The document covers an overview of key computer science topics, including security, privacy, operating systems, and artificial intelligence. It details concepts such as cryptography, the functionalities of operating systems, and the essence of artificial intelligence in modern technology. Additionally, it outlines the significance of AI in various applications and the interdisciplinary factors that contribute to its development.

1. Semi Final
Instructor: Mark John P. Lado
Introduction to Security and Privacy
Introduction to Operating System
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

2. Introduction to Security and Privacy
Introduction to Operating System
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

3.  Distinguish the importance of cryptography.
 Analyze decoding and encoding.
 Engage in different Operating System.
 Evaluate the role of Operating System in a device.
 Know about Artificial Intelligence.
 Identify the different types of Artificial Intelligence.

4. Define security in computer studies.

5. In computer studies, why we need to be
secure?

6. Cryptography

7. Cryptography – the art of writing or
solving codes.

8. Encryption
Decryption

9. Encryption – is the process of encoding
a message in such a way that only
authorized parties can access it.

10. Decryption – is the process of
conversion of encrypted data into its
original form.

11. Cipher (cypher)

12. Cipher (cypher) – a secret or
disguised way of writing.

13. Cipher (cypher) – an algorithm
for performing encryption or
decryption.

14. Caesar Cipher

15. Caesar Cipher – is one of the earliest
known and simplest ciphers. It is a
type of substitution cipher in which
each letter in the plaintext is shifted a
certain number of places down the
alphabet.

16. Caesar Cipher
(Shift of 3)

17. How to encrypt using Caesar cipher
which is shifted of 3?
Simply take the alphabet and look 3 letters
after.

18. How to decrypt Caesar cipher code
which is shifted of 3?
Simply take the alphabet and look 3 letters
before.

19. Decrypt Caesar cipher code which is
shifted of 3
(PDUN)

20.  Decrypt Caesar cipher code which is shifted of 3
1. EXZDQ
2. QJ
3. ZLND
4. VLJODNDV
5. VSRUWV

21.  Encrypt Caesar cipher code which is shifted of 3
1. Cryptograph
2. Security
3. Privacy
4. Computing
5. Introduction

24.  An operating system acts as an intermediary between the
user of a computer and computer hardware. The purpose of
an operating system is to provide an environment in which a
user can execute programs in a convenient and efficient
manner.

25.  An operating system is software that manages the
computer hardware. The hardware must provide
appropriate mechanisms to ensure the correct operation of
the computer system and to prevent user programs from
interfering with the proper operation of the system.

26.  An operating system is a program that controls
the execution of application programs and acts
as an interface between the user of a computer
and the computer hardware.

27.  A more common definition is that the operating
system is the one program running at all times
on the computer (usually called the kernel), with
all else being application programs.

28.  An operating system is concerned with the
allocation of resources and services, such as
memory, processors, devices, and information.
The operating system correspondingly includes
programs to manage these resources, such as a
traffic controller, a scheduler, memory
management module, I/O programs, and a file
system.

29. Operating system performs three functions:
 Convenience: An OS makes a computer more
convenient to use.

30. Operating system performs three functions:
 Efficiency: An OS allows the computer system
resources to be used in an efficient manner.

31. Operating system performs three functions:
 Ability to Evolve: An OS should be constructed
in such a way as to permit the effective
development, testing and introduction of new
system functions without at the same time
interfering with service.

32. 1. User
2. Application programs
3. Operating system
4. Hardware

33. Every general-purpose computer consists of the
hardware, operating system, system programs, and
application programs. The hardware consists of
memory, CPU, ALU, and I/O devices, peripheral device,
and storage device. System program consists of
compilers, loaders, editors, OS, etc. The application
program consists of business programs, database
programs.

35. Every computer must have an operating system to run
other programs. The operating system coordinates the
use of the hardware among the various system
programs and application programs for various users. It
simply provides an environment within which other
programs can do useful work.

36. The operating system is a set of special programs that
run on a computer system that allows it to work
properly. It performs basic tasks such as recognizing
input from the keyboard, keeping track of files and
directories on the disk, sending output to the display
screen and controlling peripheral devices.

37.  It controls the allocation and use of the computing
System’s resources among the various user and tasks.
 It provides an interface between the computer
hardware and the programmer that simplifies and
makes feasible for coding, creation, debugging of
application programs.

38. The task are:
 Provides the facilities to create, modification of
programs and data files using an editor.
 Access to the compiler for translating the user
program from high level language to machine
language.

39. The task are:
 Provide a loader program to move the compiled
program code to the computer’s memory for
execution.
 Provide routines that handle the details of I/O
programming.

40.  The module that keeps track of the status of
devices is called the I/O traffic controller. Each
I/O device has a device handler that resides in a
separate process associated with that device.

41. The I/O subsystem consists of
1. A memory Management component that includes
buffering caching and spooling.
2. A general device driver interface.
3. Drivers for specific hardware devices.

42.  The input to an assembler is an assembly language program.
The output is an object program plus information that
enables the loader to prepare the object program for
execution. At one time, the computer programmer had at
his disposal a basic machine that interpreted, through
hardware, certain fundamental instructions. He would
program this computer by writing a series of ones and Zeros
(Machine language), place them into the memory of the
machine.

