1) Choosing the right air conditioner for an industrial enclosure requires considering factors like internal heat loads, cooling capacity ratings, ambient conditions, and energy efficiency.
2) Internal heat loads from electronic components and ambient temperature/humidity can significantly impact an air conditioner's cooling capacity. Manufacturers rate capacity differently so performance diagrams and sizing tools are needed.
3) Calculating an air conditioner's efficiency by comparing its cooling capacity to power consumption helps identify the most cost-effective option. Humidity also affects the amount of condensate that needs removal.
The document discusses refrigeration and air conditioning systems. It provides information on various types of cooling systems including vapor-compression cycles used in refrigerators and air conditioners. It also discusses different refrigerants commonly used and covers the design and components of domestic, commercial, and transport refrigeration and air conditioning systems.
The document discusses glass reinforced polyester enclosures from the BPG range. It describes the material as highly resistant to contamination and suitable for low smoke and halogen applications. The enclosures are molded from SMC rather than DMC glass reinforced polyester for greater mechanical strength. They meet fire resistance standards and ingress protection ratings of IP66/67. The document provides specifications, dimensions, and accessories for 16 enclosure sizes that are suitable for hazardous and industrial applications.
Follow India national building code(NBC2016) for electrical installation and ...Mahesh Chandra Manav
We are all aware now days getting new Regarding Fire Accident and Claiming Due to short circuit and Died and Causality one or two Days Serious Comment by Political Party later forget .
if we are all keep our irresponsible and some people personal interest pass un authorized Construction by Electrical Inspector and Fire and Safety Personal Later People Build Unauthorized Changes .
all this is not Secret known by respected agencies they only interest to Satisfy their personal need by culprit.
If we as citizen not allow and follow strictly NBC2016 for Electrical Installation.
JMV LPS LTD will support all Industries , Consultants and End User require Earthing for Equipment's Follow IS3043(2018), Grid Earthing IEEE80 , NBC2016 Lightning Protection , Exothermic Weld , Copper Clad Steel Conductors and Surge Protection for Power Data and Communication .
We have CDEGS Software , for Design Earthing , IEC62305 for Lightning and LAB for Testing 200kA 10/350 ,50kA 8/20 Surge High Voltage 550KV accerlate with NABL and according to IEC
Plz Call for Design , Presentation Mahesh Chandra Manav M-9910398999 manav@jmv.co.in
This document discusses fire detection and alarm systems. It begins by defining an intelligent building and describing the key features of fire detection systems. It then covers the need for such systems to detect fires early and notify occupants. The document explains how optical smoke alarms and heat detectors work. It provides diagrams of system components and input/output devices. Finally, it discusses factors in laying out detectors and estimated costs for commercial fire alarm systems.
This document outlines best practices for data center cooling, including minimizing air leakage, proper placement and number of perforated tiles, separating hot and cold aisles, using blanking panels, and employing state-of-the-art CRAC units. It discusses airflow philosophies like hot aisle containment and raised floor height. Optimal return air conditions and chilled water temperatures are presented. Standby unit operation and EC fan technology are also covered. An example project at Munich Airport that implemented various best practices reduced CRAC power consumption by 35% while lowering cabinet temperatures.
This document discusses several methods for optimizing energy consumption in air conditioning plant systems, including improving chiller efficiency, fan power, humidity controls, cooling tower efficiency, chilled/condenser water pumps, chiller plant system control, under-floor systems, and energy recovery systems. It provides case studies on topics like chiller plant design concepts, efficient component selection, installation, commissioning, and operation to reduce energy usage by 30-50%.
HVAC systems account for up to 35% of energy usage in manufacturing facilities. This document provides a checklist to assess opportunities to improve HVAC energy efficiency. It describes the basic components and design of HVAC systems and common efficiency measures like installing programmable thermostats, economizers, variable speed drives, and heat recovery systems. Regular maintenance, upgrades to premium efficiency equipment, and implementing energy management systems can significantly reduce HVAC energy costs.
This document provides guidelines for designing high performance data centers. It discusses 10 key areas for efficient data center design: 1) air management, 2) air-side economizer, 3) centralized air handling, 4) cooling plant optimization, 5) direct liquid cooling, 6) free cooling via water side economizer, 7) humidification controls alternatives, 8) power supplies, 9) self generation, and 10) uninterruptible power supply systems. The introduction emphasizes that data centers consume large amounts of electricity and outlines the goal of the guidelines to provide efficient baseline design approaches.
The document discusses refrigeration and air conditioning systems. It provides information on various types of cooling systems including vapor-compression cycles used in refrigerators and air conditioners. It also discusses different refrigerants commonly used and covers the design and components of domestic, commercial, and transport refrigeration and air conditioning systems.
