Security Audits of Electronic Health Information (Updated)
Editor's note: This update supplants the November 2003 practice brief "Security Audits (Updated)."
Introducing the AHIMA Compendium http://compendium.ahima.org
Throughout this brief, sentences marked with the † symbol indicate AHIMA best practices in health information management. These practices are collected in the new AHIMA Compendium, offering health information management professionals "just in time" guidance as they research and address practice challenges.
In a perfect world, access controls alone would ensure the privacy of electronic protected health information (ePHI). However, the complexities of the healthcare environment today make it extremely challenging to limit worker access to the minimum information necessary to do their jobs.
For example, many jobs in smaller organizations and community-based hospitals require workers perform multiple functions. Without access to at least select portions of every patient's health record, some employees' effectiveness could be significantly inhibited and patient care could be compromised.
Organizations must develop security audits and related policies and procedures to hold workers accountable for their actions while utilizing ePHI and an electronic health record (EHR).
Security audits are conducted using audit trails and audit logs that offer a back-end view of system use. Audit trails and logs record key activities, showing system threads of access, changes, and transactions. Periodic reviews of audit logs may be useful for:
· Detecting unauthorized access to patient information
· Establishing a culture of responsibility and accountability
· Reducing the risk associated with inappropriate accesses (behavior may be altered when individuals know they are being monitored)
· Providing forensic evidence during investigations of suspected and known security incidents and breaches to patient privacy, especially if sanctions against a workforce member, business associate, or other contracted agent will be applied
· Tracking disclosures of PHI
· Responding to patient privacy concerns regarding unauthorized access by family members, friends, or others
· Evaluating the overall effectiveness of policy and user education regarding appropriate access and use of patient information (comparing actual worker activity to expected activity and discovering where additional training or education may be necessary to reduce errors)
· Detecting new threats and intrusion attempts
· Identifying potential problems
· Addressing compliance with regulatory and accreditation requirements
This practice brief identifies and defines the components necessary for a successful security audit strategy. It also outlines considerations for legal and regulatory requirements, how to evaluate and retain audit logs, and the overall audit process.
Legal and Regulatory Requirements
Many regulatory requirements drive how and why security audits are conducted. .
To meet the requirements for lab 10 you were to perform Part 1, STakishaPeck109
To meet the requirements for lab 10 you were to perform: Part 1, Step 2: evaluate the policy document against the summarized NIST best practices, identify by number which, if any, of the eight best practices the policy satisfies, and for each practice that you identify, provide a reference to the statement in the policy that aligns with that best practice; Part 1 Step 3: suggest how you would revise the policy to directly align with the standards and provide specific statements that you would add/modify in the policy; Part 1, Step 4: describe whether the policy document is best titled as a policy or whether it would be better described using another element of the policy framework. Part 2, Step 3: describe the process that the Center uses to ensure that its standards represent the consensus of the cybersecurity community; Part 2, Step 5: identify the section of the recommendations that achieves this goal; Part 2, Step 7: for each of the five best practices in the previous step, classify the practice as: satisfied (indicate recommendation number that achieves the best practice), violated (indicate recommendation number that violates the best practice) or not addressed.
Unfortunately it looks like you were off target for this assignment; you needed to:
Part 1, Step 2: identify by number the best practices (given in the lab) that are satisfied by the policy - partial credit given;
Part 1 Step 3: provide specific statements on how you would revise the policy; you needed to align your statements with the best practices (e.g. Best Practice 2: add to Section 4.2) - partial credit given;
Part 1, Step 4: describe whether the policy document is best titled as a policy or whether it would be better described using another element of the policy framework; this "policy" is better described as a standard (see technical implementation details);
Part 2, Step 3: describe the process that the Center uses to ensure its standards represent the consensus of the cybersecurity community; see the Consensus Guidance portion of the document - partial credit given;
Part 2, Step 5: identify the section of the recommendations that achieves the goal of Step 3 - partial credit given;
Part 2, Step 7: classify the five best practices; indicate the recommendation number for each - partial credit given.
Applying the Security Policy Framework to an Access Control Environment (3e)
Access Control and Identity Management, Third Edition - Lab 10
Student: Email:
HARSHAVARDHAN POCHARAM [email protected]
Time on Task: Progress:
100%
Report Generated: Sunday, June 20, 2021 at 9:45 AM
Guided Exercises
Part 1: Evaluate a Security Policy
2. Evaluate the policy document against the NIST best practices summarized above. Identify by
number which, if any, of the eight best practices the policy satisfies. For each practice that you
identify, provide a reference to the statement in the policy that aligns with that best practice.
In line with relevant policy, the information s ...
go to www.compliancy-group.com/webinar to join our webinars
or go to http://compliancy-group.com/past-webinars/ to download these and other past webinar slides!
Running head AUDITING INFORMATION SYSTEMS PROCESS .docxjoellemurphey
Running head: AUDITING INFORMATION SYSTEMS PROCESS
1
AUDITING INFORMATION SYSTEMS PROCESS 2
Auditing information systems process
Student’s Name
University Affiliation
Process of Auditing information systems
Information system is the livelihood of every huge company. As it has been in the past years, computer systems don’t simply document transactions of business, rather essentially compel the main business procedures of the venture. In this kind of a situation, superior administration and company managers usually have worries concerning an information system. assessment is a methodical process in which a proficient, autonomous person impartially gets and assesses proof concerning affirmations about a financial unit or occasion with the intent to outline an outlook about and giving feedback on the extent in which the contention matches an acknowledged standards set. information systems auditing refers to the administration controls assessment inside the communications of Information Technology. The obtained proof valuation is used to decide if systems of information are defensive assets, maintenance reliability of data, and also if they are efficiently operating in order to attain organization’s goals or objectives (Hoelzer, 2009).
Auditing of Information Systems has become an essential part of business organization in both large and small business environments. This paper examines the preliminary points for carrying out and Information system audit and some of the, techniques, tools, guidelines and standards that can be employed to build, manage, and examine the review function. The Certified Information Systems Auditor (CISA) qualifications is recognized worldwide as a standard of accomplishment for those who assess, monitor, control and audit the information technology of an organization and business systems. Information Systems experts with a concern in information systems security, control and audit. At least five years of specialized information systems security, auditing and control work practice is necessary for certification. An audit contract should be present to evidently state the responsibility of the management, purpose for, in addition to designation of power to audit of Information System . The audit contract should also summarize the general right, responsibilities and scope of the purpose of audit. The uppermost level of management should endorse the contract and on one occasion it is set up, this contract is supposed to be distorted merely if the amendment is and might be meticulously defensible.
The process of auditing information systems involves;-
Audit Function Management; this process includes assessment which is systematic of policies and methods of management of the organization in managemen ...
· Processed on 09-Dec-2014 901 PM CST · ID 488406360 · Word .docxLynellBull52
· Processed on 09-Dec-2014 9:01 PM CST
· ID: 488406360
· Word Count: 1969
Similarity Index
47%
Similarity by Source
Internet Sources:
46%
Publications:
2%
Student Papers:
N/A
sources:
1
30% match (Internet from 27-Mar-2009)
http://www.isaca.org/Content/ContentGroups/Journal1/20023/The_IS_Audit_Process.htm
2
13% match (Internet from 29-Mar-2011)
http://www.scribd.com/doc/36655995/Chapter-1-the-Information-System-Audit-Process
3
2% match (publications)
Athula Ginige. "Web site auditing", Proceedings of the 14th international conference on Software engineering and knowledge engineering - SEKE 02 SEKE 02, 2002
4
1% match (Internet from 26-Feb-2012)
http://www.dc.fi.udc.es/~parapar/files/ai/The_IS_Audit_Process_isaca_sayana.pdf
5
1% match (Internet from 01-Apr-2009)
http://www.idkk.gov.tr/web/guest/it_audit_manual_isaca
paper text:
Running head: AUDITING INFORMATION SYSTEMS PROCESS Auditing information systems process Student’s Name University Affiliation Auditing information systems 2process Information systems are the livelihood of any huge business. As in past years, computer systems do not simply record transactions of business, but essentially drive the main business procedures of the enterprise. In such a situation, superior management and business managers do have worries concerning information systems. Auditing is a methodical process by which a proficient, independent person impartially obtains and assesses evidence concerning assertions about a financial entity or occasion for the reason of outlining an outlook about and reporting on the extent to which the contention matches to an acknowledged set of standards. Auditing of information systems is the administration controls assessment inside the communications of Information Technology. The obtained proof valuation is used to decide if systems of information are defensive assets, maintenance reliability of data, and also if they are efficiently operating in order to attain organization’s goals or objectives (Hoelzer, 2009). Auditing of Information Systems has become an essential part of business organization in both large and small business environments. This paper examines the preliminary points for carrying out and Information system audit and some of the, techniques, tools, guidelines and standards that can be employed to build, manage, and examine the review function. The Certified Information Systems Auditor (CISA) qualifications is recognized worldwide as a standard of accomplishment for those who assess, monitor, control and audit the information technology of an organization and business systems. Information Systems experts with a concern in information systems security, control and audit. At least five years of specialized information systems security, auditing and control work practice is necessary for certification. An audit contract should be present to evidently state the responsibility of the management, 2objectives for, and designation of authority to Information .
CONTROL & AUDIT INFORMATION SYSTEM (HALL, 2015)Muhammad Azmy
Materi Perkuliahan Control and Auditing Information System in Uin Suska Riau.
About Fundamental and Theory Control and Audit. Where this Slide just Theory, not spesific because it just job from teacher in the class.
To meet the requirements for lab 10 you were to perform Part 1, STakishaPeck109
To meet the requirements for lab 10 you were to perform: Part 1, Step 2: evaluate the policy document against the summarized NIST best practices, identify by number which, if any, of the eight best practices the policy satisfies, and for each practice that you identify, provide a reference to the statement in the policy that aligns with that best practice; Part 1 Step 3: suggest how you would revise the policy to directly align with the standards and provide specific statements that you would add/modify in the policy; Part 1, Step 4: describe whether the policy document is best titled as a policy or whether it would be better described using another element of the policy framework. Part 2, Step 3: describe the process that the Center uses to ensure that its standards represent the consensus of the cybersecurity community; Part 2, Step 5: identify the section of the recommendations that achieves this goal; Part 2, Step 7: for each of the five best practices in the previous step, classify the practice as: satisfied (indicate recommendation number that achieves the best practice), violated (indicate recommendation number that violates the best practice) or not addressed.
