there are opposing natural teeth, partial denture
and gold bridge. They are inferior when they are
compared with porcelain because they can not
maintain luster for long time and abraded easily.

Posterior tooth selection
Posterior teeth are selected for color, buccolingual
width, mesiodistal length, vertical height (occluso-
gingival length) and occlusal form.
1- Shade (color):
Shade of posterior teeth should be harmonized to the
shade of anterior teeth, maxillary first premolars are
sometimes used for esthetic more than function, so it's
advisable to select premolar teeth with lighter color than
the other posterior teeth, but not lighter than anterior
teeth. Generally the shades of posterior teeth are
slightly darker than anterior teeth (post. Contain dentin
more than ant.).

2- Bucco-lingual width:-
The bucco-lingual width of posterior teeth should be slightly
narrower than natural teeth to decrease occlusal surfaces
which direct less stress during function to supporting tissue,
and also enhance the development of the correct form of
polished surfaces of the denture.
: 3- Mesio-distal width
The mesio-distal width of posterior teeth should be equal to
the distance between canine line and anterior border of
maxillary tuberosity for upper teeth. For lower teeth should
be equal to distance between canine line and anterior
border of retro molar pad area.(the width with in design
limit)

4- The occluso-gingival height:
The occluso-gingival height or length is controlled
by the available inter-arch distance. The length of
the maxillary first premolar should be comparable
to that of maxillary canine to have the proper
esthetic effect. The height of posterior teeth usually
divided into long, short, medium. Long posterior
teeth are generally more esthetic in appearance
than are shorter teeth.

5- Occlusal form:
Selecting the tooth to be used is based on the
concept of occlusion to be developed, the
philosophy of occlusion to be fulfilled, and the
accomplishment approached. It is given in the
table below.

ARRANGEMENT OF THE TEETH
• Arrangement Of The Anterior Teeth
It is important that the artificial anterior teeth are
placed in the same antero-posterior position and at
the same length as the original natural esthetics and
phonetics

Arrangement Of The Anterior
Teeth Guides for arrangement of anterior teeth:
1. Residual alveolar ridge
2. Incisive papilla
3. Reflections of soft tissues under the lip
• The carved occlusal rims should provide reliable
guides for placement of the anterior teeth in wax
occlusion rims
• They indicate the likely antero-posterior and
vertical positions of the incisor teeth

Arrangement Of The Anterior
RESIDUAL ALVEOLAR RIDGE
• In patient with long edentulous period, much bone
could have been lost from the residual alveolar ridge.
In this situation, artificial teeth should not be placed
against the ridge
• As a general rule: the longer the natural teeth have
been out the farther the artificial teeth should be
from the ridge
• The teeth should be placed closer to the residual
ridge when there is less shrinkage and farther from
ridge when there has been more resorption

Arrangement Of The Anterior Teeth
RELATIONSHIP TO INCISIVE PAPILLA
• Incisive papilla is a guide to anterior tooth position
because it has a constant relationship to the natural CI
• A line marking the centre of the incisive papilla on the
cast is extended forward onto the labial surface of the
cast and CI are set on either side of this line
• Incisive papilla is also a guide to the antero-posterior
position of the teeth
• Labial surfaces of the Ci are usually 8-10 mm in front
of the papilla

RELATIONSHIP TO REFLECTION OF SOFT TISSUE
• Labial surfaces and incisal edges of the teeth are
anterior to the tissues at the reflection where the
denture borders would be placed
• The accuracy of this guide decreases as the
resorption of the residual ridge progresses

Arrangement of the maxillary anterior teeth:
• In placing and positioning the maxillary anterior teeth
the objective is to provide balance between maximum
esthetics and proper phonetics. The maxillary anterior
teeth should support the upper lip in a natural position.
• After the loss of the natural anterior teeth, bone
resorption usually occurs more on the labial aspect than
on the palatal aspect of the maxillary ridge. To
compensate for this loss of bone structure the maxillary
anterior teeth should be placed labial to the residual
ridge.