The document discusses glass reinforced polyester enclosures from the BPG range. It describes the material as highly resistant to contamination and suitable for low smoke and halogen applications. The enclosures are molded from SMC rather than DMC glass reinforced polyester for greater mechanical strength. They meet fire resistance standards and ingress protection ratings of IP66/67. The document provides specifications, dimensions, and accessories for 16 enclosure sizes that are suitable for hazardous and industrial applications.
Follow India national building code(NBC2016) for electrical installation and ...Mahesh Chandra Manav
We are all aware now days getting new Regarding Fire Accident and Claiming Due to short circuit and Died and Causality one or two Days Serious Comment by Political Party later forget .
if we are all keep our irresponsible and some people personal interest pass un authorized Construction by Electrical Inspector and Fire and Safety Personal Later People Build Unauthorized Changes .
all this is not Secret known by respected agencies they only interest to Satisfy their personal need by culprit.
If we as citizen not allow and follow strictly NBC2016 for Electrical Installation.
JMV LPS LTD will support all Industries , Consultants and End User require Earthing for Equipment's Follow IS3043(2018), Grid Earthing IEEE80 , NBC2016 Lightning Protection , Exothermic Weld , Copper Clad Steel Conductors and Surge Protection for Power Data and Communication .
We have CDEGS Software , for Design Earthing , IEC62305 for Lightning and LAB for Testing 200kA 10/350 ,50kA 8/20 Surge High Voltage 550KV accerlate with NABL and according to IEC
Plz Call for Design , Presentation Mahesh Chandra Manav M-9910398999 manav@jmv.co.in
This document discusses fire detection and alarm systems. It begins by defining an intelligent building and describing the key features of fire detection systems. It then covers the need for such systems to detect fires early and notify occupants. The document explains how optical smoke alarms and heat detectors work. It provides diagrams of system components and input/output devices. Finally, it discusses factors in laying out detectors and estimated costs for commercial fire alarm systems.
This document outlines best practices for data center cooling, including minimizing air leakage, proper placement and number of perforated tiles, separating hot and cold aisles, using blanking panels, and employing state-of-the-art CRAC units. It discusses airflow philosophies like hot aisle containment and raised floor height. Optimal return air conditions and chilled water temperatures are presented. Standby unit operation and EC fan technology are also covered. An example project at Munich Airport that implemented various best practices reduced CRAC power consumption by 35% while lowering cabinet temperatures.
This document discusses several methods for optimizing energy consumption in air conditioning plant systems, including improving chiller efficiency, fan power, humidity controls, cooling tower efficiency, chilled/condenser water pumps, chiller plant system control, under-floor systems, and energy recovery systems. It provides case studies on topics like chiller plant design concepts, efficient component selection, installation, commissioning, and operation to reduce energy usage by 30-50%.
HVAC systems account for up to 35% of energy usage in manufacturing facilities. This document provides a checklist to assess opportunities to improve HVAC energy efficiency. It describes the basic components and design of HVAC systems and common efficiency measures like installing programmable thermostats, economizers, variable speed drives, and heat recovery systems. Regular maintenance, upgrades to premium efficiency equipment, and implementing energy management systems can significantly reduce HVAC energy costs.
This document provides guidelines for designing high performance data centers. It discusses 10 key areas for efficient data center design: 1) air management, 2) air-side economizer, 3) centralized air handling, 4) cooling plant optimization, 5) direct liquid cooling, 6) free cooling via water side economizer, 7) humidification controls alternatives, 8) power supplies, 9) self generation, and 10) uninterruptible power supply systems. The introduction emphasizes that data centers consume large amounts of electricity and outlines the goal of the guidelines to provide efficient baseline design approaches.
The document summarizes the history and operation of air conditioning systems. It discusses how the first modern air conditioning system was invented in 1902 by Willis Carrier to solve a humidity problem. It explains that air conditioners and refrigerators work in a similar way using a refrigerant to transfer heat from the inside to outside air. It also outlines the key components of an air conditioning system including the compressor, condenser, evaporator, blower, and thermostat. Finally, it discusses factors that determine the proper sizing of an air conditioner like home size, insulation, and heat loads.