Unfortunately it looks like you were off target for this assignment; you needed to:
Part 1, Step 2: identify by number the best practices (given in the lab) that are satisfied by the policy - partial credit given;
Part 1 Step 3: provide specific statements on how you would revise the policy; you needed to align your statements with the best practices (e.g. Best Practice 2: add to Section 4.2) - partial credit given;
Part 1, Step 4: describe whether the policy document is best titled as a policy or whether it would be better described using another element of the policy framework; this "policy" is better described as a standard (see technical implementation details);
Part 2, Step 3: describe the process that the Center uses to ensure its standards represent the consensus of the cybersecurity community; see the Consensus Guidance portion of the document - partial credit given;
Part 2, Step 5: identify the section of the recommendations that achieves the goal of Step 3 - partial credit given;
Part 2, Step 7: classify the five best practices; indicate the recommendation number for each - partial credit given.
Applying the Security Policy Framework to an Access Control Environment (3e)
Access Control and Identity Management, Third Edition - Lab 10
Student: Email:
HARSHAVARDHAN POCHARAM [email protected]
Time on Task: Progress:
100%
Report Generated: Sunday, June 20, 2021 at 9:45 AM
Guided Exercises
Part 1: Evaluate a Security Policy
2. Evaluate the policy document against the NIST best practices summarized above. Identify by
number which, if any, of the eight best practices the policy satisfies. For each practice that you
identify, provide a reference to the statement in the policy that aligns with that best practice.
In line with relevant policy, the information s ...
go to www.compliancy-group.com/webinar to join our webinars
or go to http://compliancy-group.com/past-webinars/ to download these and other past webinar slides!
Running head AUDITING INFORMATION SYSTEMS PROCESS .docxjoellemurphey
Running head: AUDITING INFORMATION SYSTEMS PROCESS
1
AUDITING INFORMATION SYSTEMS PROCESS 2
Auditing information systems process
Student’s Name
University Affiliation
Process of Auditing information systems
Information system is the livelihood of every huge company. As it has been in the past years, computer systems don’t simply document transactions of business, rather essentially compel the main business procedures of the venture. In this kind of a situation, superior administration and company managers usually have worries concerning an information system. assessment is a methodical process in which a proficient, autonomous person impartially gets and assesses proof concerning affirmations about a financial unit or occasion with the intent to outline an outlook about and giving feedback on the extent in which the contention matches an acknowledged standards set. information systems auditing refers to the administration controls assessment inside the communications of Information Technology. The obtained proof valuation is used to decide if systems of information are defensive assets, maintenance reliability of data, and also if they are efficiently operating in order to attain organization’s goals or objectives (Hoelzer, 2009).
Auditing of Information Systems has become an essential part of business organization in both large and small business environments. This paper examines the preliminary points for carrying out and Information system audit and some of the, techniques, tools, guidelines and standards that can be employed to build, manage, and examine the review function. The Certified Information Systems Auditor (CISA) qualifications is recognized worldwide as a standard of accomplishment for those who assess, monitor, control and audit the information technology of an organization and business systems. Information Systems experts with a concern in information systems security, control and audit. At least five years of specialized information systems security, auditing and control work practice is necessary for certification. An audit contract should be present to evidently state the responsibility of the management, purpose for, in addition to designation of power to audit of Information System . The audit contract should also summarize the general right, responsibilities and scope of the purpose of audit. The uppermost level of management should endorse the contract and on one occasion it is set up, this contract is supposed to be distorted merely if the amendment is and might be meticulously defensible.
The process of auditing information systems involves;-
Audit Function Management; this process includes assessment which is systematic of policies and methods of management of the organization in managemen ...
· Processed on 09-Dec-2014 901 PM CST · ID 488406360 · Word .docxLynellBull52
· Processed on 09-Dec-2014 9:01 PM CST
· ID: 488406360
· Word Count: 1969
Similarity Index
47%
Similarity by Source
Internet Sources:
46%
Publications:
2%
Student Papers:
N/A
sources:
1
30% match (Internet from 27-Mar-2009)
http://www.isaca.org/Content/ContentGroups/Journal1/20023/The_IS_Audit_Process.htm
2
13% match (Internet from 29-Mar-2011)
http://www.scribd.com/doc/36655995/Chapter-1-the-Information-System-Audit-Process
3
2% match (publications)
Athula Ginige. "Web site auditing", Proceedings of the 14th international conference on Software engineering and knowledge engineering - SEKE 02 SEKE 02, 2002
4
1% match (Internet from 26-Feb-2012)
http://www.dc.fi.udc.es/~parapar/files/ai/The_IS_Audit_Process_isaca_sayana.pdf
5
1% match (Internet from 01-Apr-2009)
http://www.idkk.gov.tr/web/guest/it_audit_manual_isaca
paper text:
Running head: AUDITING INFORMATION SYSTEMS PROCESS Auditing information systems process Student’s Name University Affiliation Auditing information systems 2process Information systems are the livelihood of any huge business. As in past years, computer systems do not simply record transactions of business, but essentially drive the main business procedures of the enterprise. In such a situation, superior management and business managers do have worries concerning information systems. Auditing is a methodical process by which a proficient, independent person impartially obtains and assesses evidence concerning assertions about a financial entity or occasion for the reason of outlining an outlook about and reporting on the extent to which the contention matches to an acknowledged set of standards. Auditing of information systems is the administration controls assessment inside the communications of Information Technology. The obtained proof valuation is used to decide if systems of information are defensive assets, maintenance reliability of data, and also if they are efficiently operating in order to attain organization’s goals or objectives (Hoelzer, 2009). Auditing of Information Systems has become an essential part of business organization in both large and small business environments. This paper examines the preliminary points for carrying out and Information system audit and some of the, techniques, tools, guidelines and standards that can be employed to build, manage, and examine the review function. The Certified Information Systems Auditor (CISA) qualifications is recognized worldwide as a standard of accomplishment for those who assess, monitor, control and audit the information technology of an organization and business systems. Information Systems experts with a concern in information systems security, control and audit. At least five years of specialized information systems security, auditing and control work practice is necessary for certification. An audit contract should be present to evidently state the responsibility of the management, 2objectives for, and designation of authority to Information .
CONTROL & AUDIT INFORMATION SYSTEM (HALL, 2015)Muhammad Azmy
Materi Perkuliahan Control and Auditing Information System in Uin Suska Riau.
About Fundamental and Theory Control and Audit. Where this Slide just Theory, not spesific because it just job from teacher in the class.
Six Keys to Securing Critical Infrastructure and NERC ComplianceLumension
With the computer systems and networks of electric, natural gas, and water distribution systems now connected to the Internet, the nation’s critical infrastructure is more vulnerable to attack. A recent Wall Street Journal article stated that many utility IT environments have already been breached by spies, terrorists, and hostile countries, often leaving bits of code behind that could be used against critical infrastructure during times of hostility. The U.S. Cyber Consequence Unit declared that the cost of such an attack could be substantial: “It is estimated that the destruction from a single wave of cyber attacks on U.S. critical infrastructures could exceed $700 billion USD - the equivalent of 50 major hurricanes hitting U.S. soil at once.”
Vulnerability and exposure of utilities’ critical infrastructures originate from the Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) and Distribution Automation (DA) systems that communicate and control devices on utility grids and distribution systems. Many of these systems have been in operation for years (sometimes for decades), and are not designed with security in mind. Regulatory bodies have recognized the many security issues to critical infrastructure and have begun to establish and enforce requirements in an attempt to shore up potential exposures. One such regulation is NERC CIP, which includes eight reliability standards consisting of 160 requirements for electric and power companies to address. And as of July 1, 2010, these companies must be “auditably compliant” or else they risk getting slapped with a $1 million per day, per CIP violation.
In this roundtable discussion, we will highlight:
• The security challenges facing utilities today
• The six critical elements to achieving economical NERC CIP compliance
• How utilities can secure critical infrastructure in today’s networked environment
Systems Audit is another area of Assurance for an Assurance professional. Auditing a Computer Environment is just as important as auditing the books of accounts.
Hence it is important for a Chartered Accountant to provide sufficient assurance to the stakeholders having interest, that the internal controls deployed in the IT Environment as well as in the Non IT Environment operate effectively.
This article gives an approach for conducting an IS Audit.
CISA Domain 1 The Process On AUDITING INFORMATION SYSTEMSShivamSharma909
ISACA IS Audit and Assurance Standards, Guidelines, and Tools & Techniques, Code of Professional Ethics & other applicable standard.
https://www.infosectrain.com/blog/cisa-domain-1-part-3-the-process-on-auditing-information-systems/
The Use of Spreadsheets: As it relates to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.gueste080564
The use of spreadsheets in financial reporting and operational processes, is a key tool for some corporations, and is an integral part of the information and decision-making framework.
The Use of Spreadsheets: As it relates to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.renetta
The use of spreadsheets in financial reporting and operational processes, is a key tool for some corporations, and is an integral part of the information and decision-making framework.
Technology Controls in Business - End User Computingguestc1bca2
The Use of Spreadsheets: As it relates to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.
The use of spreadsheets in financial reporting and operational processes, is a key tool for some corporations, and is an integral part of the information and decision-making framework.
Presentations that briefly covers HIPAA and concentrates of the Risk Assessment portion which is a requirement for overall compliance and meaningful use.
Information systems and its components iiAshish Desai
This study note helps to identify the concept of Control, Policies, Procedure and Practise apply inside the InformationSystem. Also, explain the types of control with the detailed description.
This is specially design for the students of IPCC Group 2 (ICAI)
A Monitor System in Data Redundancy in Information Systemijsrd.com
The structure of a few of the Information Assurance (IA) processes currently being used in the United States government. In this paper, the general structure of the processes that are uncovered and used to create a Continuous Monitoring Process that can be used to create a tool to incorporate any process of similar structure. The paper defines a concept of continuous monitoring that attempts to create a process from the similar structure of several existing IA processes. The specific documents and procedures that differ among the processes can be incorporated to reuse scan results and manual checks that have already been conducted on an IS A proof-of-concept application is drafted to demonstrate the main aspects of the proposed tool. The possibilities and implications of the proof-of-concept application are explored, to develop a fully functional and automated version of the proposed Continuous Monitoring tool.
