The document discusses the causes of seasons on Earth. It explains that Earth's axis is tilted at an angle of 23.5 degrees, and this tilt is what causes the seasons as Earth revolves around the sun. As Earth revolves, different hemispheres receive more or less direct sunlight throughout the year, resulting in variations in temperature and daylight hours that define the seasons - summer, winter, spring and fall. The seasons are not caused by variations in Earth's distance from the sun, as some believe, but rather by the tilt of Earth's rotational axis.
Seasons are divisions of the year marked by distinct weather patterns, changes in temperature, and variations in daylight hours. They are primarily determined by the Earth's axial tilt and its orbit around the Sun. The four main seasons recognized in many regions of the world are spring, summer, autumn (fall), and winter. Here's a brief description of each season:
1. Spring: Spring is the season that follows winter and precedes summer. It is characterized by gradually increasing temperatures, longer daylight hours, and the emergence of new plant growth. In many places, spring is associated with blooming flowers, budding trees, and the return of various animal species.
2. Summer: Summer is the warmest season of the year. It is marked by higher temperatures, extended daylight hours, and generally favorable weather conditions. Summer is often associated with vacations, outdoor activities, and the opportunity to enjoy beaches, swimming, picnics, and various recreational pursuits.
3. Autumn (Fall): Autumn, also known as fall, is the season that follows summer and precedes winter. It is characterized by cooler temperatures, shorter daylight hours, and the shedding of leaves from deciduous trees. Autumn is often associated with vibrant foliage, harvest festivals, and a gradual transition towards colder weather.
4. Winter: Winter is the coldest season of the year. It is marked by low temperatures, shorter daylight hours, and, in many regions, the presence of snow and ice. Winter is often associated with holidays such as Christmas and New Year's, as well as activities like skiing, snowboarding, ice skating, and cozy indoor pursuits.
It's important to note that the timing and characteristics of seasons can vary depending on the geographical location, as well as regional climatic conditions.
Seasons are divisions of the year marked by distinct weather patterns, changes in temperature, and variations in daylight hours. They are primarily determined by the Earth's axial tilt and its orbit around the Sun. The four main seasons recognized in many regions of the world are spring, summer, autumn (fall), and winter. Here's a brief description of each season:
1. Spring: Spring is the season that follows winter and precedes summer. It is characterized by gradually increasing temperatures, longer daylight hours, and the emergence of new plant growth. In many places, spring is associated with blooming flowers, budding trees, and the return of various animal species.
2. Summer: Summer is the warmest season of the year. It is marked by higher temperatures, extended daylight hours, and generally favorable weather conditions. Summer is often associated with vacations, outdoor activities, and the opportunity to enjoy beaches, swimming, picnics, and various recreational pursuits.
3. Autumn (Fall): Autumn, also known as fall, is the season that follows summer and precedes winter. It is characterized by cooler temperatures, shorter daylight hours, and the shedding of leaves from deciduous trees. Autumn is often associated with vibrant foliage, harvest festivals, and a gradual transition towards colder weather.
4. Winter: Winter is the coldest season of the year. It is marked by low temperatures, shorter daylight hours, and, in many regions, the presence of snow and ice. Winter is often associated with holidays such as Christmas and New Year's, as well as activities like skiing, snowboarding, ice skating, and cozy indoor pursuits.
It's important to note that the timing and characteristics of seasons can vary depending on the geographical location, as well as regional climatic conditions.
This ppt is on motions of earth which is useful for cl vi,cbse. The meaning of some key words are written in regional language(odia) to help the children of my school for better understanding. Hope it will help you.
learningfromgeography.wikispaces.com
learningfromhistory.wikispaces.com
Developed by Maria Jesús Campos, Social Studies, Geography and History teacher in a bilingual section in Madrid (Spain)
This ppt is on motions of earth which is useful for cl vi,cbse. The meaning of some key words are written in regional language(odia) to help the children of my school for better understanding. Hope it will help you.
learningfromgeography.wikispaces.com
learningfromhistory.wikispaces.com
Developed by Maria Jesús Campos, Social Studies, Geography and History teacher in a bilingual section in Madrid (Spain)
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
2. Earth’s rotation
• The Earth rotates on its axis
(imaginary vertical line
around which Earth spins)
every 23 hours & 56
minutes.
• One day on Earth is one
rotation of the Earth.
• One Day on Earth is when
our side of the Earth faces
the sun.
• Night on Earth is when the
side of Earth we are on
faces away from the sun.
3. Earth’s revolution
• It takes the Earth
365.25 days (or
rotations) to travel or
revolve around the
Sun once.
• This is called a year.
Orbit
7. Why do we have seasons?
• The Earth’s orbit around
the sun is NOT a perfect
circle. It is an ellipse.
• Seasons are not caused
by how close the Earth is
to the sun.
• In fact, the Earth is
closest to the sun around
January 3 and farthest
away from the sun
around July 4.
Ellipse
8. Why do we have seasons?
• Seasons are the result of the
tilt of the Earth's axis.
• Earth’s axis is tilted 23.5°.
• This tilting is why we have
SEASONS like fall, winter,
spring, summer.
• The number of daylight
hours is greater for the
hemisphere, or half of Earth,
that is tilted toward the Sun.
• Seasons Interactive
9. Why do we have seasons?
• Summer is warmer than winter (in each
hemisphere) because the Sun's rays hit the
Earth at a more direct angle during summer than
during winter
10. Why do we have seasons?
• Also the days are much longer than the
nights during the summer.
• During the winter, the Sun's rays hit the
Earth at an extreme angle, and the days
are very short. These effects are due to the
tilt of the Earth's axis.
12. Solstices
• Occur twice a year, when the tilt of the Earth's axis is
oriented at its extremes. Tilted the farthest or closest
• Winter solstice is the shortest day of the year. In the
Northern Hemisphere. It occurs on December 21 or 22
and marks the beginning of winter.
• The Summer Solstice is the longest day of the year. It
occurs on June 20 or 21 and marks the beginning of
summer.
13.
14. Equinoxes
• A day lasts 12 hours and
a night lasts 12 hours at
all latitudes.
• Equinox literally means
"equal night".
• Sunlight strikes the earth
most directly at the
equator.
• This occurs twice a year.
15. Equinox
• The vernal (spring)
equinox occurs March
20.
• The autumnal (fall)
equinox occurs
September 22 or 23.
16. The Earth's seasons are not
caused by the differences in the
distance from the Sun throughout
the year.