Chapter 7 heating ventilation air conditioningvenky venkat
This document discusses heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems for homes. It describes the importance of properly sizing and installing the HVAC system to ensure efficiency and comfort. The two most common systems are forced-air, which uses ducts to distribute heated or cooled air, and radiant, which uses pipes to transport hot water or steam. Forced-air systems are more common and can include gas furnaces, heat pumps, or dual-fuel systems. Heat pumps are more efficient for heating than electric resistance systems. Geothermal heat pumps use underground pipes to exchange heat with the earth for greater efficiency than air-source heat pumps. Proper installation and maintenance of any HVAC system is critical for
Thermoelectric cooling for industrial enclosureserdinc klima
This white paper discusses the advantages of thermoelectric cooling compared to conventional cooling methods for industrial enclosures. Thermoelectric coolers use the Peltier effect to generate cooling by passing an electric current through semiconductors, eliminating the need for refrigerants or water cooling systems. Recent improvements have increased thermoelectric cooler efficiency up to 400% by using techniques like pulse width modulation. Thermoelectric coolers provide benefits like fewer moving parts for less noise and vibration, flexibility in installation orientation and location, and solid-state operation requiring only electricity. The paper concludes that thermoelectric cooling is emerging as a viable option for certain small-to-medium enclosure applications.
The document discusses air conditioning systems. It describes how air conditioners work using a refrigerant chemical to transfer heat from inside to outside. There are three main parts: a compressor, condenser, and evaporator. Air conditioning systems can be individual units, unitary packaged systems serving multiple rooms, or central hydronic systems with air handling units, water systems, and a central plant. Properly sizing and installing air conditioners can improve energy efficiency. The goal of AC system design is to have an effective, efficient, and cost-effective system that meets requirements.
Maximizing energy efficiency in hotel HVAC systems: An energy modelling appro...IRJET Journal
The document presents an analysis comparing the energy efficiency and costs of two HVAC systems - chilled water and Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) - for a four-story, 95-room hotel in Bangalore, India over a 20-year period using energy modeling software. It describes the hotel project and HVAC systems considered. Key steps in the energy modeling process are outlined, including defining the building design and loads, HVAC system, and simulating and optimizing the system. The goal is to identify the most efficient and cost-effective HVAC option for the hotel project.
The document provides steps for selecting a packaged air conditioner unit based on design heat load and other criteria. First, a unit is selected that meets the total and sensible cooling load needs at nominal conditions. Then the heat generated by the blower fan is accounted for to determine the net cooling capacities. An electric heater is also selected if needed. Fan speed and power requirements are calculated based on the required air flow and external static pressure. The resulting net cooling capacities are then checked against the design loads to confirm the selected unit is appropriate.
75F Outside Air Optimization and Economizer ControlBrendonMartin3
75F Outside Air Optimization (OAO) combines hardware, software, and real-time weather data to provide advanced operation sequences for rooftop economizers to built-up air handlers in a variety of commercial buildings. This application has three main advantages: it improves energy efficiency, reduces comfort complaints, and improves ventilation and indoor air quality in high traffic areas.
This document discusses how to calculate cooling requirements for a data center. It explains that the total heat output of the data center needs to be estimated by calculating the heat from IT equipment, UPS systems, lighting, people, and other sources. Common conversion factors and design guideline values are used to convert between measurement units like Watts, BTUs, and tons. A case study then demonstrates how to calculate the heat output subtotals and total for an example data center with details on its IT load, floor area, and staff. It emphasizes that the air conditioning system capacity should be at least 1.3 times the total heat load to ensure adequate cooling and redundancy.
NER Aurora Thermal_Monitoring_WhitepaperGreg Stover
Thermal monitoring best practices recommend monitoring temperature at multiple rack level points using sensors that can adapt to evolving monitoring systems. The document discusses how monitoring intake and exhaust temperatures at various rack heights provides valuable data on cooling efficiency and capacity. It also recommends a wireless monitoring solution called Aurora that visually displays temperature readings at the rack level and can integrate with centralized monitoring systems. Monitoring all factors that affect cooling like temperature, humidity, pressure and flow is key to optimizing efficiency and costs.
An air conditioner is a system or a machine that treats air in a defined, usually enclosed area via a refrigeration cycle in which warm air is removed and replaced with cooler air. In construction, a complete system of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning is referred to as HVAC.
Row-based data center cooling works by capturing hot air from IT equipment before it mixes with surrounding room air, rather than supplying cold air. It does this through back-to-front airflow of row coolers located near IT racks in a pod-based layout. While commonly misunderstood, row coolers do not require turning vanes or placement in every row to effectively cool both rows of a pod through hot air capture. They can also cool loads outside their immediate pod when designed and placed properly.
Row-based data center cooling works by capturing hot air from IT equipment before it mixes with surrounding room air using row coolers. The document discusses three common misconceptions about row-based cooling and how it actually functions via hot air capture rather than cold air supply. Key attributes that maximize effectiveness include back-to-front airflow in row coolers, rack-based footprints that match IT layouts, and variable cooling capacity to match varying heat loads.