PECB Webinar: The concepts and components of a Health and Safety Management S...PECB
The webinar covers:
• Developments in Health and Safety Management including the development of OHSAS18001 based Management System
• Usage of OHSAS 18001 in a working environment
• Main concepts of an Health and Safety Management System
Presenter:
This webinar was presented by PECB Certified Trainer Raza Shah, who is a senior consultant, trainer and coach in Occupational Health and Safety.
Link of the recorded session published on YouTube: https://youtu.be/B7u_01BV9Gg
Issues Identify at least seven issues you see in the case1..docxbagotjesusa
Issues: Identify at least seven issues you see in the case
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
What is the Key issue you see in the case: __________________________
What facts pertain to the case: Identify at least three important facts that pertain to the case
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
What assumptions do you plan to make in your analysis: None is an acceptable answer
1.
2.
3
What people and organizations may have an impact on the case: There should be at least five.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
You are writing the case from the perspective of which person or organization:______________
What tools of Analysis would you use in this case: You only need to identify them and explain what information each will give you that you feel is important.
Based upon the above information – provide three alternatives
Alternative 1 is the Status Quo or to do nothing different that the current situation.
Identify at least three arguments in favor and three against this approach
Pros
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Cons
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Alternative 2 ____________________________________________________
Identify at least three arguments in favor and three against this approach
Pros
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Cons
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Alternative 3 ______________________________________________
Identify at least three arguments in favor and three against this approach
Pros
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Cons
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Given the information above select your recommended alternative and explain why you feel it is the best alternative: This should take three to five paragraphs and be based upon the information presented in your case.
.
Issues and disagreements between management and employees lead.docxbagotjesusa
Issues and disagreements between management and employees lead to formation of labor unions. Over the decades, the role of labor unions has been interpreted in various ways by employees across the globe.
What are some of the reasons employees join labor unions?
Did you ever belong to a labor union? If you did, do you think union membership benefited you?
If you've never belonged to a union, do you think it would have benefited you in your current or past employment? Why or why not?
.
More Related Content
Similar to Security Audits of Electronic Health I.docx
Six Keys to Securing Critical Infrastructure and NERC ComplianceLumension
With the computer systems and networks of electric, natural gas, and water distribution systems now connected to the Internet, the nation’s critical infrastructure is more vulnerable to attack. A recent Wall Street Journal article stated that many utility IT environments have already been breached by spies, terrorists, and hostile countries, often leaving bits of code behind that could be used against critical infrastructure during times of hostility. The U.S. Cyber Consequence Unit declared that the cost of such an attack could be substantial: “It is estimated that the destruction from a single wave of cyber attacks on U.S. critical infrastructures could exceed $700 billion USD - the equivalent of 50 major hurricanes hitting U.S. soil at once.”
Vulnerability and exposure of utilities’ critical infrastructures originate from the Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) and Distribution Automation (DA) systems that communicate and control devices on utility grids and distribution systems. Many of these systems have been in operation for years (sometimes for decades), and are not designed with security in mind. Regulatory bodies have recognized the many security issues to critical infrastructure and have begun to establish and enforce requirements in an attempt to shore up potential exposures. One such regulation is NERC CIP, which includes eight reliability standards consisting of 160 requirements for electric and power companies to address. And as of July 1, 2010, these companies must be “auditably compliant” or else they risk getting slapped with a $1 million per day, per CIP violation.
In this roundtable discussion, we will highlight:
• The security challenges facing utilities today
• The six critical elements to achieving economical NERC CIP compliance
• How utilities can secure critical infrastructure in today’s networked environment
Systems Audit is another area of Assurance for an Assurance professional. Auditing a Computer Environment is just as important as auditing the books of accounts.
Hence it is important for a Chartered Accountant to provide sufficient assurance to the stakeholders having interest, that the internal controls deployed in the IT Environment as well as in the Non IT Environment operate effectively.
This article gives an approach for conducting an IS Audit.
CISA Domain 1 The Process On AUDITING INFORMATION SYSTEMSShivamSharma909
ISACA IS Audit and Assurance Standards, Guidelines, and Tools & Techniques, Code of Professional Ethics & other applicable standard.
https://www.infosectrain.com/blog/cisa-domain-1-part-3-the-process-on-auditing-information-systems/
The Use of Spreadsheets: As it relates to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.gueste080564
The use of spreadsheets in financial reporting and operational processes, is a key tool for some corporations, and is an integral part of the information and decision-making framework.
The Use of Spreadsheets: As it relates to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.renetta
The use of spreadsheets in financial reporting and operational processes, is a key tool for some corporations, and is an integral part of the information and decision-making framework.
Technology Controls in Business - End User Computingguestc1bca2
The Use of Spreadsheets: As it relates to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.
The use of spreadsheets in financial reporting and operational processes, is a key tool for some corporations, and is an integral part of the information and decision-making framework.
Presentations that briefly covers HIPAA and concentrates of the Risk Assessment portion which is a requirement for overall compliance and meaningful use.
Information systems and its components iiAshish Desai
This study note helps to identify the concept of Control, Policies, Procedure and Practise apply inside the InformationSystem. Also, explain the types of control with the detailed description.
This is specially design for the students of IPCC Group 2 (ICAI)
A Monitor System in Data Redundancy in Information Systemijsrd.com
The structure of a few of the Information Assurance (IA) processes currently being used in the United States government. In this paper, the general structure of the processes that are uncovered and used to create a Continuous Monitoring Process that can be used to create a tool to incorporate any process of similar structure. The paper defines a concept of continuous monitoring that attempts to create a process from the similar structure of several existing IA processes. The specific documents and procedures that differ among the processes can be incorporated to reuse scan results and manual checks that have already been conducted on an IS A proof-of-concept application is drafted to demonstrate the main aspects of the proposed tool. The possibilities and implications of the proof-of-concept application are explored, to develop a fully functional and automated version of the proposed Continuous Monitoring tool.
PECB Webinar: The concepts and components of a Health and Safety Management S...PECB
The webinar covers:
• Developments in Health and Safety Management including the development of OHSAS18001 based Management System
• Usage of OHSAS 18001 in a working environment
• Main concepts of an Health and Safety Management System
Presenter:
This webinar was presented by PECB Certified Trainer Raza Shah, who is a senior consultant, trainer and coach in Occupational Health and Safety.
Link of the recorded session published on YouTube: https://youtu.be/B7u_01BV9Gg
Similar to Security Audits of Electronic Health I.docx (20)
Issues Identify at least seven issues you see in the case1..docxbagotjesusa
Issues: Identify at least seven issues you see in the case
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
What is the Key issue you see in the case: __________________________
What facts pertain to the case: Identify at least three important facts that pertain to the case
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
What assumptions do you plan to make in your analysis: None is an acceptable answer
1.
2.
3
What people and organizations may have an impact on the case: There should be at least five.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
You are writing the case from the perspective of which person or organization:______________
What tools of Analysis would you use in this case: You only need to identify them and explain what information each will give you that you feel is important.
Based upon the above information – provide three alternatives
Alternative 1 is the Status Quo or to do nothing different that the current situation.
Identify at least three arguments in favor and three against this approach
Pros
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Cons
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Alternative 2 ____________________________________________________
Identify at least three arguments in favor and three against this approach
Pros
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Cons
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Alternative 3 ______________________________________________
Identify at least three arguments in favor and three against this approach
Pros
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Cons
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Given the information above select your recommended alternative and explain why you feel it is the best alternative: This should take three to five paragraphs and be based upon the information presented in your case.
.
Issues and disagreements between management and employees lead.docxbagotjesusa
Issues and disagreements between management and employees lead to formation of labor unions. Over the decades, the role of labor unions has been interpreted in various ways by employees across the globe.
What are some of the reasons employees join labor unions?
Did you ever belong to a labor union? If you did, do you think union membership benefited you?
If you've never belonged to a union, do you think it would have benefited you in your current or past employment? Why or why not?
.
ISSA Journal September 2008Article Title Article Author.docxbagotjesusa
ISSA Journal | September 2008Article Title | Article Author
1�1�
ISSA The Global Voice of Information Security
Extending the McCumber Cube
to Model Network Defense
By Sean M. Price – ISSA member Northern Virginia, USA chapter
This article proposes an extension to the McCumber
Cube information security model to determine the best
countermeasures to achieve a desired security goal.
Confidentiality, integrity, and availability are the se-curity services of a system. In other words they are the security goals of system defense, intangible at-
tributes� providing assurances for the information protected.
Each service is realized when the appropriate countermea-
sures for a given information state are in place. But, it is not
enough to select countermeasures ad hoc. Countermeasures
should be selected to defend a system and its information
against specific types of attacks. When attacks against partic-
ular information states are considered, the necessary coun-
termeasures can be selected to achieve the desired security
service or goal. This article proposes an extension to the Mc-
Cumber Cube information security model as a way for the
security practitioner to consider the best countermeasures to
achieve the desired security goal.
Security models
Models are useful tools to help understand complex topics. A
well-developed model can often be represented graphically,
allowing a deeper understanding of the relationships of the
components that make the whole. A formal security model
is broadly applicable and rigorously developed using formal
methods.2 In contrast, an informal model is considered lack-
ing one or both of these qualities. There are a variety of in-
formal models in the information security world which are
regularly used by security practitioners to understand basic
information and concepts.
� Security goals often lack explicit definitions and are difficult to quantify. They are
usually based on policies with broad interpretations and tend to be qualitative. It is
true that security goals emerge from the confluence of information states and coun-
termeasures which have measurable attributes. But, the subjective nature of security
goals combined with informal modeling characterizes their attributes as intangible.
2 P. T. Devanbu and S. Stubblebine, “Software Engineering for Security: A Roadmap,”
Proceedings of the Conference on The Future of Software Engineering (2000), 227-239.
One such informal model is the generally accepted risk as-
sessment framework. This model is used to assess risk by
estimating asset values, vulnerabilities, threats with their
likelihood of exploiting a vulnerability, and losses. Figure �
illustrates this model. Note that this commonly used model
requires a substantial amount of estimating on the part of
the risk assessment participants. This is problematic when
reliable estimates cannot be obtained. Another problem with
this model is that it does not guide th.
