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Ib0010 & international financial managementsmumbahelp
Dear students get fully solved assignments
Send your semester & Specialization name to our mail id :
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or
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Ib0010 & international financial managementsmumbahelp
Dear students get fully solved assignments
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Types of foreign exchange (currency) exposurehamzedalha
Introduction
A firm's economic exposure to the exchange rate is the impact on net cash flow effects of a change in the exchange rate. It consists of the combination of transaction exposure and operating exposure. Having determined whether the firm should hedge its exposure, this note will discuss the various things that a firm can do to reduce its economic exposure. Our discussion will consider two different approaches to handling these exposures: real operating hedges and financial hedges
The volatility in today’s financial markets is making it impossible to know where to invest and grow your money without the fear of losing your lifetime savings. Historic low interest rates are making is difficult to provide the income needed by investing in safer investments such as CDs and annuities. Investing a portion of your overall portfolio in fixed income investments should be considered as a solution to reducing volatility and providing needed income.
Types of foreign exchange (currency) exposurehamzedalha
Introduction
A firm's economic exposure to the exchange rate is the impact on net cash flow effects of a change in the exchange rate. It consists of the combination of transaction exposure and operating exposure. Having determined whether the firm should hedge its exposure, this note will discuss the various things that a firm can do to reduce its economic exposure. Our discussion will consider two different approaches to handling these exposures: real operating hedges and financial hedges
The volatility in today’s financial markets is making it impossible to know where to invest and grow your money without the fear of losing your lifetime savings. Historic low interest rates are making is difficult to provide the income needed by investing in safer investments such as CDs and annuities. Investing a portion of your overall portfolio in fixed income investments should be considered as a solution to reducing volatility and providing needed income.
Experience Mazda Zoom Zoom Lifestyle and Culture by Visiting and joining the Official Mazda Community at http://www.MazdaCommunity.org for additional insight into the Zoom Zoom Lifestyle and special offers for Mazda Community Members. If you live in Arizona, check out CardinaleWay Mazda's eCommerce website at http://www.Cardinale-Way-Mazda.com
How Wealthy People Use Professional Money Managementfreddysaamy
http://ekinsurance.com/financial/money-management/
Just as surgeons don't operate on themselves, wealthy people usually do not invest their own money. They have investment professionals manage their money for them.
What is Floor and Cap in Business Startup Valuation for FundraisingMY Valuation
Floor and cap are used to establish the minimum and maximum valuation of a company, respectively, and are typically used in convertible note investments and equity financing rounds. In this blog, we will explore the concept of floor and cap in business startup valuation for fundraising in detail.
Asset Classes - Building a diversified portfolioJames McQueen
When putting together an investment portfolio, there are a number of asset classes, or types of investments, that can be combined in different ways.The starting point is cash – and the aim of employing the other asset classes is to achieve a better return than could be achieved by leaving all of the investment on deposit.
INVESTING IN STOCKS AND BONDSWhy Consider BondsBond.docxmariuse18nolet
INVESTING IN
STOCKS AND BONDS
Why Consider Bonds?
Bonds reduce risk through diversification.
Bonds produce steady income.
Bonds can be a safe investment if held to maturity.
Your Rights as a Bondholder
Bondholders are creditors
Bond indenture
Protective covenants
Payment Characteristics of Bonds
Face value: The amount the issuer pays to redeem the bond
It is usually $1,000 for corporate bonds.
Coupon interest payments:
Most bonds have a fixed rate of return, which are the interest payments that are made every 6 months.
The amount of the payment is determined by multiplying the bond’s coupon rate by the face value of $1,000.
Example: An 8% bond pays $80 in interest per year (0.08 × $1,000) divided into two payments of $40 semiannually.
Retirement Methods
Redeemed at maturity
Call provision
Sinking fund provision
Convertible bonds can be converted into common stock.
Corporate Bonds
Corporate bonds - allow firms to borrow money, are a major source of funding.
Denominations in $1000.
Secured bond – backed by collateral.
Unsecured bond – a debenture.
Hierarchy of bonds – subordinated debentures are low on the list.
Government-Issued Bonds
U.S. Treasury Securities
U.S. Agency Bonds
Conventional
Mortgage-backed
Municipal Bonds
General obligation (GO) bonds
Revenue bonds
Special Types of U.S. Treasury Bonds
U.S. Treasury Strips
Inflation-Indexed Bonds
Intended to lessen price risk of bonds
The coupon rate is not changed.
The redemption value is adjusted periodically to reflect inflation. Example: If annual inflation is 3%, the redemption value is increased to $1,030.
Munis’ Income Tax Advantage
Example:
Muni Yield = 5.91% and Tax rate = 28% (0.28)
FTEY = 5.91/(1.00 – 0.28)
= 5.91/0.72 = 8.21%
Compare to yields on taxable bonds and choose the bond with the highest yield.
Special Situation Bonds
Zero Coupon Bonds
Junk bonds
Bond Ratings – A Measure
of Riskiness
Moody’s and Standard & Poor’s provide ratings on corporate and municipal bonds.
Ratings involve a judgment about a bond’s future risk potential.
Default risk – ability to repay principal.
Inability to meet interest obligations.
The lower the rating, the higher the rate of return demanded by investors.
Safest bonds receive AAA, D is extremely risky.
Expected Return from Bonds
Current yield (CY): annual interest divided by current price
Example:
Bond price (P) = $900
Annual coupon interest (I) = $120
The current yield calculation:
CY = I/P = $120/$900 = 0.1333 or 13.3%
The advantage of this calculation is that it is easy.
The disadvantage is that ignores maturity.