This document discusses thermal dissipation and heatsink design. It defines key terms like junction temperature, thermal resistance, and power dissipation. It explains how to calculate maximum power dissipation and temperature rise using these parameters. The document also discusses heatsink design considerations, how to select a heatsink based on required thermal resistance, and factors that impact heatsink performance like fin density and airflow.
CPD Presentation Evaporative cooling in data centresColt UK
Data centres that use evaporative cooling can cut their energy bills by up to 80% compared to conventional cooling methods!
The specifications for the environmental operating conditions of IT equipment used in data centres have recently been revised, opening the way to evaporative cooling in such buildings. Evaporative cooling can provide a highly effective solution, with low installation and running costs, minimal maintenance requirements and quiet operation.
This seminar covers:
• Revisions to the specifications for the environmental operating conditions of IT equipment in data centres
• Options for cooling in a data centre
• Implementing evaporative cooling in a data centre.
The document discusses basic design practices for transformer cooling. It describes how heat generated in transformers needs to be dissipated to prevent high temperatures that accelerate aging. Both passive cooling systems using natural convection and active systems using fans or pumps are discussed. The key factors in transformer cooling system design are minimizing temperature, maximizing heat transfer area, and increasing fluid flow rates and temperature differences. Both radiator and cooler style heat exchangers are addressed.
Multipurpose Device Using Single Vapor Compression Refrigeration CycleIRJET Journal
This document describes a device that combines the functions of an air conditioner, water cooler, and refrigerator into a single unit using a single vapor compression refrigeration cycle. The device uses a refrigerator body to house the components, which include a compressor, condenser, expansion valve, and evaporator. Cool air is circulated using fans and water is cooled via a tube carrying water through the evaporator. The device aims to provide multiple cooling functions while reducing space and energy consumption compared to separate units. Performance tests found a coefficient of performance of 4.12, indicating the device efficiently provides integrated refrigeration, cooling, and water chilling.
This newsletter discusses optimizing condenser water system design and control to reduce installation and operating costs. It recommends designing systems with lower condenser water flow rates (1.9 gpm/ton) and larger temperature differences (15°F ΔT) based on industry guidance. This allows reducing pipe sizes, pump capacity, and cooling tower fan power. Near-optimal control of cooling tower fan speed alone can save 2-14% of annual operating costs depending on climate. Controlling both fan and pump speeds more precisely may further reduce costs but requires more complex control strategies to account for interactions between components.
This document provides guidance on calculating refrigeration loads for commercial refrigeration systems. It outlines the key factors to consider in an initial job survey, including design temperatures, storage requirements, dimensions, insulation, infiltration, and product details. It then describes the main sources of heat gain to calculate: transmission load through walls/floors, air changes, miscellaneous loads, and product load. Tables and examples are provided to simplify calculating each load. Quick selection charts and calculators are also included to estimate loads for small/medium and large coolers and freezers when full calculations are not possible.
Data center cooling infrastructure slideLivin Jose
CRAC vs CRAH, what is Air-Side Economizer, What is chillers, What is cooling tower, what is CRAC, What is CRAH, what is the importance of cooling in data center, what is Water Side Economizer,
The TLC is a temperature limit controller that connects to air conditioning systems to limit cooling and heating temperatures, saving energy. It has adjustable temperature limits for cooling and heating that can turn the compressor on and off. It is compact, easy to install, and allows significant energy savings without impacting user convenience or requiring modifications to existing HVAC systems.
The document summarizes the history and operation of air conditioning systems. It discusses how the first modern air conditioning system was invented in 1902 by Willis Carrier to solve a humidity problem. It explains that air conditioners and refrigerators work in a similar way using a refrigerant to transfer heat from the inside to outside air. It also outlines the key components of an air conditioning system including the compressor, condenser, evaporator, blower, and thermostat. Finally, it discusses factors that determine the proper sizing of an air conditioner like home size, insulation, and heat loads.
Chapter 7 heating ventilation air conditioningvenky venkat
This document discusses heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems for homes. It describes the importance of properly sizing and installing the HVAC system to ensure efficiency and comfort. The two most common systems are forced-air, which uses ducts to distribute heated or cooled air, and radiant, which uses pipes to transport hot water or steam. Forced-air systems are more common and can include gas furnaces, heat pumps, or dual-fuel systems. Heat pumps are more efficient for heating than electric resistance systems. Geothermal heat pumps use underground pipes to exchange heat with the earth for greater efficiency than air-source heat pumps. Proper installation and maintenance of any HVAC system is critical for
Thermoelectric cooling for industrial enclosureserdinc klima
This white paper discusses the advantages of thermoelectric cooling compared to conventional cooling methods for industrial enclosures. Thermoelectric coolers use the Peltier effect to generate cooling by passing an electric current through semiconductors, eliminating the need for refrigerants or water cooling systems. Recent improvements have increased thermoelectric cooler efficiency up to 400% by using techniques like pulse width modulation. Thermoelectric coolers provide benefits like fewer moving parts for less noise and vibration, flexibility in installation orientation and location, and solid-state operation requiring only electricity. The paper concludes that thermoelectric cooling is emerging as a viable option for certain small-to-medium enclosure applications.