ISOL 536Security Architecture and DesignThreat Modeling.docxbagotjesusa
ISOL 536
Security Architecture and Design
Threat Modeling
Session 6a
“Processing Threats”
Agenda
• When to find threats
• Playing chess
• How to approach software
• Tracking threats and assumptions
• Customer/vendor
• The API threat model
• Reading: Chapter 7
When to Find Threats
• Start at the beginning of your project
– Create a model of what you’re building
– Do a first pass for threats
• Dig deep as you work through features
– Think about how threats apply to your mitigations
• Check your design & model matches as you
get close to shipping
Attackers Respond to Your Defenses
Playing Chess
• The ideal attacker will follow the road you
defend
– Ideal attackers are like spherical cows — they’re a
useful model for some things
• Real attackers will go around your defenses
• Your defenses need to be broad and deep
“Orders of Mitigation”
Order Threat Mitigation
1st Window smashing Reinforced glass
2nd Window smashing Alarm
3rd Cut alarm wire Heartbeat signal
4th Fake heartbeat Cryptographic signal integrity
By Example:
• Thus window smashing is a first order threat, cutting
alarm wire, a third-order threat
• Easy to get stuck arguing about orders
• Are both stronger glass & alarms 1st order
mitigations? (Who cares?!)
• Focus on the concept of interplay between
mitigations & further attacks
How to Approach Software
• Depth first
– The most fun and “instinctual”
– Keep following threats to see where they go
– Can be useful skill development, promoting “flow”
• Breadth first
– The most conservative use of time
• Best when time is limited
– Most likely to result in good coverage
Tracking Threats and Assumptions
• There are an infinite number of ways to
structure this
• Use the one that works reliably for you
• (Hope doesn’t work reliably)
Example Threat Tracking Tables
Diagram Element Threat Type Threat Bug ID
Data flow #4, web
server to business
logic
Tampering Add orders without
payment checks
4553 “Need
integrity controls on
channel”
Info disclosure Payment
instruments sent in
clear
4554 “need crypto”
#PCI
Threat Type Diagram Element(s) Threat Bug ID
Tampering Web browser Attacker modifies
our JavaScript order
checking
4556 “Add order-
checking logic to
server”
Data flow #2 from
browser to server
Failure to
authenticate
4557 “Add enforce
HTTPS everywhere”
Both are fine, help you iterate over diagrams in different ways
Example Assumption Tracking
Assumption Impact if it’s
wrong
Who to talk
to
Who’s
following up
Follow-up
by date
Bug #
It’s ok to
ignore
denial of
service
within the
data center
Availability
will be
below spec
Alice Bob April 15 4555
• Impact is sometimes so obvious it’s not worth filling out
• Who to talk to is not always obvious, it’s ok to start out blank
• Tracking assumptions in bugs helps you not lose track
• Treat the assumption as a bug – you need to resolve it
The Customer/Vendor Boundary
• There is always.
ISOL 533 Project Part 1OverviewWrite paper in sections.docxbagotjesusa
ISOL 533 Project Part 1
Overview
Write paper in sections
Understand the company
Find similar situations
Research and apply possible solutions
Research and find other issues
Health network inc
You are an Information Technology (IT) intern
Health Network Inc.
Headquartered in Minneapolis, Minnesota
Two other locations
Portland Oregon
Arlington Virginia
Over 600 employees
$500 million USD annual revenue
Data centers
Each location is near a data center
Managed by a third-party vendor
Production centers located at the data centers
Health network’s Three products
HNetExchange
Handles secure electronic medical messages between
Large customers such as hospitals and
Small customers such as clinics
HNetPay
Web Portal to support secure payments
Accepts various payment methods
HNetConnect
Allows customers to find Doctors
Contains profiles of doctors, clinics and patients
Health networks IT network
Three corporate data centers
Over 1000 data severs
650 corporate laptops
Other mobile devices
Management request
Current risk assessment outdated
Your assignment is to create a new one
Additional threats may be found during re-evaluation
No budget has been set on the project
Threats identified
Loss of company data due to hardware being removed from production systems
Loss of company information on lost or stolen company-owned assets, such as mobile devices and laptops
Loss of customers due to production outages caused by various events, such as natural disasters, change management, unstable software, and so on
Internet threats due to company products being accessible on the Internet
Insider threats
Changes in regulatory landscape that may impact operations
Part 1 project assignment
Conduct a risk assessment based on the information from this presentation
Write a 5-page paper properly APA formatted
Your paper should include
The Scope of the risk assessment i.e. assets, people, processes, and technologies
Tools used to conduct the risk assessment
Risk assessment findings
Business Impact Analysis
.
Is the United States of America a democracyDetailed Outline.docxbagotjesusa
Is the United States of America a democracy?
Detailed Outline:
-Introduction (2-3 Paragraphs):
Define and discuss the criteria for democracy.
What does a country need to be democratic?
-Thesis Statement (1 Paragraph):
Clearly state whether or not you think America is a democracy. Briefly preview the three pieces of evidence you are going to use. Your thesis statement is your argument. It must be clear and strongly stated so I know what you are arguing.
-Supporting Evidence 1 (1-3 Paragraphs)
Using Freedom House’s 2021 (2020 if 21 is not available)analysis of the U.S., support your argument regarding democracy in the U.S analysis of the U.S., support your argument regarding democracy in the U.S.
Supporting Evidence 2 (1-3 Paragraphs)
Choose a news article and explain the event covered in the article and how it
supports your argument.
Supporting Evidence 3 (1-3 Paragraphs)
Choose another news article
-Conclusion (1-2 Paragraphs)
Summarize your supporting evidence and how it supports your overall argument. This should include a brief discussion about how the other argument could be right
Citations: You will need outside sources for this paper. All sources must be properly cited. This means that the sources need to be parenthetically cited in the text of the paper and need to be included in a bibliography page. You are not allowed to use any user edit web sites (Wikipedia, Yahoo Answers, Ask.com, etc.) or social media as sources
4-5 papers
.
Islamic Profession of Faith (There is no God but God and Muhammad is.docxbagotjesusa
Islamic Profession of Faith (There is no God but God and Muhammad is his prophet.)
1. [contextualize] How are they a reflection of the time and culture which produced them?
2. [evaluate] What were the implications of these beliefs and values during the Middle Ages?
3. [compare] How do the beliefs and values of these cultures compare to your own?
.
IS-365 Writing Rubric Last updated January 15, 2018 .docxbagotjesusa
IS-365 Writing Rubric
Last updated: January 15, 2018
Student:
Score (out of 50):
General Comments:
Other comments are embedded in the document.
Criterion <- Higher - Quality - Lower ->
Persuasiveness The reader is
compelled by solid
critical reasoning,
appropriate usage of
sources, and
consideration of
alternative
viewpoints.
The document is
logical and coherent
enough that the
reader can accept its
points and
conclusions
Gaps in logic and
uncritical review of
sources cause the
reader to have some
doubts about the
points made by the
document, or
whether they’re
relevant to the
question asked.
The reader is unsure
of what the document
is trying to
communicate, or is
wholly unconvinced
by its arguments
Not
applicable
Evidence and support Exceptional use of
authoritative and
relevant sources,
properly cited,
providing strong
support of the
document’s points
Sufficient relevant
and authoritative
sources give
confidence that the
document is based
on adequate
research
Sources are
insufficient in
number, not
authoritative, not
relevant, or
improperly cited
No sources are used,
undermining the
document’s
foundations
Not
applicable
Writing Word choices, flow
of logic, and
sentence and
paragraph structure
engage the reader,
making for a
pleasurable
experience
Writing is clear and
adequately fulfills
the document’s
purpose
Some issues with
word choice and
sentence and
paragraph structure
interfere with the
conveyance of the
document’s ideas
Frequent questionable
choices in writing
make it difficult to
read and understand
Not
applicable
Language Essentially free of
language errors
Minor errors in
grammar,
punctuation, or
spelling
Noticeable language
errors that detract
from the readability
of the document
Significant language
errors that call the
credibility of the
document into
question
Not
applicable
Formatting (heading
styles, fonts, margins,
white space, tables
and graphics)
Professional and
consistent formatting
that enhances
readability.
Appropriate use of
tables and graphics.
Generally acceptable
formatting choices.
Some missed
opportunities for
displaying data via
tables or graphics.
Inconsistent or
questionable
formatting choices
that detract from the
document’s
readability
Critical formatting
issues that make the
document
unprofessional-
looking
Not
applicable
Page 1
Page 1
Page 2
(Name deleted)
IS-365
Art Fifer
2/17/2017
Technical Documents for Varying Audiences
In this paper, I’ll be exploring the differences in presenting technical communications to audiences of varying knowledge. The topic of these two general summaries will be the manner in which computers connect to each other, including summaries of several communication protocols, how information traverses the network, and how it arrives at its destination and is read by th.
ISAS 600 – Database Project Phase III RubricAs the final ste.docxbagotjesusa
ISAS 600 – Database Project Phase III Rubric
As the final step to your proposed database, you submitted your Project Plan. This document should communicate how you intend to complete the project. Include timelines and resources required.
Area
Does not meet expectations
Meets expectations
Exceeds expectations
A. Analysis - how will you determine the needs of the database
Did not identify appropriate plan for analysis phase
Identified appropriate plan for analysis phase
Identified appropriate plan for analysis phase and included additional content
Design - what process will you use to design the database (tables, forms, queries, reports)
Did not sufficiently identify detail on the appropriate process for design phase
Identified appropriate process for design phase
Identified appropriate process for design phase and included additional detail
Prototype/End user feedback - Will you show users a prototype before building the system?
Did not sufficiently identify method for feedback and prototypes during building of the system
Identified method for feedback and prototypes during building of the system
Identified method for feedback and prototypes during building of the system and provided additional detail
Coding - what process will you use to build the database?
Did not sufficiently identify appropriate process for coding the database
Identified appropriate process for coding the database
Identified appropriate process for coding the database and provided additional detail.
Testing - How will you test it?
to build the database?
Did not sufficiently identify appropriate process for testing the database
Identified appropriate process for testing the database
Identified appropriate process for testing the database and provided additional detail.
User Acceptance - describe the final step of determining if you met the user's needs?
Did not sufficiently identify an appropriate process for User Acceptance phase - How to determine if the database meets user’s needs.