• The incisive papilla in the edentulous maxillary arch acts
as a guide to proper placement of the maxillary central
incisors. The maxillary central incisors fall approximately
8 to 10 mm anterior to the point of intersection of a line
that bisects the midline of the palate perpendicularly
through the incisive papilla. (mid line is between the
labial frenum and the incisive papilla)
• The labial contour of the teeth should follow the labial
contour of the occlusal rim.
• The right and left maxillary anterior teeth should be
positioned symmetrically on either side of the arch

Position of the maxillary central incisor:
– Mesio-distal inclination:
• The maxillary central incisor is
placed, so that the long axis
shows a slight distal inclination,
when viewed from front.
– Labio-lingual inclination:
• The neck of the tooth should be
slightly depressed when viewed
from this side, the tooth slopes
(incisal edge ) towards the labial
side.
– The incisal edge:
• Is in contact with the occlusal
plane

Position of the maxillary lateral incisor:
Mesio-distal inclination:
The maxillary lateral incisor
is placed with its long axis
inclined notesable distally
when viewed from the front.
Labio-lingual inclination:
The neck of the maxillary
lateral incisor is depressed
(of the neck) more than the
central incisor, although the
labial surface will be nearly
in line with the central
incisor. The incisal edge

Position of maxillary canine:
The maxillary canine is
placed so that the long axis
has slight distal inclination
from the front view.
The neck of the maxillary
canine is prominent. The
tooth axis is vertical
(straight ) when viewed
from the side

The cusp tip:
Is in contact with the occlusal plane. The maxillary
canine has two planes on the labial surface; mesial
plane should follow the contour of the anterior
teeth while the distal plane will be in line with the
posterior teeth.

Arrangement of the mandibular anterior teeth
1. The midline of the maxillary central incisor should be
followed while placing the mandibular central incisor.
2. The imaginary roots of the mandibular anterior teeth
should be directed towards the residual ridge. this will
often place the mandibular teeth labial to the residual
ridge.
3. The mandibular anterior teeth should not be in contact
horizontally with the maxillary teeth (over jet).
4. The mandibular anterior teeth should not be in contact
vertically with the maxillary anterior teeth (over bite).

Position of the mandibular central incisor:
The long axis is perpendicular
to the occlusal plane (vertically
upright).
The central incisor is placed
with its neck depressed and the
tooth will show that it’s labially
inclined when viewed from one
side.
The incisal edge: Are 1-2 mm
above the occlusal plane.

Position of the mandibular lateral incisor:
The mandibular lateral incisor is
placed with its long axis
showing a slight distal
inclination.
The labial surface is
perpendicular to the occlusal
plane.
The incisal edge:
Are 1-2 mm above the occlusal
plane.

Position of the mandibular canine
The mandibular canines are placed
with a more distal inclination (neck
distally placed) than the mandibular
lateral incisors.
The neck of the tooth is placed
prominently. The tooth shows a
slight lingual inclination (at the
incisal edge) when viewed from the
side
The incisal tip:
Lies 1-2 mm above the occlusal
plane.

Horizontal overlap (over jet):
This the horizontal distance between the incisal edge of the
maxillary central incisor and the labial surface of the mandibular
central incisor.
Vertical overlap (over bite):
The maxillary anterior teeth overlap the mandibular anterior teeth
and this overlapon the vertical axis is called the vertical overlap.

Incisal guide angle:
• The incisal guide angle is the angle
formed with the horizontal plane by
drawing a line in the sagittal plane
between the incisal edges of the
maxillary and mandibular central
incisors when the teeth are in centric
occlusion.
• The amount of vertical and horizontal
overlap determines the sagittal incisal
guidance. Incisal guidance is the path
traveled by the mandibular central
incisor from centric occlusion position
to the protrusive occlusal position

Arrangement Of The Posterior Teeth
Arrangement Of The posterior Teeth
Posterior teeth are set up in tight centric occlusion.
The mandibular teeth are set in the wax occlusion
rim over the residual ridge in their ideal bucco-
lingual position and the maxillary teeth are set in
tight centric occlusion with them regardless of their
bucco-lingual position. The objective here is to have
the intercuspation of the posterior teeth so precise
that any deviation of this occlusion in the mouth
will be easily detected.

Standardized parameters
1. Curve of Wilson' as transversal compensating
curve.
2. Curve of Spee' as sagittal compensating curve.
3.Optimum intercuspation of the antagonists.

Curve of Spee
Sagittal compensating
curve. Its bow-shaped line
of occlusion in dentition.
Spee described it as the
"shifting path" of the
mandible. The segment of
the circle drawn has its
center in the orbital
cavity.

Curve of Wilson
Transversal compensating curve. It runs frontally (transversally),
touching the cusp tips of the posterior teeth. In the lower arch, it is
produced by an even inclination of the right and left molars
towards the lingual, corresponding to an inclination towards the
buccal in the maxilla. When setting-up complete dentures, the
teeth should be positioned along this curve

The guide lines used in arrangement of posterior
teeth:
1. The line of the crest of lower residual ridge. Which
extend between the middle of retromolar pad, and
tip of lower canine, the central grooves of the lower
posterior teeth should coincide with this line.
2. The line extending between the tip of lower canine
and upper 2/3 of retromolar pad will determine the
height of lower posterior teeth.