The document discusses air conditioning systems. It describes how air conditioners work using a refrigerant chemical to transfer heat from inside to outside. There are three main parts: a compressor, condenser, and evaporator. Air conditioning systems can be individual units, unitary packaged systems serving multiple rooms, or central hydronic systems with air handling units, water systems, and a central plant. Properly sizing and installing air conditioners can improve energy efficiency. The goal of AC system design is to have an effective, efficient, and cost-effective system that meets requirements.
Maximizing energy efficiency in hotel HVAC systems: An energy modelling appro...IRJET Journal
The document presents an analysis comparing the energy efficiency and costs of two HVAC systems - chilled water and Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) - for a four-story, 95-room hotel in Bangalore, India over a 20-year period using energy modeling software. It describes the hotel project and HVAC systems considered. Key steps in the energy modeling process are outlined, including defining the building design and loads, HVAC system, and simulating and optimizing the system. The goal is to identify the most efficient and cost-effective HVAC option for the hotel project.
The document provides steps for selecting a packaged air conditioner unit based on design heat load and other criteria. First, a unit is selected that meets the total and sensible cooling load needs at nominal conditions. Then the heat generated by the blower fan is accounted for to determine the net cooling capacities. An electric heater is also selected if needed. Fan speed and power requirements are calculated based on the required air flow and external static pressure. The resulting net cooling capacities are then checked against the design loads to confirm the selected unit is appropriate.
75F Outside Air Optimization and Economizer ControlBrendonMartin3
75F Outside Air Optimization (OAO) combines hardware, software, and real-time weather data to provide advanced operation sequences for rooftop economizers to built-up air handlers in a variety of commercial buildings. This application has three main advantages: it improves energy efficiency, reduces comfort complaints, and improves ventilation and indoor air quality in high traffic areas.
This document discusses how to calculate cooling requirements for a data center. It explains that the total heat output of the data center needs to be estimated by calculating the heat from IT equipment, UPS systems, lighting, people, and other sources. Common conversion factors and design guideline values are used to convert between measurement units like Watts, BTUs, and tons. A case study then demonstrates how to calculate the heat output subtotals and total for an example data center with details on its IT load, floor area, and staff. It emphasizes that the air conditioning system capacity should be at least 1.3 times the total heat load to ensure adequate cooling and redundancy.
NER Aurora Thermal_Monitoring_WhitepaperGreg Stover
Thermal monitoring best practices recommend monitoring temperature at multiple rack level points using sensors that can adapt to evolving monitoring systems. The document discusses how monitoring intake and exhaust temperatures at various rack heights provides valuable data on cooling efficiency and capacity. It also recommends a wireless monitoring solution called Aurora that visually displays temperature readings at the rack level and can integrate with centralized monitoring systems. Monitoring all factors that affect cooling like temperature, humidity, pressure and flow is key to optimizing efficiency and costs.
An air conditioner is a system or a machine that treats air in a defined, usually enclosed area via a refrigeration cycle in which warm air is removed and replaced with cooler air. In construction, a complete system of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning is referred to as HVAC.
Row-based data center cooling works by capturing hot air from IT equipment before it mixes with surrounding room air, rather than supplying cold air. It does this through back-to-front airflow of row coolers located near IT racks in a pod-based layout. While commonly misunderstood, row coolers do not require turning vanes or placement in every row to effectively cool both rows of a pod through hot air capture. They can also cool loads outside their immediate pod when designed and placed properly.
Row-based data center cooling works by capturing hot air from IT equipment before it mixes with surrounding room air using row coolers. The document discusses three common misconceptions about row-based cooling and how it actually functions via hot air capture rather than cold air supply. Key attributes that maximize effectiveness include back-to-front airflow in row coolers, rack-based footprints that match IT layouts, and variable cooling capacity to match varying heat loads.
This document discusses thermal dissipation and heatsink design. It defines key terms like junction temperature, thermal resistance, and power dissipation. It explains how to calculate maximum power dissipation and temperature rise using these parameters. The document also discusses heatsink design considerations, how to select a heatsink based on required thermal resistance, and factors that impact heatsink performance like fin density and airflow.
CPD Presentation Evaporative cooling in data centresColt UK
Data centres that use evaporative cooling can cut their energy bills by up to 80% compared to conventional cooling methods!