Identified appropriate process for User Acceptance phase - How to determine if the database meets user’s needs.
Identified appropriate process for User Acceptance phase - How to determine if the database meets user’s needs. Answer provided additional detail
Training - what is the plan for training end users?
Did not identify appropriate detail for training plan
Identified appropriate detail for training plan
Identified appropriate detail for a training plan and provided additional detail.
Project close out - what steps will you take to finalize the project?
Did not sufficiently identify appropriate steps for closing out the project
Identified appropriate steps for closing out the project
Identified appropriate steps for closing out the project and provided additional detail.
Entity Relationship Diagram1
ERD:
Normalization:
1NF:
For the 1st NF we will have to check the tables’ attributes, like there must not be any multivalued attribute, if there is any multivalued at.
Is teenage pregnancy a social problem How does this topic reflect.docxbagotjesusa
Is teenage pregnancy a social problem? How does this topic reflect the social construction of problems? How does social location impact if you view this as a social problem?
Explain why media representation of social problems is an important issue using the example of teenage pregnancy. What is an example of a problematic representation? Does this vary across race, ethnicity, religion, socioeconomic status and gender?
.
Is Texas so conservative- (at least for the time being)- as many pun.docxbagotjesusa
Is Texas so conservative- (at least for the time being)- as many pundits and observers claim? Or is that just an opinion not supported by analysis and facts? Not only does Texas vote Republican in many elections but has done so for many years. It is also the birthplace of the so-called Tea Party movement and of Ron Paul's campaigns for president. Texas also appears to espouse conservative approaches to government and to issues. You will need to define in a concrete and operational way what conservative means as conservative is more than voting behavior or party affiliation.
Texas is the 2nd largest state in population compared to California and.like California made up of many differing migrant and immigrant groups. Texas like California was also part of Northern Mexico. but Texas is very, very different from California in voting behavior and positions on social issues. Why? Texas and California are good comparisons or are they? Provide explanations of the differences and similarities in this ideological context
Texas was once "Democratic" but even that was not really the case in terms of either past or current Democratic ideals and goals but a historic reaction to the consequences of the civil war and the fact that Texas was on the losing side in that war and of the attempt to defend agrarian interests in the form of slavery.. Being Democratic from post civil war to the middle of the 20th century in part meant for decades being in favor of inequality for minorities and defenders in spirit, if not in fact, of slavery.net
So Texas was never "Democratic" and never a more liberal interpretation of reality but a reflection of conservative thought and a particular view of individualistic man.
Is Texas conservative and why? ( you will need a social, cultural, historical and economic analysis here
with supporting evidence)?
? Need much more than opinions here.
.
Irreplaceable Personal Objects and Cultural IdentityThink of .docxbagotjesusa
Irreplaceable: Personal Objects and Cultural Identity
Think of a
personal object
that is
irreplaceable
to you.
Please answer the following:
1. Describe the item and tell a brief story, memory, or ritual related to the item.
2. How does this possession influence your identity?
3. How does this item represent your cultural identity?
4. How is your selection of this item influenced by your identity and culture?
Instructions:
please answer all 4 questions accordingly. Each answer should have the question re-typed following the answer. A minimum of 500 words in all excluding the re-typed questions. No reference is needed.
.
IRB is an important step in research. State the required components .docxbagotjesusa
IRB is an important step in research. State the required components one should look for in a project to determine if IRB submission is needed. Discuss an example of a research study found in one of your literature review articles that needed IRB approval. Specifically, describe why IRB approval was needed in this instance.
.
irem.org/jpm | jpm® | 47
AND
REWARD
RISK
>>
BY KRISTIN GUNDERSON HUNT
THE FIGHT TO FILL VACANT COMMERCIAL REAL ESTATE SPACE IN RECENT YEARS
HAS FORCED REAL ESTATE OWNERS AND MANAGERS TO CONSIDER NEW USES
FOR THEIR PROPERTIES—EVEN IF THEY REQUIRE TAKING ADDITIONAL RISKS.
especially vacancies,” said Janice
Ochenkowski, managing director
for Jones Lang LaSalle and the com-
mercial real estate firm’s director of
global risk management in Chicago.
“But property owners and manag-
ers have been very creative in how
to use their existing facilities.”
Traditional retail stores have been
transformed into everything from
medical office space and churches
to fitness centers and breweries. In
addition, special events and pop-
up stores are more commonplace;
traditional office spaces have been
converted to daycare centers; in-
dustrial warehouses are being used
as practice facilities for youth base-
ball teams; and the list goes on.
“From a risk management per-
spective, these new uses can bring
new challenges,” Ochenkowski said.
“However, it is the primary goal
of the risk manager to support the
business, which means we need to
be more creative in the way we deal
with these risks.”
DOESN’T MEAN YOU HAVE TO WALK AWAY.”–JANICE OCHENKOWSKI, JONES
LANG LASAL
LE
DO THE ASSESSMENT HONESTLY. JUST BECAUSE THERE IS A HI
GHER RISK
“DON’T BE AFRAID TO THINK ABOUT WHAT THE RISKS ARE.
the tough economy has resulted in a lot of challenges—“
DUE DILIGENCE
The risks associated with new-use tenants are as varied as the tenants them-
selves.
First and foremost, certain tenants could present additional life safety
risks, said Jeffrey Shearman, a Pittsburgh-based senior risk engineering con-
sultant and real estate industry practice leader for commercial insurance
provider, Zurich.
For example, restaurant tenants create increased exposure to fire; church
and/or educational institutions might spur egress concerns because they en-
courage large gatherings in spaces formerly used for different occupancy;
and hazardous waste can be a risk with some medical tenants.
“You have to recognize that certain types of work are going to create cer-
tain types of hazards,” Shearman said.
Beyond life safety risks, certain tenants might be more susceptible than
previous tenants to codes and regulations imposed by state or federal laws,
such as licensing regulations for daycares or American Disabilities Act re-
quirements for medical tenants, said Pat Pollan, CPM, principal at Pollan
Hausman Real Estate Services in Houston.
New-use tenant risks don’t stop there: financial risks also exist. Replac-
ing a unique tenant with a similar occupant after the lease expires can be
difficult—a particular concern if a lot of money was spent customizing the
space for an alternative use.
“It’s not just the risk of liability, it’s the risk of the tenant going out of busi-
ness and losing any money you put into the tenant, or its space, .
IoT References:
https://www.techrepublic.com/article/how-to-secure-your-iot-devices-from-botnets-and-other-threats/
https://www.peerbits.com/blog/biggest-iot-security-challenges.html
https://www.bankinfosecurity.asia/securing-iot-devices-challenges-a-11138
https://www.sumologic.com/blog/iot-security/
https://news.ihsmarkit.com/press-release/number-connected-iot-devices-will-surge-125-billion-2030-ihs-markit-says
https://cdn.ihs.com/www/pdf/IoT_ebook.pdf
https://go.armis.com/hubfs/Buyers%E2%80%99%20Guide%20to%20IoT%20Security%20-Final.pdf
https://www.techrepublic.com/article/smart-farming-how-iot-robotics-and-ai-are-tackling-one-of-the-biggest-problems-of-the-century/
Video Resources:What is the Internet of Things (IoT) and how can we secure it?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H_X6IP1-NDc
What is the problem with IoT security? - Gary explains
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D3yrk4TaIQQ
Classmate 1
The Rise of the Republican Party
The Republican Party was formed due to a split in the Whig Party. The anti-slavery
“Conscience Whigs” split from the pro-slavery “Cotton Whigs”. Some anti-slavery Whigs joined
the American “Know-Nothing” Party, while the remainder joined with independent Democrats
and Free-Soilers to form a new party, the Republicans. The initial members stood for one
principle: the exclusion of slavery from the western territories (Shi, p. 462). Knowing the
Republicans ideology, we will look at how the events leading up to the Kansas-Nebraska Act led
to greater political division that eventually caused the formation of the Republican Party and it’s
rise to the presidency in 1860.
In the 1850’s, America was becoming increasingly divided between those for and against
slavery. The Compromise of 1850 had temporarily appeased both sides by admitting California
as a free state, allowing no slavery restrictions in New Mexico and Utah, paying Texas,
abolishing slave trade but no slavery in the District of Columbia, establishing the Fugitive Slave
Act, and denying congress authority to interfere with interstate slave trade (Shi, p. 457). This
Fugitive Slave Act was highly contested, although very few slaves were returned to the south
under this Act. In fact, it ended up uniting anti-slavery people, more than aiding the South. It was
during this time that Uncle Tom’s Cabin was written, selling more than a million copies
worldwide and detailing the harsh brutality of slavery (Shi, p. 460-461).
In the mid-1850’s, the Kansas-Nebraska Act was passed. The main reason for it was to the
settle the vast territory west of Missouri and Iowa, and to create a transcontinental railroad to
capitalize on Asian markets and goods. New territories brought up questions of whether slavery
would be allowed, with many supporting “popular sovereignty” where voters chose whether they
would have slavery or not. The issue here was that the 1820 Missouri Compromise had said there
would be no new slaver.
In two paragraphs, respond to the prompt below. Journal entries .docxbagotjesusa
In two paragraphs, respond to the prompt below. Journal entries must contain proper grammar, spelling and capitalization.
Consider the communication pattern within your family of origin. How does your family's conversation orientation (how open your family is to discuss a range of topics) and conformity orientation (how strongly your family reinforces the uniformity of attitudes, values and beliefs) affect your interactions with your partner? If you don't think there is any effect, explain your reasoning.
.
Investigative Statement AnalysisInitial statement given by Ted K.docxbagotjesusa
Investigative Statement Analysis
Initial statement given by Ted Kennedy in reference to the accident that occurred on July 18, 1969 in Chappaquiddick, Massachusetts.
Date:
October 30, 2007
Analyst Comments:
Narrative Balance: The Prologue begins with sentence #1 and ends with sentence #3. The Central Issue begins with sentence #4 and ends with sentence #9. The Epilogue begins with sentence #10 and ends with sentence #14. Thus the breakdown is:
Prologue = 3 sentences
Central Issue = 6 sentences
Epilogue = 5 sentences
The narrative is somewhat unbalanced due to the short Prologue and thus can be considered to be possibly deceptive on its face. It is not unbalanced enough to say this conclusively.
