UWB RFID was analyzed for low power wireless signal transmission in brain-computer interface applications. The research investigated radio propagation inside the human body using a multilayer tissue model based on MRI scans. It was found that cerebellum and blood cause major absorption losses. Attenuation increases with frequency and cerebellum thickness variation. Absorption losses were less dependent on frequency than expected. Modifying UWB transmitters and receivers based on these results could improve energy efficiency and reduce power consumption.
In a world of information, digital technologies have made copying fast, cheap, and perfect, quite, independent of cost or complexity of the content. What if the same were to happen in the world of matter, the production cost of a ton of tetra byte RAM chips would be about the same as the production cost of steel. Design costs matter, production costs would not matter.
At the last turn of the century, the average person would have had a hard time trying to understand how cars and airplanes worked, and computers and nuclear bombs exist only in theory. By the next turn of the century, we may have submicroscopic, self-replicating robots; machine people; the end of disease; even immortality.
Hard to imagine, Not for the new breed of scientist who says that the 21st century could see all these science fiction dreams come true the is because of molecular nanotechnology, a hybrid of chemistry and engineering that would let us manufacture anything with atomic precision. In fact, scientists claim that even within the next 50 years, this new technology will change the world in ways we can barely begin to imagine today.
Just as computers break down data into its most basic form 1’s and 0’s nanotechnology deals with matter in its most elemental form: atoms and molecules. With a computer, once data is broken down and organized into combinations of 1s and 0s, it can be easily reproduced and distributed. With matter, the basic building blocks are atoms and the combinations of atoms that make up molecules. Nanotechnology lets you manipulate those atoms and molecules, making it possible to manufacture, replicate, and distribute any substance known to humans as easily and cheaply as you can replicate data on a computer.
In a world of information, digital technologies have made copying fast, cheap, and perfect, quite, independent of cost or complexity of the content. What if the same were to happen in the world of matter, the production cost of a ton of tetra byte RAM chips would be about the same as the production cost of steel. Design costs matter, production costs would not matter.
At the last turn of the century, the average person would have had a hard time trying to understand how cars and airplanes worked, and computers and nuclear bombs exist only in theory. By the next turn of the century, we may have submicroscopic, self-replicating robots; machine people; the end of disease; even immortality.
Hard to imagine, Not for the new breed of scientist who says that the 21st century could see all these science fiction dreams come true the is because of molecular nanotechnology, a hybrid of chemistry and engineering that would let us manufacture anything with atomic precision. In fact, scientists claim that even within the next 50 years, this new technology will change the world in ways we can barely begin to imagine today.
Just as computers break down data into its most basic form 1’s and 0’s nanotechnology deals with matter in its most elemental form: atoms and molecules. With a computer, once data is broken down and organized into combinations of 1s and 0s, it can be easily reproduced and distributed. With matter, the basic building blocks are atoms and the combinations of atoms that make up molecules. Nanotechnology lets you manipulate those atoms and molecules, making it possible to manufacture, replicate, and distribute any substance known to humans as easily and cheaply as you can replicate data on a computer.