The specifications for the environmental operating conditions of IT equipment used in data centres have recently been revised, opening the way to evaporative cooling in such buildings. Evaporative cooling can provide a highly effective solution, with low installation and running costs, minimal maintenance requirements and quiet operation.
This seminar covers:
• Revisions to the specifications for the environmental operating conditions of IT equipment in data centres
• Options for cooling in a data centre
• Implementing evaporative cooling in a data centre.
The document discusses basic design practices for transformer cooling. It describes how heat generated in transformers needs to be dissipated to prevent high temperatures that accelerate aging. Both passive cooling systems using natural convection and active systems using fans or pumps are discussed. The key factors in transformer cooling system design are minimizing temperature, maximizing heat transfer area, and increasing fluid flow rates and temperature differences. Both radiator and cooler style heat exchangers are addressed.
Multipurpose Device Using Single Vapor Compression Refrigeration CycleIRJET Journal
This document describes a device that combines the functions of an air conditioner, water cooler, and refrigerator into a single unit using a single vapor compression refrigeration cycle. The device uses a refrigerator body to house the components, which include a compressor, condenser, expansion valve, and evaporator. Cool air is circulated using fans and water is cooled via a tube carrying water through the evaporator. The device aims to provide multiple cooling functions while reducing space and energy consumption compared to separate units. Performance tests found a coefficient of performance of 4.12, indicating the device efficiently provides integrated refrigeration, cooling, and water chilling.
This newsletter discusses optimizing condenser water system design and control to reduce installation and operating costs. It recommends designing systems with lower condenser water flow rates (1.9 gpm/ton) and larger temperature differences (15°F ΔT) based on industry guidance. This allows reducing pipe sizes, pump capacity, and cooling tower fan power. Near-optimal control of cooling tower fan speed alone can save 2-14% of annual operating costs depending on climate. Controlling both fan and pump speeds more precisely may further reduce costs but requires more complex control strategies to account for interactions between components.
This document provides guidance on calculating refrigeration loads for commercial refrigeration systems. It outlines the key factors to consider in an initial job survey, including design temperatures, storage requirements, dimensions, insulation, infiltration, and product details. It then describes the main sources of heat gain to calculate: transmission load through walls/floors, air changes, miscellaneous loads, and product load. Tables and examples are provided to simplify calculating each load. Quick selection charts and calculators are also included to estimate loads for small/medium and large coolers and freezers when full calculations are not possible.
Data center cooling infrastructure slideLivin Jose
CRAC vs CRAH, what is Air-Side Economizer, What is chillers, What is cooling tower, what is CRAC, What is CRAH, what is the importance of cooling in data center, what is Water Side Economizer,
Similar to Selecting air conditioners for enclosure (20)
The TLC is a temperature limit controller that connects to air conditioning systems to limit cooling and heating temperatures, saving energy. It has adjustable temperature limits for cooling and heating that can turn the compressor on and off. It is compact, easy to install, and allows significant energy savings without impacting user convenience or requiring modifications to existing HVAC systems.
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1. Rittal White Paper 305:
Selecting Air Conditioners for
Industrial Enclosures
By: Judith Koetzsch
Mark Corcoran, Editor
Executive Summary
Choosing the right air conditioners for enclosures can have a tremendous impact on the overall
performance and efficiency of industrial operations. Proper and efficient air conditioner cooling can
significantly prolong the life of installed equipment, save energy and utility costs, and protect against
unscheduled downtime. Although cooling is sometimes an afterthought during the course of planning a
project at the enclosure layout level, with careful consideration and the right information, it can truly
become an asset for increased productivity and profitability.
This paper identifies different factors that should be considered when choosing air conditioners for
industrial enclosures including internal heat loads, the various methods used to rate the cooling capacity
of enclosure air conditioners, the impact of humidity and other ambient conditions, and energy
efficiency. Understanding air conditioner performance diagrams and sizing tools in relation to application
requirements is also covered.
2. Factors to Consider
Internal Heat Load
The internal heat load is the amount of heat energy produced by the electronics inside the
enclosure, and it comes from the unused electricity running through the components. In order to
specify the right air conditioner capacity for an application, it is critical to know the amount of
heat energy (in BTU per hour or in Watts) that will be created by the equipment housed within
the enclosure.
How to Determine the Amount of Heat Energy to be Removed?
There are multiple ways to determine the heat load inside an enclosure. One way is to add up
the heat loads of all of the installed electronic components as specified by the component
manufacturers as seen below.