Mean Length of Unit:
The narrative has 14 sentences and 237 words, thus giving a MLU of 16.9 rounded to 17. Thus any sentences 23 words or longer and any sentences 11 words or less can be considered deceptive on their face.
Structure of Analysis:
The actual sentences from the narrative are in bold italicized type. After each sentence are the number of words in the sentence, whether or not it is deceptive on its face, and the analyst’s comments. All of these will be in normal type.
1.
On July 18th, 1969, at approximately 11:15 P.M. in Chappaquiddick, Martha’s Vineyard, Massachusetts, I was driving my car on Main Street on my way to get the ferry back to Edgartown.
30 words – Deceptive on its face. There is no mention of the passenger in this sentence. All of the pronouns are singular. It is “my car” “on my way”, etc. When the passenger is mentioned later, it is almost an afterthought. The deception in this sentence may be the last part of the sentence where he relates why he was driving the car. He very well may have been driving for some reason other than to get the ferry. This would be an area to be further explored in an interview.
2.
I was unfamiliar with the road and turned right onto Dike Road, instead of bearing hard left on Main Street.
20 words. “I was unfamiliar with the road” is an explanatory phrase telling us why he ended up on Dike Road. The phrase “instead of bearing hard left on Main Street” is a strange way of phrasing. Most people would say something like “instead of staying on Main Street.”
3.
After proceeding for approximately one-half mile on Dike Road I descended a hill and came upon a narrow bridge.
20 words. There is nothing particularly deceptive about this sentence. The phrasing of the sentence is very formal. The phrasing is almost like a police type report or a legal/lawyer way of phrasing. It also appears that the phrase “came upon a narrow bridge” is almost a passive way of phrasing that indicates he was taken by surprise and had no control over what he was doing.
4.
The car went off the side of the bridge.
9 words – This sentence is deceptive on its face. This is the very first sentence of the Central Issue. It is interesting to note that four of the six s.
Investigating Happiness at College SNAPSHOT T.docxbagotjesusa
Investigating Happiness at College
SNAPSHOT:
TOPIC Either a specific group related to college or a factor within
college life that possibly affects a specified group of college
students or students in general.
PITCH Present your topic and your research question to the class—
shark tank! Sound too scary? How about guppy tank ?).
Tentative due date: 2/5 & 2/7
ESSAY 1 The prospectus and the annotated bibliography.
Tentative due date: 2/21
ESSAY 2 Change in your topic or conducting your own study
Tentative due date: 3/16
ESSAY 3 Argument about a specific controversy within your topic
Tentative due date: 4/6
ESSAY 4 Answers and argues your refined research question about the
importance of your topic.
Tentative due date: 4/24
♥ Rough drafts with reflections about what is working and not working and
WHY will be required for the prospectus and essays 2 and 3. The work
on the rough draft and the reflections will count toward your essay grade.
♥ Final reflections submitted the class period after you submit your final
draft for essays 2-4 will also count as part of your essay grade.
♥ You will upload your drafts on Moodle. You will be asked to identify the
portions of the sources you used and submit hard copies of your sources
in a folder or files of your sources online.
Investigating Happiness at College:
Some questions that will help you form your own research
questions:
● Is happiness a necessity or a perk in college life?
● What do the expectations of happiness and the pursuit of
happiness reveal about a specific college group, college
students in general, or another college-related group?
● Considering both on-campus factors and off-campus factors
(at least at first), what most influences your group’s
happiness (or unhappiness)?
● Is there one major factor (on campus or off campus) you
would want to investigate that affects students’ happiness?
● How do the expectations about happiness that society has in
general or a certain specific segment of society (for
instance, parents) has, relate to college or college students?
● How much do preconceived notions and expectations about
college life affect student happiness?
● Hard work is hard to enjoy. So how do students balance that
hard work with the .
Investigate Development Case Death with Dignity Physician-Assiste.docxbagotjesusa
Investigate Development Case: Death with Dignity / Physician-Assisted Suicide
MAKE A DECISION: Is Ben's decision making being affected by his depression?
Yes
No
Why? Give reasons for why you chose the way you did. Consider the following factors in your reasons:
The effects of depression on decision making
Other stresses in Ben's life contributing to his state of mind
Ben's current quality of life
The family's values and beliefs
Your own values and beliefs
Please see attachment
.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The French Revolution Class 9 Study Material pdf free download
Security Audits of Electronic Health I.docx
1. Security Audits of Electronic Health Information (Updated)
Editor's note: This update supplants the November 2003
practice brief "Security Audits (Updated)."
Introducing the AHIMA Compendium
http://compendium.ahima.org
Throughout this brief, sentences marked with the † symbol
indicate AHIMA best practices in health information
management. These practices are collected in the new AHIMA
Compendium, offering health information management
professionals "just in time" guidance as they research and
address practice challenges.
In a perfect world, access controls alone would ensure the
privacy of electronic protected health information (ePHI).
However, the complexities of the healthcare environment today
make it extremely challenging to limit worker access to the
minimum information necessary to do their jobs.
For example, many jobs in smaller organizations and
community-based hospitals require workers perform multiple
2. functions. Without access to at least select portions of every
patient's health record, some employees' effectiveness could be
significantly inhibited and patient care could be compromised.
Organizations must develop security audits and related policies
and procedures to hold workers accountable for their actions
while utilizing ePHI and an electronic health record (EHR).
Security audits are conducted using audit trails and audit logs
that offer a back-end view of system use. Audit trails and logs
record key activities, showing system threads of access,
changes, and transactions. Periodic reviews of audit logs may be
useful for:
· Detecting unauthorized access to patient information
· Establishing a culture of responsibility and accountability
· Reducing the risk associated with inappropriate accesses
(behavior may be altered when individuals know they are being
monitored)
· Providing forensic evidence during investigations of suspected
and known security incidents and breaches to patient privacy,
especially if sanctions against a workforce member, business
associate, or other contracted agent will be applied
· Tracking disclosures of PHI
· Responding to patient privacy concerns regarding
unauthorized access by family members, friends, or others
· Evaluating the overall effectiveness of policy and user
education regarding appropriate access and use of patient
information (comparing actual worker activity to expected
activity and discovering where additional training or education
may be necessary to reduce errors)
· Detecting new threats and intrusion attempts
· Identifying potential problems
· Addressing compliance with regulatory and accreditation
requirements
This practice brief identifies and defines the components
necessary for a successful security audit strategy. It also
outlines considerations for legal and regulatory requirements,
how to evaluate and retain audit logs, and the overall audit
3. process.
Legal and Regulatory Requirements
Many regulatory requirements drive how and why security
audits are conducted. HIM professionals should consider the
following legal and regulatory requirements when developing
the organization's security audit strategy.
HIPAA Security Rule
The HIPAA security rule includes two provisions that require
organizations perform security audits. They are:
· Section 164.308(a)(1)(ii)(c), Information system activity
review (required), which states organizations must "implement
procedures to regularly review records of information system
activity, such as audit logs, access reports, and security incident
tracking reports."
· Section 164.312(1)(b), Auditcontrols (required), which states
organizations must "implement hardware, software, and
procedural mechanisms that record and examine activity in
information systems that contain or use electronic protected
health information."
Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard
In 2006 the five major credit card companies worked
collaboratively to create a common industry standard for
security known as the Payment Card Industry Data Security
Standard. Any organization that accepts credit cards for
payment may be fined or held liable for losses resulting from a
compromised credit card if it lacks adequate security controls.
The standard mandates organizations implement the following
audit requirements:
· Establish a process for linking all access to system
components (especially access done with administrative
privileges such as root) to each individual user
· Implement automated audit trails for all system components to
reconstruct the following events:
· All individual accesses to cardholder data
· All actions taken by any individual with root or administrative
privileges
4. · Access to all audit trails
· Invalid logical access attempts
· Use of identification and authentication mechanisms
· Initialization of the audit logs
· Creation and deletion of system-level objects
· Record at least the following audit trail entries for all system
components for each event:
· User identification
· Type of event
· Date and time
· Success or failure indication
· Origination of event
· Identity or name of affected data, system component, or
resource
· Secure audit trails so they cannot be altered
· Review logs for all system components at least daily
· Retain audit trail history for at least one year, with a minimum
of three months' online availability
HITECH Act
The Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical
Health (HITECH) Act, part of the American Recovery and
Reinvestment Act of 2009, also included provisions requiring
organizations conduct audits. In essence, healthcare
organizations and third-party payers are expected to monitor for
breaches of PHI from both internal and external sources.
The phrase "covered entity or business associate did not know
(and by exercising reasonable diligence would not have known)
of a violation" implies active auditing and monitoring for PHI
breaches would be expected as reasonable due diligence.
Meaningful Use
In addition, the Office of the National Coordinator's EHR
certification criteria for the meaningful use program include
audit requirements. Section 170.302(r), Audit log, requires the
ability to:
· Record actions. Record actions related to electronic health
information in accordance with the standard specified in
5. §170.210(b)
· Generate audit log. Enable a user to generate an audit log for a
specific time period and to sort entries in the audit log
according to any of the elements specified in the standard at
§170.210(b)
The stage 1 meaningful use criteria also point to the HIPAA
security rule, stating that provisions of the rule (including
audits) must be met.
The Joint Commission
The Joint Commission accredits hospitals and has two
information management (IM) standards that indirectly address
a healthcare organization's responsibility to maintain (monitor)
privacy and security:
· IM.2.10, Information privacy and confidentiality are
maintained
· IM.2.20, Information security including data integrity is
maintained
Elements of performance for both of these standards require
written policies, an effective process for enforcing policies,
monitoring policy compliance, and the use of monitoring of
information to improve privacy, confidentiality, and security.
Audit Definitions
Audit logs are records of sequential activities maintained by the
application or system.
An audit trail consists of the log records identifying a particular
transaction or event.
An audit is the process of reviewing those records and an
integral part of a security and risk management process.
E-Discovery
Audit log information may also be useful for legal proceedings
such as responding to an electronic discovery, or e-discovery,
request. E-discovery is the common name for the revisions to
the Federal Rules of Civil Procedures, which went into effect
December 1, 2006. It refers to the information that an
organization could be requested and expected to produce in
response to litigation.