Top Ten Read Articles - International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (...ijwmn
The International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) is a bi monthly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of Wireless & Mobile Networks. The journal focuses on all technical and practical aspects of Wireless & Mobile Networks. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced wireless & mobile networking concepts and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
RESEARCH REVIEW FOR POSSIBLE RELATION BETWEEN MOBILE PHONE REDIATION AND BRAI...ijitcs
The aim of this paper is to introduce a research review for the effect of Mobile phone radiation on human
health and the possible relation between Mobile phone radiation and brain tumor. Mobile phones become
increasingly prevalent throughout our society. In the year 2016, it was estimated that there were 4 billion
cellular phone users worldwide; the number is growing by one million every month in the US. The goal of
this paper is to give a brief overview and also discuss the biological effects of the exposure to mobile
phones radiation. Many effects have been reported with the use of mobile phones on human organisms due
to the exposure to electromagnetic radiation. Concerns about the links between using the mobile phones
and biological effects, in particular, the brain tumors have been under research. As the other radio signals
transmition devices, cellular phone emits radiofrequency energy, which can heat the brain tissues and
cause damage to the brain cells. But even mobile phones operates at power level below the level at which
such heating effects occur, long term exposure to low level RF from mobile phones could cause other types
of health effects, such as brain cancer, due to energy absorption in the brain tissues. Some human
biological experiments, such as Aly et al. 2014, Aly, et al. 2008 indicates, the average time for the human
cells to respond to the effect of RF radiation was approximately 2.5 min, Hardell et al.2002, and Repacholi
et al.1997 indicated increased risk with exposure to mobile phones radiation. The British Association
festival of science was told recently that using a mobile telephone mor
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
Lit Review Talk by Kato Mivule: A Review of Genetic AlgorithmsKato Mivule
Lit Review Talk by Kato Mivule: A Review of Genetic Algorithms and Paper Review: C. H. Ooi and P. Tan, “Genetic algorithms applied to multi-class prediction for the analysis of gene expression data,” Bioinformatics, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 37–44, 2003.
Overview of medical implant antennas by Ali Khaleghi.pptxAli Khaleghi
This presentation focuses on the future of wireless medical technology and discusses the key requirements for developing and connecting medical implants to wireless networks. The presentation highlights the importance of wave propagation, antenna design, and sensor development in this field. These slides are designed to serve as a comprehensive tutorial on the topic, providing valuable insights and practical guidance for researchers and professionals interested in the latest developments in wireless medical technology.
This is presented at EUCAP2023, Florence, Italy
Survey of emf emitted by lab equipments in pharmacy labs of southeast univers...eSAT Journals
Abstract The aim of this survey is to investigate whether the Electromagnetic Fields (EMF) emitted by various lab equipments affects the students. There is a standard threshold value recommended by WHO for both electric and magnetic fields. Electro-Magnetic Fields commonly known as Non Ionizing Radiation is emitted from high power transmission lines, computer monitor/video display unit, radio waves of different frequencies (extremely low frequency to microwaves), telecommunication, satellite, radar etc. which causes health hazards to living system and environment. The WHO/ International Agency for Research in Cancer (IARC) has classified radio frequency electromagnetic field as possibly carcinogenic to humans. There has been no such study performed in Bangladesh. The data were collected from various labs of department of pharmacy at Southeast University in Dhaka, Bangladesh. These labs are Pharmaceutical, Cosmetology and Biopharmaceutical Lab, Pharmacology Lab, Organic Pharmacy and Pharmacognosy Lab, Inorganic Pharmacy Lab and Microbiology Research Lab. Both threshold values of Electric and Magnetic fields were measured for various electronic equipments. Also the maximum value of the magnetic field results showed that in many cases the magnetic field radiated from the different sources are greater than the threshold limit which are the main point of our findings. As a result of the long time efforts of world scientist community WHO formed ICNIRP in 1969. Key Words: EMF, NIR, DNA, EMC, AML and ICNIRP
Top Ten Read Articles - International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (...ijwmn
The International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) is a bi monthly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of Wireless & Mobile Networks. The journal focuses on all technical and practical aspects of Wireless & Mobile Networks. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced wireless & mobile networking concepts and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