Arrangement of maxillary posterior teeth:-
a.Maxillary premolars:
1. Premolars are set vertically to occlusal plane.
2. Facial cusp of maxillary 1st premolar touch the
occlusal plane while the lingual cusp is raised
from occlusal plane approximately 12 mm
3. The facial cusp of maxillary 1st premolar should
be seat into the embrasure between the
mandibular 1st and 2nd premolars.
4. Lingual cusp should be over the crest of the ridge
5. Facial and lingual cusp of maxillary 2nd premolar
touch the occlusal plane.

b. Maxillary molars:
1. The inclination of maxillary molars are mesially and slightly
lingually to create a 6 degree upward curve.
2. Mesio-lingual cusp of maxillary 1st molar should touch the
occlusal plane and the lingual cusps are over the crest of the
mandibular ridge
3. The mesiobuccal cusp of upper 1st molar should rest in the
buccal groove of the lower 1st molar, and the mesio-lingual
cusp should seat into the central fossa of lower 1st molar.
4. Maxillary 2nd molar are set with no cusp touches the
occlusal plane. All the lingual cusps are over the crest of the
mandibular ridge

5. Facial cusps of maxillary teeth form a gentle curve,
while the lingual cusps form a similar curve about 12
mm below the facial cusps .
6. Use a template to cheak the buccal alignment of,
canine, premolars and mesial buccal cusp of maxillary
1st molar should touch the template, while the
distobuccal cusp not touch.
7. To check the buccal alignment of maxillary
posterior teeth, all four cusps of maxillary molars
touch the template while the premolar do not touch
the template.

Arrangement of mandibular posterior teeth
1. The Mandibular 1st molar is first set into centric occlusion.
2. Mesio-buccal cusp of maxillary 1st molar fit in to the
buccal groove of mandibular first molar.
3. The mesioligual cusp of Mandibular 1st molar fit into the
central fossa of the maxillary first molar.
4. Set the mandibular 2nd molar,the mesio-buccal cusp of
maxillary 2nd molar fit in to the buccal groove of
mandibular 2nd molar.
5. Then set mandibular 2nd premolar,its cusp tip should be
positioned in the embrasur between maxillary 1st and 2nd
premolars.

6. The last tooth are mandibular 1st premolar which
should be position in the embrasure between
maxillary canine and maxillary 1st premolar.
7. Mandibular premolars follow the curvature of the
canine.
8. Mandibular posterior teeth are set on or slightly
lingual to the crest of the ridge.

Common errors in arrangement of teeth
1. Lack of rotation of anterior teeth to give a narrower effect.
2. Setting mandibular anterior teeth too forward in order to
meet maxillary teeth.
3. Failure to make the canine the turning point of the arch.
4. Setting mandibular 1st premolar to the buccal side of the
canines.
5. Setting the mandibular posterior teeth too far to the lingual
side in the 2nd molar region which cause tongue
interference and mandibular denture displacement
6. Failure to establish the occlusal plane at the proper level and
inclination.
7. Establishing the occlusal plane by an arbitrary line on the
face.

CONCLUSION
Teeth selection should be in harmony in color, shape
and size with the patient’s face, sex and age for a
successful fabrication of complete denture prosthesis
with a natural looking also pleasing appearing teeth.
Teeth should be positioned in harmony with intraoral
and circumoral muscle activity and adjusted so that
they occlude and articulate evenly. Several different
prosthetic tooth molds have been produced, and each
has some purported advantages. In the absence of a
clear advantage, dentists should use tooth molds that
are esthetically pleasing and have a simple procedure
to set up.

REFERENCE
1. Judson. C. Hickey (DDS, M. Sc.), Charles L. Bolender
(DDS, MS), George A. Zarb (DDS, MS) : Boucher’s
Prosthodontic Treatment for edentulous patients. 9th
Edn. The c. v. mossy co,1985: 324-364, 427-457.
2. Sheldon winkler: essentials of complete dentures
prosthodontics. 2 nd edn, W. B. Sauders company,
3. Charles M. Heartwell, Jr; Arthur O. Rahn: Syllabus of
Complete Dentures, Fourth edition,pg 293-346;
published by Lea & Febiger Philadelphia
4. Omkar Shetty, Sabita Ram: Dentogenic concept Part-I, II:
Scientific Journal: Volume-I, 2007: Volume-II, 2008. 8

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