6. Establishing Strategy and Process
A multidisciplinary team is essential to developing and
implementing an effective security audit strategy. The team
should include at a minimum IT, risk management, and HIM
representation, and it should be led and managed by the
organization's designated security official in coordination with
the designated privacy official.†
In setting up strategy and process, the team should consider:
· Identifying all electronic systems and their capabilities to
understand what is auditable; disparate systems may require
modified audit plans.
· Creating and placing warning banners on network and
application sign-on screens to notify computer users that
activities are being monitored and audited to help enforce
workforce awareness. For example, a warning banner may state
"WARNING! Use of this system constitutes consent to security
monitoring and testing. All activity is logged and identified
with your user ID. There is no expectation of employee privacy
while using this system."
· Involving application and system owners when appropriate to
determine what user activities should trigger an entry in the
audit trails.
· Having audit trails reviewed by department or unit leadership
to determine the appropriateness of PHI access based on
workforce roles and tasks.
· Involving department or unit leadership most familiar with job
responsibilities in interpreting findings and identifying
questionable circumstances needing further investigation.
· Determining how random audits will be conducted.
· Involving the human resources department for protection of
employee rights when a manager suspects employee wrong-
doing and requests review of employee activities via an audit
trail.
· Developing a standard set of investigatory documents used to
record potential violations and breaches, interviews, and actions
taken, including reporting.
7. · Adding a provision to contractual agreements requiring
adherence to privacy and security policies, cooperation in
security audits, and investigation and follow-through when
breaches occur.
· Evaluating the impact of running audit reports on system
performance.
· Determining what audit tools will be used for automatic
monitoring and reporting.
· Determining appropriate retention periods for audit logs,
trails, and audit reports.
· Ensuring top-level administrative support for consistent
application of policy enforcement and sanctions.
Audit information may also be useful as forensic data and
valuable evidence during investigations into security incidents
and privacy breaches, especially if sanctions against a
workforce member, business associate, or other contracted agent
will be applied.
Determining What to Audit
It would be prohibitive to perform security audits on all data
collected. Good-faith efforts to investigate the compliance level
of individuals educated on privacy and information security
issues can be achieved through a well-planned approach.
In determining what to audit, organizations must identify and
define "trigger events," or the criteria that will flag
questionable access of confidential ePHI and prompt further
investigation. Some triggers will be appropriate to the whole
organization, while others will be specific to a department or
unit. Once identified, trigger events should be reviewed on a
regular basis, such as annually, and updated as needed.†
Examples of trigger events include employees viewing:
· The record of a patient with the same last name or address as
the employee
· VIP patient records (e.g., board members, celebrities,
governmental or community figures, physician providers,
management staff, or other highly publicized individuals)
· The records of those involved in high-profile events in the
8. community (e.g., motor vehicle accident, attempted homicide,
etc.)
· Patient files with isolated activity after no activity for 120
days
· Other employee files across departments and within
departments (organizations should set parameters to omit
legitimate caregiver access)
· Records with sensitive health information such as psychiatric
disorders, drug and alcohol records, domestic abuse reports, and
AIDS
· Files of minors who are being treated for pregnancy or
sexually transmitted diseases
· Records of patients the employee had no involvement in
treating (e.g., nurses viewing patient records from other units)
· Records of terminated employees (organizations should verify
that access has been rescinded)
· Portions of a record that an individual's discipline would not
ordinarily have a need to access (e.g., a speech pathologist
accessing a pathology report)
Those individuals who review the audit logs should evaluate the
number of trigger events and the breadth of the coverage chosen
as well as the system's ability to log the data desired for such
reviews.
Implementing Audit Tools
Certified EHRs that meet the stage 1 meaningful use criteria
will also meet health IT audit criteria and may provide enough
detail to determine if there was an unauthorized access into a
patient's record.
These built-in audit logs can easily contain millions of entries
of application transactions. Searching through these detailed
logs to find the specific information needed when conducting an
investigation regarding a particular encounter can take a
significant amount of time and requires some specialized skills
in reading and interpreting the data.
Breaches often go undetected in manual reviews of audit logs
due to the sheer volume of data. Conducting random audits of
9. user access is like the old cliché "searching for a needle in a
haystack."
To help ensure greater efficiency in audit reviews, many
organizations rely on third-party audit tools, which
systematically and automatically analyze data and quickly
generate reports based upon search criteria matching the
organization's audit strategy or defined triggers.
Specialized audit tools can be programmed to:
· Detect potentially unauthorized access to a patient's record,
often using a variety of prewritten queries and reports such as a
match between the user's and the patient's last names.
· Collect and automatically analyze information in-depth.
· Detect patterns of behavior.
· Provide privacy and security officers or compliance personnel
with alert notifications of potential incidents or questionable
behavior.
· Collect the audit logs from other applications for correlation
and centralized storage and analysis. For example, the logs from
a time-keeping system may be used to verify if an employee was
on the clock when an unauthorized access occurred.
· Present reports in an easy-to-read Web page or dashboard.
Third-party tools can be expensive to purchase and install. Up-
front costs may include audit software, server and operating
system for running the software, and labor costs for installation,
training, and modification. In addition, there may be annual
licensing and support fees, which must be factored into an
organization's operating budget.
Some vendors offer audit tools as software as a service, or
SaaS. This eliminates many of the up-front costs because the
vendor supplies and owns the necessary hardware and software
and provides the programming support. The healthcare
organization pays a monthly fee to use the tool, usually through
a Web interface.
Determining When and How Often to Audit
Due to a lack of resources, organizations typically examine
their audit trails only when there is a suspected problem.
10. Although this is a common practice, it is definitely not a best
practice.
It is imperative an organization's security audit strategy outlines
the appropriate procedure for responding to a security incident.
However, it must also define the process for the regular review
of audit logs. At a minimum, review of user activities within
clinical applications should be conducted monthly. It is best to
review audit logs as close to real time as possible and as soon
after an event occurs as can be managed.† This is especially
true for audit logs, which could signal an unauthorized access or
intrusion into an application or system. Automated audit tools
can be helpful for providing near real-time reports.
Evaluating Audit Findings
Department managers and supervisors are in the best position to
determine the appropriateness of staff access. Therefore, they
should review the audit reports.
The organization's information security and privacy officials
must provide education to the directors, managers, and
supervisors responsible for reviewing security audit report
findings so they are equipped to interpret results and determine
appropriate versus inappropriate access based on defined and
approved access permissions.†
Presenting Audit Report Findings to Employees
In the event that an audit reveals potentially unauthorized
access by an employee, human resources, risk management, and
legal counsel (as appropriate) may need to be involved before
addressing the report findings with the employee.
Organizations should consider factors such as education,
experience, privacy and security training, and barriers to
learning (e.g., language) when evaluating an employee's actions.
They should remember that an individual may have had a good
reason for out-of-the-ordinary access, even if the initial review
indicates otherwise. In addition, organizations should consider
treating the questioning of an employee as an inquiry, rather
than an interrogation.
Organizations must be consistent in the application of their
11. security and privacy audit policies and sanctions with no
exceptions. Making exceptions to the policy risks the trust of
the workforce and consumers and poses a risk to legal defense.†
Healthcare facilities leave themselves open to both individual
and class action lawsuits when they do not have a strong,
consistent enforcement program.1
Organizations should develop and implement graduated
sanctions so that the punishment fits the incident. Sanction
policies should allow management some limited flexibility. For
example, sanctions to physicians and other licensed caregivers
with specialized skills may negatively affect patient care and
business operations if these individuals are removed from their
job as a result of a violation.
In conjunction with sanction policies, organizations must
develop and implement strong policies and procedures to
address the processing of breaches, compliant with federal and
state laws and regulations, in the event any security audit
findings indicate a breach has occurred.
Protecting and Retaining Audit Logs
HIPAA requires that covered entities maintain proof that they
have been conducting audits for six years. Such documents may
include policies, procedures, and past audit reports. State
statutes of limitations relative to discoverability and an
organization's records management policies may require that
this information be kept longer.
Organizations must review pertinent regulatory requirements,
including applicable federal and state laws, in determining the
appropriate retention period for security audit logs. Security and
privacy officials should collaborate to establish the most
effective schedule for the organization.†
The Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard requires
organizations "retain audit trail history for at least one year,
with a minimum of three months' online availability."
At a minimum, an organization's audit strategy must stipulate
the following actions to protect and retain audit logs:
· Storing audit logs and records on a server separate from the
12. system that generated the audit trail
· Restricting access to audit logs to prevent tampering or
altering of audit data
· Retaining audit trails based on a schedule determined
collaboratively with operational, technical, risk management,
and legal staff †
Prevention through Education
The new mantra in healthcare should be, "Just because you can,
doesn't mean you should." Education is a preventive measure
that must be executed and re-executed to ensure optimal
outcomes in the success of a security audit strategy.
Organizations should:
· Ensure that patient rights such as an accounting of disclosures
and policies and procedures related to privacy and security are
understood by all involved employees, providers, associates,
and contractual partners.
· Inform all involved employees, providers, associates, and
contractual partners of the security audit practice and
management support to enforce it. However, it should not reveal
the details of the audits themselves (e.g., trigger points, timing,
scope, and frequency).
· Include this focused training in orientation for all new
employees and provide annual refresher training for current
employees. For example, if an employee becomes a patient of
the hospital in which he or she works, hospital policy may allow
the employee to request an audit trail of access to his or her
PHI. If this is feasible within the system, the existence of the
policy may discourage employees from looking at the medical
information of their coworkers.
Note
1. AHIMA. "Sanction Guidelines for Privacy and Security
Breaches." Journal of AHIMA 80, no. 5 (May 2009): 57–62.
Available online in the AHIMA Body of Knowledge at
http://www.ahima.org.
References
AHIMA. "Building an Effective Security Audit Program to
13. Improve and Enforce Privacy Protections." Online course.
Available online at http://www.ahimastore.org.
Department of Health and Human Services. "45 CFR Parts 160,
162, and 164 Health Insurance Reform: Security Standards;
Final Rule." Federal Register 68, no. 34 (Feb. 20, 2003).
Available online at
http://www.hhs.gov/ocr/privacy/hipaa/administrative/securityrul
e/securityrulepdf.pdf.