RESEARCH REVIEW FOR POSSIBLE RELATION BETWEEN MOBILE PHONE REDIATION AND BRAI...ijitcs
The aim of this paper is to introduce a research review for the effect of Mobile phone radiation on human
health and the possible relation between Mobile phone radiation and brain tumor. Mobile phones become
increasingly prevalent throughout our society. In the year 2016, it was estimated that there were 4 billion
cellular phone users worldwide; the number is growing by one million every month in the US. The goal of
this paper is to give a brief overview and also discuss the biological effects of the exposure to mobile
phones radiation. Many effects have been reported with the use of mobile phones on human organisms due
to the exposure to electromagnetic radiation. Concerns about the links between using the mobile phones
and biological effects, in particular, the brain tumors have been under research. As the other radio signals
transmition devices, cellular phone emits radiofrequency energy, which can heat the brain tissues and
cause damage to the brain cells. But even mobile phones operates at power level below the level at which
such heating effects occur, long term exposure to low level RF from mobile phones could cause other types
of health effects, such as brain cancer, due to energy absorption in the brain tissues. Some human
biological experiments, such as Aly et al. 2014, Aly, et al. 2008 indicates, the average time for the human
cells to respond to the effect of RF radiation was approximately 2.5 min, Hardell et al.2002, and Repacholi
et al.1997 indicated increased risk with exposure to mobile phones radiation. The British Association
festival of science was told recently that using a mobile telephone mor
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
Lit Review Talk by Kato Mivule: A Review of Genetic AlgorithmsKato Mivule
Lit Review Talk by Kato Mivule: A Review of Genetic Algorithms and Paper Review: C. H. Ooi and P. Tan, “Genetic algorithms applied to multi-class prediction for the analysis of gene expression data,” Bioinformatics, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 37–44, 2003.
Overview of medical implant antennas by Ali Khaleghi.pptxAli Khaleghi
This presentation focuses on the future of wireless medical technology and discusses the key requirements for developing and connecting medical implants to wireless networks. The presentation highlights the importance of wave propagation, antenna design, and sensor development in this field. These slides are designed to serve as a comprehensive tutorial on the topic, providing valuable insights and practical guidance for researchers and professionals interested in the latest developments in wireless medical technology.
This is presented at EUCAP2023, Florence, Italy
Survey of emf emitted by lab equipments in pharmacy labs of southeast univers...eSAT Journals
Abstract The aim of this survey is to investigate whether the Electromagnetic Fields (EMF) emitted by various lab equipments affects the students. There is a standard threshold value recommended by WHO for both electric and magnetic fields. Electro-Magnetic Fields commonly known as Non Ionizing Radiation is emitted from high power transmission lines, computer monitor/video display unit, radio waves of different frequencies (extremely low frequency to microwaves), telecommunication, satellite, radar etc. which causes health hazards to living system and environment. The WHO/ International Agency for Research in Cancer (IARC) has classified radio frequency electromagnetic field as possibly carcinogenic to humans. There has been no such study performed in Bangladesh. The data were collected from various labs of department of pharmacy at Southeast University in Dhaka, Bangladesh. These labs are Pharmaceutical, Cosmetology and Biopharmaceutical Lab, Pharmacology Lab, Organic Pharmacy and Pharmacognosy Lab, Inorganic Pharmacy Lab and Microbiology Research Lab. Both threshold values of Electric and Magnetic fields were measured for various electronic equipments. Also the maximum value of the magnetic field results showed that in many cases the magnetic field radiated from the different sources are greater than the threshold limit which are the main point of our findings. As a result of the long time efforts of world scientist community WHO formed ICNIRP in 1969. Key Words: EMF, NIR, DNA, EMC, AML and ICNIRP
Cognitive Small Cell Networks:Energy Efficiency and Trade-Offssabbir ahmed
Because of growing environmental awareness and the high price of energy, it is crucial to design energy efficient wireless systems for both macrocells and small cells.
In future heterogeneous networks, cognitive capabilities will become essential not only for the energy efficient operation of the small cell tier, but also to overcome coexistence issues in multi-tier networks.
Motivation of this work is:
The deployment of energy efficient and spectral efficient heterogeneous networks.
Formulate the trade-off between energy consumption and throughput/capacity as a set of optimization problems.
