This document discusses software project estimation. It begins by outlining the major activities of software project planning, which includes estimation. It then describes the estimation process, which involves predicting time, cost, and resources required. Several estimation techniques are discussed, including using historical metrics, task breakdown, size estimates, and automated tools. Accuracy depends on properly defining scope, available metrics, and team abilities. The document provides examples of using lines of code and function point approaches to estimate effort and cost.
Estimation of resources, cost, and schedule for a software engineering effort requires experience, access to good historical information, and the courage to commit to quantitative predictions when qualitative information is all that exists. Halstead’s Measure & COCOMO Modeol COCOMO II Model of Estimation techniquesused or S/w Developments and Maintenance
This is a Software Estimation Guide for Practitioners, It includes information about the Software Estimation Process, Complexities, Estimation Methods (Size, Effort, Cost) and Techniques (Function Point, COCOMO and the Use Case based Estimation)
Estimation of resources, cost, and schedule for a software engineering effort requires experience, access to good historical information, and the courage to commit to quantitative predictions when qualitative information is all that exists. Halstead’s Measure & COCOMO Modeol COCOMO II Model of Estimation techniquesused or S/w Developments and Maintenance
This is a Software Estimation Guide for Practitioners, It includes information about the Software Estimation Process, Complexities, Estimation Methods (Size, Effort, Cost) and Techniques (Function Point, COCOMO and the Use Case based Estimation)
Project Management Series By Himadri Banerji: The New Frontiers From Himadri ...HIMADRI BANERJI
SDPM is an extension of Critical Chain Project Management, and is practiced widely in Russia.It deals with concepts Resource Critical Path which unlike in CCPM can be multiple, and Resource Productivity depends on country and environment, Success Probability.
This file will give you the idea what is software project planning, what are its steps and procedures. this document also give you the idea abut software project monitoring.
What is Software project management?? , What is a Project?, What is a Product?, What is Project Management?, What is Software Project Life Cycle?, What is a Product Life Cycle?, Software Project, Software Triple Constraints, Software Project Manager, Project Planning,
Project Management Series By Himadri Banerji: The New Frontiers From Himadri ...HIMADRI BANERJI
SDPM is an extension of Critical Chain Project Management, and is practiced widely in Russia.It deals with concepts Resource Critical Path which unlike in CCPM can be multiple, and Resource Productivity depends on country and environment, Success Probability.
This file will give you the idea what is software project planning, what are its steps and procedures. this document also give you the idea abut software project monitoring.
What is Software project management?? , What is a Project?, What is a Product?, What is Project Management?, What is Software Project Life Cycle?, What is a Product Life Cycle?, Software Project, Software Triple Constraints, Software Project Manager, Project Planning,
Agenda
Requirements
What are requirements?
Classifying the requirements
Characteristics of requirements
Requirements elicitation
Documenting the requirements
Requirements analysis and negotiation
Requirements validation
Agenda
Components Involved
Software process models
Waterfall Model/SDLC
Incremental Process
Evolutionary Process
Concurrent models
Process activities
Coping with change
Process improvement
SE - Lecture 1 - Introduction to S Engineering.pptxTangZhiSiang
Agenda
Software Engineering?
Professional software development
What is meant by software engineering.
Overview of Software Industry
A brief introduction to the overview of software industry
History and development of software industry
Case studies and Emerging trends
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
3. Introduction
Software Project Planning encompasses 5 major activities. Estimation is one if it.
Estimation is a process to predict the time and the cost that a project requires to be
finished appropriately. But in terms of software development, it also means of
consideration of the experience of the software development company; the technique
they employ; the process they may go through to finish the task. This whole process
requires the use of complex tools and good mathematical background knowledge. It is
in some cases is the accomplishment of the hard work of a whole team.
3
5. Software Project Planning
+ Encompasses of 5 major activities: Estimation, scheduling,
risk analysis, Quality Management Planning & Change
Management Planning.
+ Estimation determine how much money, effort, resources
and time it will take to build a specific system or software
Sample footer text 3/1/20XX 5
6. 1st Estimation Steps
The software team first estimates:
+ The work to be done
+ The resources required
+ The time that will elapse (the time it will take) from start to
finish
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7. 2nd Estimation Steps
They will establish a project
schedule that
+ Defines tasks and milestones
+ Identifies who is responsible
for conducting tasks
+ Specifies intertask
dependencies
Sample footer text 3/1/20XX 7
8. 8
Task Set For Project Planning
1. Establish project scope
2. Determine feasibility
3. Analyze risks
1. Risk analysis already discussed in
Project Management chapter.