Prepared by
Tom Walsh, CISSP
Assisted by
William Miaoulis, CISA, CISM
Acknowledgments
2010 Privacy and Security Practice Council:
Susan W. Carey, RHIT
Angela K. Dinh, MHA, RHIA, CHPS
Gwen Jimenez, RHIA
Karen Lawler, MPS, RHIA
Monna Nabbers, MBA, RHIA
Lori Nobles, RHIA
Deanna O'Neil, RHIA, CCS
Harry B. Rhodes, MBA, RHIA, CHPS, CPHIMS, FAHIMA
Mary H. Stanfill, MBI, RHIA, CCS, CCS-P, FAHIMA
Allison Viola, MBA, RHIA
Diana Warner, MS, RHIA, CHPS, FAHIMA
Lou Ann Wiedemann, MS, RHIA, FAHIMA, CPEHR
Prepared by (Original)
Beth Hjort, RHIA, CHP
The information contained in this practice brief reflects the
consensus opinion of the professionals who developed it. It has
not been validated through scientific research.
† Indicates an AHIMA best practice. Best practices are
available in the AHIMA Compendium,
http://compendium.ahima.org.
15. m.
Module 1 Assignment 2: Diagnosis
Mark Billy
Arizona state University
10/08/2016
Diagnosis
Introduction
Diagnosis is always an important part of the healing process. It
is always very important to know the state of the body in terms
of health. In some cases it helps to go or the regular full body
checkups and in most cases, worse circumstances are avoided
through these occasional visits. The world of medicine keeps
taking a new turn and everyday there is a new discovery
towards a better way to maintain the healthcare sector. When
dealing with patients a diagnosis is always what is expected
when they visit the clinician with symptoms. It is not easy
where healthcare is involved but risks are always worthy.
Principal and Secondary Diagnosis
The principal diagnosis is known as the cause for admission or
rather the first disease discoverable. In this case the principal
diagnosis was mental illness following attempted suicide. This
is what landed her in the hospital. However she was later
referred and the secondary diagnosis is coded depression, this
was the underlying issue all along. These are two diagnoses that
led the doctor to refer. These two diagnoses have their
advantages as it is important for a clinician to know exactly
how to go about the diagnosis and also help in determining the
most suitable method to use (Seccareccia,2010).
Reasons for selecting the principal and secondary diagnoses
The main reasons for selecting principal and secondary
16. diagnosis is because what the definitions say and the coding
according to the new guidelines clearly indicate what the
diagnosis they both are. The patient lacks to state the historical
condition so as for the coder to identify it as the principal
(Dekel,2006). In this case coder are not able to identify a link to
the various diagnosis and in reference to AHA clinic coding this
shows only after the main studies are done, meaning there is not
a conclusive definition in this regard. These diagnoses help in
creating a way forward, so that the clinician knows what to
expect or have a clue as to what they are dealing with. It also
helps in saving time and sometimes in saving lives of the
patient involved.
Social and Cultural Factors
Society always has its way of guiding people and making sure
that they set the right pace for what they term as legal. People
tend to pick up what surrounds them. In most cases if a child
grows up around alcoholics there are higher chance the child
will be alcoholic and society defines morals. Social factors will
definitely affect or rather influence the diagnosis.
(Seccareccia,2010). In some scenarios there may be a society
that does not believe in certain diseases or may not believe that
some form of behavior may be as a result of the surrounding so
they conduct it anyway. This may be an undermining factor to
what the diagnosis end result will be.
Educational and technology have now become very close,
particularly when using online learning the environmental
factors can be different and bring about varying experiences,
They can allow students to basically use real identity or give an
anonymous identity which is either during classroom
communication or elsewhere . Advantages in anonymity in race,
age, and gender are a good thing as there are increased chances
in the student participation and there is increased cross-cultural
communication. Risks include increased in the aggressive or
hostile behavior meaning the behavior in this case and exposure
is different. (Mason. & Kaye, 1989).
17. However, culture is defined as the set norms that guide a
society, there may be constraints that may restrict how to go
about the diagnosis. This is likely to highly tamper with the
diagnosis. If the cultural believes do not support certain trends
there is a higher chance of diverting the diagnosis to what is
more acceptable. This is because with the diversity of cultures
there may be different views and set norms on how a culture is
supposed to function. (<BIB>Mezzich & Caracci, 2008</BIB>).
Thus, it is very evident that diagnosis help to know the way
forward and plan on how to go about the treatment but with the
involvement of culture a misdiagnosis may occur leading to
wrong treatment.
Differential diagnoses.
Differential diagnosis is supposed to begin all treatments. It is
the mandate of the clinical operative to diagnose disorders from
the presented symptoms. There is always an underlying problem
in this case because premature diagnosis occurs often and
within the first few minutes as a clinical special it is very likely
that they can determine the patient diagnosis. The problem
comes in when interpretation has to be done and the questions
that follow after presentation of the symptoms can clearly tell
what the clinician is anticipating. Sometimes the diagnosis from
other conditions may be applicable but not always. (Mason. &
Kaye, 1989). Many of the chronic conditions today require long
term and in most cases acute care services and these can be
managed through proper diagnosis, prevented or even reversed
with the use of wellness and prevention programs. There is so
much hope with the industry evolvement. There are still
problems with the applications to get into the programmes
involving treatment.
Sometimes there may be a diagnostic bias especially if the
patient does not physically depict what they may have , hence
the importance of conducting hypotheses then apply methodical
science. The probable reasons for differential diagnosis are to
enable the patient fully understand probable causes or why the
symptoms may be a possibility of a certain illness. A patient has
18. to understand why some illnesses were eliminated or why the
doctor came to a certain conclusion (Claire, 2015). It is very
important to explain to the concerned parties why certain
options were eliminated and to give them a clear understanding
of their illness. Differential diagnosis helps the clinician
consider other options so that incase the first diagnosis is wrong
they have other options to consider.
Actual Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis
Actual Diagnosis gives the clear and accurate results. The best
way is to determine what the patient is suffering from without
second guessing. As a clinician it is always a relief if you can
determine what the patient is actually suffering from so as to
start the treatment plan immediately with the perception that
there may be a risk to life. Differential diagnosis is what the
patient is most likely to be suffering from; the clinician will
eliminate possibilities until they are left with the actual
diagnosis. So in my opinion actual diagnosis is always better
because no one wants to keep second guessing their illness. The
differential diagnosis is good but the actual diagnosis is better.
(Selwyn,2011)
Justification.
Actual diagnosis is considered better than differential diagnosis
because of accuracy. With philosophers you can access them
anytime anywhere online hence education has become
widespread. When a patient is given actual diagnosis their mind
is at peace as opposed to differential diagnosis, which only
leaves them pending. In my opinion, other factors held constant
like culture and society, it is only logical that a patient actually
understands the exact diagnosis so that they can start a
treatment plan (Seccareccia, 2010). Therefore patients who are
diagnosed with mental illnesses can arrange a routine treatment
which they can follow accurately without confusion. It is clear
that actual diagnosis can work in favor of both the patient and
the clinician involved. Differential diagnosis is therefore not
19. the best in most cases.
Conclusion
Differential Diagnosis give the probability and possibly help
come a long way in determining what a patient is likely to be
suffering from. It is always great to weigh options and give the
accurate diagnosis and that is why there are many underlying
factors that have to be considered when trying to come up with
a diagnosis. People have experienced the continued changes in
the field of healthcare. Students have continued to learn online
and this has maximized literacy in the world. Cultural
backgrounds, society and exposure may be some of the possible
factors that may highly determine that diagnosis but all the
same the actual diagnosis is always best. Sometimes
misdiagnosis occurs but this is supposed to be very rare. In the
case o this case study the patient in question is mostly affected
by circumstances and exposure as the underlying factors to their
diagnosis and in this case they barely have nothing to do with
culture but mostly social.
References
Seccareccia, D. (2010). Cancer-related hypercalcemia.; Can
Fam Physician. 56 (3): 244–6,
Dekel, G(2006). Learning Technologist .
Richey, R. (2008). Reflections on the 2008 AECT Definitions
of the Field. TechTrends. 52 (1): 24–25.
Selwyn, N. (2011) Education and Technology: Key Issues and
Debates. London: Continuum International Major.
Claire A. (2015). Teaching Online: A Guide to Theory,
Research, and Practice. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins
University Press.Publishing Group.
Mason. R. and Kaye, A. (1989). Mindweave: Communication,
Computers and Distance Education. Oxford, UK: Pergamon
Press.
20. Mezzich O. & Caracci A. ( 2008</BIB>). Education and
Technology: Diagnosis. London: Continuum International
Major.
Audit Controls
Please download and read the following article attached below
· AHIMA, "Security Audits of Electronic Health Information
(Updated)." Journal of AHIMA 82, no. 3 (March 2011): 46-50.
After reading the article, review the sections on Technical
Safeguards, including Access Control and Audit Controls in this
module's reading assignment. The author states that audit
controls are "'hardware, software, and /or procedural
mechanisms that record and examine activity in information
systems.' Most information systems provide some level of audit
controls and audit reports. These are useful, especially when
determining if a security violation occurred" (Gartee, p. 404).
Next, review the information presented in the table. This data
was pulled to view a general login and logout pattern in the
EHR for hospital staff on the morning listed (01/05/16). These
are descriptions of these staff members' positions.
1. Joann Ward is a nurse who works in the general surgery
floor.
2. Steven Williams is a registration clerk who works in the
radiology department.
3. Lee Worley is a health information clerk who processes
requests for records from other healthcare providers and
facilities.
4. Mary Smith is a nurse who works in the labor and delivery
unit.
Employee
Dept
Date
Log In
21. Pt #
Pt Type
Log out
Patient Name
JOANN WARD
Surg
1/5/16
8:00
1223
Surg
8:17
Olson, Tom
Surg
9:20
5776
Surg
9:24
Stanford, Gary
Surg
9:26
3987
Surg
9:45
Johnson, George
STEVEN WILLIAMS
Radiology
1/5/16
8:05
3463
Radiology
8:08
Finch, Larry
24. Given this information, answer the following questions:
1. What can you tell from this audit log about Patient Gary
Stanford's visit?
2. What can you tell from this audit log about Mai Ngyen's
visit?
3. Do the staff members' logins seem appropriate?
4. Is there anything you would question on this audit log?
Your response to this audit should be a two page document
(four-five paragraphs) to provide a complete response to the
audit results based on each of the roles.