Yield to Maturity (YTM)
Yield to maturity is the return you would earn by buying a bond today and holding it until it is redeemed by the issuer.
Formula (approximation)
YTM = [ I + (1,000 – P)/N]/ [(P + 1,000)/2]
Example: I = 120, P = 900, N = 5
YTM = [120+(1,000 – 900)/5]/ [(900 + 1,000)/2]
= [120 + 20]/ [950]
= 140/950 = 0.1474 or 14.74%
YTM Example..contd.
.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
6. Example of Default risk
Assume Tony wants his savings in bank fixed deposits to
get invested in some corporate bonds as it can provide
higher returns. However, he is aware that bonds include
counterparty default risks or credit risks, i.e., the bond
issuer will get defaulted, and Tony is not going to
receive any of the promised cash flows.
So Tony decides to price these risks in order to get
reimbursed for the extra risk he is going to be exposed
to. He finds the two basic measures of default/credit
risks are:-
❖ Credit Risk Scores that range between 300 and 850
❖ Bond credit Ratings agencies like Moody’s, fitch etc.
Sanatan Dharma College
Ambala Cantt
7. Assessing Default Risk
1. Credit Ratings
One can access this risk by the ratings given by
the credit rating agencies.
2. Past performance and quarterly results
It can be assessed by the past performance of the
company like if a company has defaulted in
repayment of debt in the past, the default risk is to
be accessed as high, or if there are poor quarterly
results published, the chances of loss and risk are
high.
Sanatan Dharma College
Ambala Cantt
8. 3. Market position and Goodwill
If the company or borrower has a higher reputation in the market,
that means the company or borrower has excellent goodwill. So, one
can trust the borrower and invest or lend the money based on
reputation in the market on the faith that the borrower will overcome
the unfavourable situation.
4. Type of Borrower
It can be assessed from borrower to borrower also. If the borrower
is a Government company, the chances of loss become low. Hence,
the risk will below. Whereas, if the borrower is the newly formed
private company, the chances of risk are more; therefore, the risk is to
be assessed as high.
Sanatan Dharma College
Ambala Cantt
11. ❖ The risk of an investment’s value changing due to
changes in currency exchange rates.
❖ The risk that an investors will have to close out a long
or short position in a foreign currency at a loss due
to an adverse movement in exchange rates. Also
known as “currency risk” or “exchange-rate risk”.
❖ This risk usually affects businesses that export and/or
import.
❖ But also affect investors making international
investments.
Sanatan Dharma College
Ambala Cantt
12. Example of foreign exchange risk
An American liquor company signs a contract to buy 100 cases of
wine from a french retailer for €50 per case, or €5,000 total, with
payment due at the time of delivery. The American company
agrees to this contract at a time when the Euro and the US Dollar
are of equal value, so €1=$1. Thus, American company expects
that when they accept delivery of the wine, they will be obligated
to pay the agreed upon amount of €5000, which at the time of the
sale was $5000.
However, it will take a few months for delivery of the wine. In the
meantime, due to unforeseen circumstances, the value of the US
Dollar depreciates versus the Euro to where at the time of delivery
€1 = $1.10. The contracted price is still €5000 but now the US
Dollar amount is $5500, which is the amount that Amrican liquor
company will have to pay.
Sanatan Dharma College
Ambala Cantt
14. Transaction Risk
❖ When a firm or individual has a receivable or a payable in a
foreign currency the Foreign exchange rate may change,
causing an increase in the liability of the home country’s
currency or a decrease in receipts in the home country’s
currency.
❖ The risk of changes in the expected value of a contract
between its signing and its execution as a result of
unexpected changes in foreign exchange rates.
❖ Whoever makes a contract denominated in a foreign
currency bears transaction risk.
Sanatan Dharma College
Ambala Cantt
17. Economic Risk
❖ Economic risk/exposure, also sometimes called operating
risk, is a measure of the change in the net present
value(NPV) of a company as a result of fluctuations in cash
flow caused by changes in foreign exchange rates(FX).
❖ This type of exposure cannot be easily mitigated because it
is related to the unpredictable volatility of currency
exchange rates. Increasing globalization and economic
relations between countries make economic exposure a
source of risk almost for all companies and consumers.
Sanatan Dharma College
Ambala Cantt
20. ❖ Interest rate risk is the potential for investment losses
that result from a change in interest rates.
❖ If interest rate rise, for instance, the value of a bond or
other fixed-income investment will decline.
❖ The change in a bond’s price given a change in interest
rates is known as its duration.
❖ Interest rate risk can be reduced by holding bonds of
different durations, and investors may also allay
interest risk by hedging fixed-income investments with
interest rate swaps, options, or other interest rate
derivatives.
Sanatan Dharma College
Ambala Cantt
21. If an investor has invested some amount in a fixed rate, the bond
at the prevailing price, which offers him a coupon rate of 5%, and
if thereafter interest rises to 6%, then the price of the bond would
decline. This is because the bond is offering a rate of 5% while the
market is offering a rate of 6%. Hence if the investor wants to sell
the bond in the market, the buyer would offer him a lesser amount
for the bond as this bond is low-yielding as compared to the
market. By doing this, the new investor would try to earn the
return similar to the market as the invested amount is less.
Example of Interest Rate Risk
Sanatan Dharma College
Ambala Cantt
24. Purchasing power risk
Is the impact of
Inflation or deflation
On an investment.
Rising prices on goods
And services are
Normally associated
With what is referred to
As inflation.
Falling prices on goods
And services are termed
As deflation.
Sanatan Dharma College
Ambala Cantt
27. CREDITS: This presentation template was created by
Slidesgo, including icons by Flaticon, and
infographics & images by Freepik
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