Example:
Device Heat load as specified by the manufacturer
20 HP Drive 1500 Watts
1250 A Circuit breaker 200 Watts
PLC 5 A 3 Watts
Transformer 1000 VA 64 Watts
Total 1667 Watts
Another approach is to add up the electricity consumed by the electronics and then multiply it by
the efficiency of the system. The resulting number equals the need for cooling capacity. For
example, if an electronics system is consuming 500 Watts of power and it is 20% efficient, the
system is only using 100 Watts of electricity for its actual function. The remaining 400 Watts is
dissipated in the form of heat energy.
Impacting Cooling Capacity
In the world of electronics, cooling capacity is the maximum amount of thermal energy that a
climate control product can remove, and it is shown either in Watts or BTU per hour (if
necessary, to convert Watts into BTU per hour, multiply by 3.413). The cooling capacity, or
performance, of a specific enclosure air conditioner not only depends on its overall design, but
also on various application-specific factors. These factors include the ambient temperature, the
maximum allowable internal temperature, and the operating frequency (in Hz).
The ambient temperature (Ta) can significantly affect the cooling capacity of an air conditioner. If
an air conditioner operates in high ambient temperatures (for example, the maximum operating
temperature for Rittal TopTherm air conditioners is 131° F), it provides less cooling capacity.
This is because air conditioners work by pulling the hot air from inside the electrical enclosure
and transferring the thermal energy away from the cabinet to the surrounding environment. The
hotter the outside air is, the ability of the air conditioner to transfer the enclosure heat energy out
through the condenser coil is diminished. As to be expected, the opposite is true when air
conditioners are placed in areas with lower ambient temperatures since the heat transfer
through the condenser coil into the ambient air is quicker, consequently raising the cooling
capacity of the air conditioner.
The maximum allowable internal temperature (Ti) is also relevant to the cooling capacity of an
air conditioner because it determines how much thermal energy needs to be removed from an
enclosure and can vary from application to application. Typically, air conditioners operate by
maintaining temperatures that do not exceed a specified set point. A recommended set point for
2
3. enclosure air conditioners lies between 86° F and 104° F, depending on the electronics installed
in the enclosure. Lower temperature set points can easily lead to excessive condensation and
should be avoided.
Example:
The set point of an air conditioner is set to 95° F and the differential (or switching hysteresis)
setting is 9° F. The temperature inside the enclosure is allowed to increase to 95° F before the
air conditioner starts to run to cool the temperature down to 86° F. Now that the differential to
the set point has been reached, the air conditioner shuts off until the enclosure temperature
rises to the set point of 95° F again.
The third factor that influences the cooling capacity of an air conditioner is the operating
frequency. Here in North America, 60 Hz is the norm, but throughout much of the world, 50 Hz
is used. This is why, for example, most Rittal TopTherm Plus air conditioner models are dual-
rated, meaning that they can operate at both 50 and 60 Hz. A dual rating allows for the same air
conditioner to be used all over the world where different power systems supply different
frequencies. When an air conditioner is operating at 60 Hz, the fans and compressor actually
rotate faster than at 50 Hz, resulting in higher performance for the air conditioner at 60 Hz.
When evaluating an air conditioner stated to have a certain cooling capacity, it’s important to
consider under what temperature conditions, and at which operating frequency, that cooling
capacity is provided.
Why Some Manufacturers Determine Cooling Capacity Differently than Others
In North America, no formal standard for testing or publishing cooling capacity exists, so most
manufacturers use the maximum temperatures at which the air conditioner is designed to
operate as reference points (maximum internal and external temperatures). The maximum
operating temperatures can differ between air conditioner models as well as manufacturers.
Typically, a maximum operating temperature is at 131° F. If indicated, the rating temperatures
could be shown as L131/L131 or Ti 95/Ta 95 or 95° F/95° F. Traditionally the first number
stands for the internal temperature.
In Europe, a standard called DIN 3168/EN 814 part 500 (European standard for enclosure
climate control) is used. This standard levels the playing field, and provides a more realistic
measure of performance, by requiring all manufacturers to use the same temperature conditions
to determine cooling capacity—allowing users to make true one-to-one comparisons.
Since Rittal is a global supplier of enclosure air conditioners, the cooling capacities shown on its
units comply with existing standards.
Helpful Tools
Air Conditioner Performance Diagrams
To determine the cooling capacity of an air conditioner under the above-described variable
conditions, a performance diagram can be used. These charts show the cooling capacity of an
air conditioner per the requirements of DIN 3168, as well as under different temperature
scenarios—including maximum operating conditions. This will help users to determine how a
particular air conditioner will perform in a specific application.