Measurement of Electromagnetic Waves Radiated from Base Transceiver Stations...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
TOP CITED ARTICLE IN 2011 - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOBILE NETWORK COMMUNICA...ijmnct
International Journal of Mobile Network Communications & Telematics (IJMNCT) is an open access peer-reviewed journal that addresses the impacts and challenges of mobile communications and telematics. The journal also aims to focus on various areas such as ecommerce, e-governance, Telematics, Telelearning nomadic computing, data management, related software and hardware technologies, and mobile user services. The journal documents practical and theoretical results which make a fundamental contribution for the development of mobile communication technologies
ESTABLISHING A MOLECULAR COMMUNICATION CHANNEL FOR NANO NETWORKS
seattle_poster_pvp
1. [Systems][Enabling Technologies][Fundamental Knowledge]
UWB RFID for Low Power Wireless Signal Transmission in BBCI
Applications
Pragnesh V Patel1, Rutul Patel1, Dr. Santosh Nagaraj1, Dr. MahaSweta Sarkar1
1 Electrical and Computer Engineering, San Diego State University
Introduction
• To design any wireless communication system, the position of
Transmitter and Receiver and the channel through which the
signal propagates are important parameters.
• For in body communications human tissues are channel model.
This is because human body is a complex system consisting of
many different kinds of tissues.
• These tissues are constructed in a layered way where the
thickness is different for each tissue and differ for each human.
Therefore the tissues present in human torso have to be taken
into account for in body communication applications.
• The dielectric properties of human tissues is not only complex
but also frequency dependent. Moreover human tissues have
non zero conductivity. [1-2]
Results
• After studying the MRI scans of Human Brain of different age
people we found out the size of different medium through
which the signal will propagate.
• The absorption loss for all kind of thickness was investigated
and we found out that cerebellum and blood are major
contributor to absorption losses.
Table 1 Comparison of Attenuation for different size
Discussion
• From the results obtained we can show that as the frequency of
the signal increases the attenuation also increases irrespective
of size of medium.
• The attenuation due to variations in thickness of Cerebellum
causes big attenuation differences for all frequency bands.
• From the results it is investigated that the absorption losses are
not that frequency dependent as is expected and mentioned in
literature.
• For better energy efficiency and less power consumption the
Ultra Wideband Transmitter and Receiver can be modified
based on these results.
• Type of Antenna used and its directivity pattern along with
VSWR will have different effects on the results that are
obtained considering ideal conditions.
Conclusion
• In this research the radio propagation inside a human body has
been analyzed by investigating the physical characteristics of a
new developed multilayer model.
• In future work the influence of oblique incidence on the power
attenuations and reflections have to be investigated as well as
other effects as multipath and diffraction.
References
[1] Pahlavan, Kaveh, Yunxing Ye, Ruijun Fu, and Umair Khan.
"Challenges in channel measurement and modeling for RF
localization inside the human body." International Journal of
Embedded and Real-Time Communication Systems (IJERTCS) 3,
no. 3 (2012): 18-37.
[2] Gabriel, Camelia. Compilation of the Dielectric Properties of
Body Tissues at RF and Microwave Frequencies. KING'S COLL
LONDON (UNITED KINGDOM) DEPT OF PHYSICS, 1996.
[3] Pozar, MicroWave Engineering. Wiley, 2012
Method
• After studying the human brain we found out that Cerebellum
is best place to fit the electrodes to pick up the signal of neurons
and feed to transmitter.
• The transmitter sitting on cerebellum will transmit the signal to
receiver sitting outside the human head.
Figure 1 The Channel in Human Brain
• The losses that signal undergoes while propagating depend not
only on dielectric properties of human tissues but it also depend
on the size of the medium too. The medium through which the
signal propagates is shown in above figure. [3-4]
Tissue Thickness (mm)
Min Max Average
Cerebellum 30 50 40
Blood 8 10 9
Grey Matter 4 6 5
Bone 10 12 11
Scalp Fat 10 12 11
Skin 1 1.5 1.25
Total 63 91.5 77.25