4. Define required resources
1. Determine require human resources
2. Define reusable software resources
3. Identify environmental resources
5. Estimate cost and effort
+ Decompose the problem
+ Develop two or more estimates using size, function
points, process tasks or use-cases
+ Reconcile the estimates
6. Develop a project schedule
+ Establish a meaningful task set
+ Define a task network
+ Use scheduling tools to develop a
timeline chart
+ Define schedule tracking mechanisms
9. 9
Observation on Estimation
+ Estimation of resources, cost, and schedule for a software
engineering effort requires:
• experience
• access to good historical information (metrics)
• the courage to commit to quantitative predictions when qualitative
information is all that exists
+ Estimation carries inherent risk and this risk leads to
uncertainty
11. 11
To Understand Scope ...
+ Understand the customers needs
+ understand the business context
+ understand the project boundaries
+ understand the customer’s motivation
+ understand the likely paths for change
+ understand that ... Even when you understand,
nothing is guaranteed!
12. 12
What is Scope?
+ Software scope describes
the functions and features that are to be delivered to end-users
the data that are input and output
the “content” that is presented to users as a consequence of using the
software
the performance, constraints, interfaces, and reliability that bound the
system.
+ Scope is defined using one of two techniques:
+ A narrative description of software scope is developed after
communication with all stakeholders.
+ A set of use-cases is developed by end-users.
14. 14
Project
Estimation
Considerations
+ Project scope must be understood
+ Elaboration (decomposition) is
necessary
+ Historical metrics are very helpful
+ At least two different techniques
should be used
+ Uncertainty is inherent in the
process
16. 16
Estimation Techniques
+ Past (similar) project experience
+ Conventional estimation techniques
task breakdown and effort estimates
size (e.g., FP) estimates
+ Empirical models
+ Automated tools
There are plenty of estimation strategies that estimators could employ. But, firstly, they could
take into consideration the complexity of the project, the amount of information acquired, and
time constraints. An appropriate combination of those things could result in the estimating
approaches as follows:
17. 17
Estimation Accuracy
+ Predicated on …
the degree to which the planner has properly estimated the size of the product to be built
the ability to translate the size estimate into human effort, calendar time, and dollars (a
function of the availability of reliable software metrics from past projects)
the degree to which the project plan reflects the abilities of the software team
the stability of product requirements and the environment that supports the software
engineering effort.
The whole process of estimation would cost the company rather considerable cost and time at the very
first stage of building an app. But this will make the final result more credible, realistic, and customer-
satisfying. Projects especially big ones are advised to employ this crucial step to avoid unpredictable
failure.
18. 18
Conventional Techniques:
1. LOC/FP Approach
+ compute LOC/FP using estimates of information domain
values
+ use historical data to build estimates for the project
+ LOC- Line of Codes
+ FP – Function points
19. 19
Example: LOC Approach
Average productivity for systems of this type = 620 LOC/pm.
Burdened labor rate =$8000 per month, the cost per line of code is approximately $13.
Based on the LOC estimate and the historical productivity data, the total estimated project
cost is $431,000 and the estimated effort is 54 person-months.
20. 2. FP Approach
+ A Function Point (FP) is a unit of measurement to express the
amount of business functionality, an information system (as a
product) provides to a user.
+ FPs measure software size. They are widely accepted as an
industry standard for functional sizing.
20
21. 21
Example: FP Approach
average productivity = 6.5 FP/pm.
burdened labor rate = $8000 per month,
approximately $1230/FP.
Based on the FP estimate and the historical productivity data,
total estimated project cost is $461,000 and
estimated effort is 58 person-months.
22. 22
These slides are designed to accompany Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 7/e (McGraw-
Hill 2009). Slides copyright 2009 by Roger Pressman.
Tool-Based Estimation
project characteristics
calibration factors
LOC/FP data
23. 23
Estimation with Use-Cases
Using 620 LOC/pm as the average productivity for systems of this type and a burdened
labor rate of $8000 per month, the cost per line of code is approximately $13. Based on
the use-case estimate and the historical productivity data, the total estimated project cost
is $552,000 and the estimated effort is 68 person-months.