3
4. Air Conditioner Sizing
When selecting an air conditioner, the easiest way to figure out how an air conditioner will
perform at given temperatures is to use sizing software. These convenient tools typically walk
users through the various factors that impact an application, and then determine the need for
cooling. Rittal’s Therm 5.14 sizing software, for example, can calculate what the internal
enclosure temperature would be without any means of cooling before predicting how many BTU
or Watts of cooling capacity the application requires and suggesting an appropriate part
number.
Calculating Air Conditioner Efficiency
Reducing power consumption and increasing efficiency are vitally important to protecting the
environment, and to saving money during the operation of air conditioners at the end user level.
The formula to determine the efficiency of an air conditioner (shown below) is simple—it’s the
ratio between useful cooling capacity and power consumption. The higher the cooling efficiency
factor, the more efficient the air conditioner is.
Example:
Enclosure Air Conditioner: 460 V, 60 Hz
Cooling capacity at 95/95, 60 Hz: 2700 Watt
Power consumption at 95/95, 60 Hz: 1500 Watt
Cooling efficiency factor = 2700 Watt
1500 Watt
Cooling efficiency factor = 1.8
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5. Calculating the Impact of Humidity
An unavoidable side effect of using air conditioners is the dehumidification of the enclosure’s
interior air. As it cools down, part of the humidity contained in the air condenses on the
evaporator coil. The reliable discharge of this condensate from the enclosure is important to
consider, and is achieved by using condensate hoses and collection bottles in conventional
units, or via condensate evaporators in more advanced products like Rittal’s TopTherm PLUS.
The amount of condensate that is created depends on relative humidity, the air temperature in
the enclosure, the evaporator coil, and the air volume present in the enclosure. The Mollier h-x
diagram (see next page) is used to show the water content of air depending on its temperature
and relative air humidity.
Calculation Example:
An enclosure air conditioner has a temperature set point of Ti = 95° F. The relative ambient air
humidity is 70%. If 95° F air is exchanged over the evaporator coil, the surface temperature of
the evaporator coil (evaporation temperature of the refrigerant) is approximately 64° F. At the
outer layer, adhering to the surface of the evaporator coil, water (condensate) is deposited at
the dew point. The difference, Δx = x1 – x2, indicates the amount of condensation that occurs
per 2.2 lb of air with complete dehumidification. How airtight an enclosure is plays an important
role in the amount of condensation that will occur in an application. Since the quantity of
ambient air (and as a result, the amount of humidity) is limited in a properly sealed enclosure,
the amount of condensation will be limited too.
5
6. Application Example Using Mollier h-x Diagram (above):
Equation: W = V · ρ · Δx
where:
W = Water quantity in grams
V = Volume in m3
ρ = Density of the air in kg/m3
Δx = Difference in water content in g/kg dry air (from the Mollier h-x diagram)
Enclosure door closed, ambient air is not entering the enclosure—
only the humidity trapped inside of the enclosure is being dehumidified.
V = W · H · D = 0.6 m · 2 m · 0.5 m
V = 0.6 m3
W = V · ρ · Δx
= 0.6 m3
· 1.2 kg/m3
· 11 g/kg
W = 7.92 g 8 ml.
If placed into the same calculation example above, an enclosure that is not properly sealed will
see more condensation. Ambient (humid) air can enter through poorly sealed cable entries,
damaged or open enclosure doors, and damaged enclosure gaskets—resulting in increased
6
7. condensation. If, for example, ambient air is entering the enclosure at a rate of 5 m3
/h, a
permanent condensation amount of 2.7 oz/h (80ml/h) may occur.
Because of this, it’s always recommended that control panels be operated with enclosure doors
closed and that all sides of the enclosure are properly sealed and gasketed. In addition, it is
advisable to use a door switch that interrupts the operation of the air conditioner while the
enclosure door is open and to set the internal temperature of the enclosure only as low as is
actually needed.
Conclusions
Selecting the right air conditioner for an industrial enclosure application is crucial to maximizing
efficiency, performance, and overall return on investment. Knowing what factors to consider,
and taking the time to properly evaluate the products available, can save money by reducing
utility costs, drastically improve the life and reliability of installed equipment, and solidify
operations as a whole through increased productivity and limiting unplanned downtime.
About the Author
Judith Koetzsch has been with Rittal since 2001—first working for Rittal GmbH & Co. Kg. in
Germany as a part of the international climate control product management team, and then
joining Rittal Corporation in the U.S. as Product Manager for Climate Control Products in 2006.
The Rittal Corporation is the U.S. subsidiary of Rittal GmbH & Co. KG and manufactures the world’s leading industrial and IT enclosures, racks
and accessories, including climate control, power management and electronic packaging systems for industrial, data center, outdoor and hybrid
applications.
1 Rittal Place • Urbana, OH 43078 • Toll free: 800-477-4000 • Website: www.rittal-corp.com
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