43.  The High-level languages- examples are JAVA, C/C++, Dev-
C++, C#, Ruby and Python are processed by compilers and
interpreters. A compiler is a program that accepts a source
program in a “high-level language “and produces a
corresponding object program. An interpreter is a program
that appears to execute a source program as if it was
machine language.

44.  A Loader is a routine that loads an object
program and prepares it for execution. There are
various loading schemes: absolute, relocating
and direct-linking. In general, the loader must
load, relocate and link the object program.

45.  The loader is a program that places programs
into memory and prepares them for execution.
In a simple loading scheme, the assembler
outputs the machine language translation of a
program on a secondary device and a loader
places it in the core.

46.  The loader places into memory the machine
language version of the user’s program and
transfers control to it. Since the loader
program is much smaller than the
assembler, those make more core available
to the user’s program.

47. 1. Batch Operating System
2. Time sharing operating System
3. Distributed operating System
4. Network operating system
5. Real time operating system

48. Batch Operating System
Sequence of jobs in a program on a
computer without manual interventions.

49. Time sharing operating System
Allows many users to share the computer
resources.(Max utilization of the
resources).

50. Distributed operating System
Manages a group of different computers
and make appear to be a single
computer.

51. Network operating system
Computers running in different operating
system can participate in common
network (It is used for security purpose).

52.  Real time operating system
Meant applications to fix the deadlines. An
operating system (OS) intended to serve
real-time applications that process data as it
comes in, typically without buffer delays.

53.  Windows (GUI based, PC)

54.  GNU/Linux (Personal,Workstations, ISP, File and print
server,Three-tier client/Server)

55.  macOS (Macintosh), used for Apple’s personal computers
and work stations (MacBook, iMac).

56.  Android (Google’s Operating System for smartphones /
tablets / smart watches)

57.  iOS (Apple’s OS for iPhone, iPad and iPodTouch)

58. 1. Give at least five tasks of Operating System
2. Draw the conceptual view of a computer
system
3. Give the three functions of Operating system
4. Give the five types of Operating System
5. Give the five examples of Operating System

59. Distinguish assembler in
computing.

60. Elaborate compiler in
computing.

61. Give a concise dialog about
loader in computing.

63.  In today's world, technology is growing very
fast, and we are getting in touch with different
new technologies day by day.

64.  Here, one of the booming technologies of
computer science is Artificial Intelligence which
is ready to create a new revolution in the world
by making intelligent machines.

65.  The Artificial Intelligence is now all around us. It
is currently working with a variety of subfields,
ranging from general to specific, such as self-
driving cars, playing chess, proving theorems,
playing music, Painting, etc.

66.  A.I. is one of the fascinating and universal fields
of Computer science which has a great scope in
future. A.I. holds a tendency to cause a machine
to work as a human.

67.  Artificial Intelligence is composed of two
words Artificial and Intelligence, where
Artificial defines "man-made," and intelligence
defines "thinking power", hence AI means "a
man-made thinking power."

68.  "It is a branch of computer science by which we
can create intelligent machines which can
behave like a human, think like humans, and
able to make decisions."

69.  Artificial Intelligence exists when a machine can
have human based skills such as learning,
reasoning, and solving problems

70.  With Artificial Intelligence you do not need to
preprogram a machine to do some work,
despite that you can create a machine with
programmed algorithms which can work with
own intelligence, and that is the awesomeness
of A.I.

71. Why Artificial Intelligence?

72.  Before Learning about Artificial Intelligence, we
should know that what is the importance of A.I.
and why should we learn it. Following are some
main reasons to learn about A.I.:

73.  With the help of A.I., you can create such
software or devices which can solve real-world
problems very easily and with accuracy such as
health issues, marketing, traffic issues, etc.

74.  With the help of A.I., you can create your
personal virtual Assistant, such as Cortana,
Google Assistant, Siri, etc.

75.  With the help of A.I., you can build such Robots
which can work in an environment where
survival of humans can be at risk.

76.  A.I. opens a path for other new technologies,
new devices, and new Opportunities.

77. Following are the main goals of Artificial
Intelligence:
 Replicate human intelligence
 Solve Knowledge-intensive tasks
 An intelligent connection of perception and
action

78. Following are the main goals of Artificial
Intelligence:
 Building a machine which can perform tasks that requires
human intelligence such as:
 Proving a theorem
 Playing chess
 Plan some surgical operation
 Driving a car in traffic

79. Following are the main goals of Artificial
Intelligence:
 Creating some system which can exhibit
intelligent behavior, learn new things by itself,
demonstrate, explain, and can advise to its user.

80. What Comprises to
Artificial Intelligence?

81.  Artificial Intelligence is not just a part of computer
science even it's so vast and requires lots of other
factors which can contribute to it. To create the A.I.
first we should know that how intelligence is
composed, so the Intelligence is an intangible part
of our brain which is a combination of Reasoning,
learning, problem-solving perception, language
understanding, etc.

82.  To achieve the above factors for a machine or
software Artificial Intelligence requires the
following discipline:
 Mathematics
 Biology
 Psychology

83.  To achieve the above factors for a machine or
software Artificial Intelligence requires the
following discipline:
 Sociology
 Computer Science
 Neurons Study
 Statistics

85. What is the impact of
Artificial Intelligence in
todays era?

86. Assignment
 Advantages of Artificial Intelligence
 Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence