In 2015, the world witnessed two critical global agreements – the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and Paris Climate Agreement. Both agreements emphasize the need to enhance gender equality while developing response measures to address climate change, reduce food insecurity and improve nutrition. This webinar looks at how gender can be incorporated in this process.
Why dry areas should invest masively in innovation to ensure food securityCGIAR
For dry areas the core problem is that growing food requires much more water than all other uses combined, that is to say, in dry areas there just isn't enough water to grow food. The complex challenges facing dry areas cannot be solved with one silver bullet, but will require an
integrated approach involving sustainable natural resource management, crop and livestock genetic
improvement as well as socio-economic innovation.
Keynote speech made by Dr Frank Rijsberman at the Opening Ceremony of the Global Forum for Innovations in Agriculture, Abu Dhabi, February 3, 2014.
This is a presentation for CCAFS East Africa by Catherine Mungai at the Symposium on Climate Change Adaptation in Africa 2016 "Fostering African Resilience and Capacity to Adapt" in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, on 21st-23rd February 2016
Jim Hansen, CCAFS Flagship 2 Leader, IRI
Presentation during an event on strengthening regional capacity for climate services in Africa, Victoria Falls,27 October 2015
This is a presentation for CCAFS East Africa by Philip Kimeli at the Symposium on Climate Change Adaptation in Africa 2016 "Fostering African Resilience and Capacity to Adapt" in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, on 21st-23rd February 2016
Presentation by Dr. Nicolas Ozor from African Technology Policy Studies Network (ATPS), at the workshop on Gender and Climate-Smart Agriculture in Eastern and Southern Africa Region: Case studies and lessons from 02 to 04 November 2016, Nairobi, Kenya.
Presentation by Catherine Mungai from the Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) at the workshop on Gender and Climate-Smart Agriculture in Eastern and Southern Africa Region: Case studies and lessons from 02 to 04 November 2016, Nairobi, Kenya
Why dry areas should invest masively in innovation to ensure food securityCGIAR
For dry areas the core problem is that growing food requires much more water than all other uses combined, that is to say, in dry areas there just isn't enough water to grow food. The complex challenges facing dry areas cannot be solved with one silver bullet, but will require an
integrated approach involving sustainable natural resource management, crop and livestock genetic
improvement as well as socio-economic innovation.
Keynote speech made by Dr Frank Rijsberman at the Opening Ceremony of the Global Forum for Innovations in Agriculture, Abu Dhabi, February 3, 2014.
This is a presentation for CCAFS East Africa by Catherine Mungai at the Symposium on Climate Change Adaptation in Africa 2016 "Fostering African Resilience and Capacity to Adapt" in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, on 21st-23rd February 2016
Jim Hansen, CCAFS Flagship 2 Leader, IRI
Presentation during an event on strengthening regional capacity for climate services in Africa, Victoria Falls,27 October 2015
This is a presentation for CCAFS East Africa by Philip Kimeli at the Symposium on Climate Change Adaptation in Africa 2016 "Fostering African Resilience and Capacity to Adapt" in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, on 21st-23rd February 2016
Presentation by Dr. Nicolas Ozor from African Technology Policy Studies Network (ATPS), at the workshop on Gender and Climate-Smart Agriculture in Eastern and Southern Africa Region: Case studies and lessons from 02 to 04 November 2016, Nairobi, Kenya.
Presentation by Catherine Mungai from the Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) at the workshop on Gender and Climate-Smart Agriculture in Eastern and Southern Africa Region: Case studies and lessons from 02 to 04 November 2016, Nairobi, Kenya
Harold Roy-Macauley's presentation on "Global research partnership efforts: tackling food and environmental challenges in sub-Saharan Africa" at the Sixth Tokyo International Conference on African Development (TICAD VI) Side Event organized by the World Bank on the “Future of Food in sub-Saharan Africa: Reviewing progress, charting next steps” held in Nairobi, Kenya, 26 August 2016.
Uganda Case Study - NAP-Ag COP23 presentationUNDP Climate
In a NAP-Ag side-event at the Climate Talks, UNDP, FAO and developing countries supported through the NAP-Ag Programme underscored the need to engage the private sector, implement gender-responsive approaches and improve local climate governance to connect the agriculture sectors with more effective climate change adaptation plans.
Mel Oluch
SPECIAL EVENT
UNFSS Independent Dialogue: The Critical Role of Agricultural Extension in Advancing the 2030 Agenda: Lessons from the Field and Empirical Evidence
Co-Organized by IFPRI and Sasakawa Africa Association (SAA)
Presentation by Dr.Henry Neufeldt at the event titled “Technology Transfer for Adaptation and Mitigation in Natural Resource Management via the UNFCCC’s Climate Technology Centre and Network: Examples from Africa” hosted at the African Pavilion, COP22, Marrakech, Morocco, 2016. See more: http://www.worldagroforestry.org/COP22/Climate-Technology-Transfer-for-African-countries-through-the-Climate-Technology-Centre-and-Network
Prepared by:
Lead Authors
Walter de Boef, Marja Thijssen, Boudy van Schagen, and Tom van Mourik
Contributors
Tofa Abdullahi, Godwin Atser, Isabelle Baltenweck, Jens-Peter Barnekow Lillesø, Zewdie Bishaw, Elohor Diebiru-Ojo, Carlo Fadda, Alessandra Galie, Sita Ghimire, Lars Graudal, Aynalem Haile, Jon Hellin, Ramni Jamnadas, Alpha Kamara, Karen Marshall, Margaret McEwan, Adamu Molla, Baloua Nebie, Kwame Ogero, Chris Ojiewo, Lucky Omoigui, Michael Peters, Srinivasulu Rajendran, Cristiano Rossignoli, Lateef Sanni, Kelvin Mashisia Shikuku, Reuben Solomon, David Spielman, Abiro Tigabie, and Aboubacar Toure
Collection of electronic poster submissions from the Knowledge Fair component of the 2020 Conference on "Building Resilience for Food and Nutrition Security," May 15-17, 2014 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Opening Data, Information and Knowledge for Agriculture Development FRANK Water
Ajit Maru,Senior Knowledge Officer at Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the UN, OiC, SRO at Global Forum on Agricultural Research presented where the international agricutural open access movement is heading towards.
Presentation by CAPAD, ISABU, ITEC and the Wageningen University at the 2016 annual meeting of the European Forum on Agricultural Research for Development (EFARD).
How to Elevate Rural Youth Representation for Inclusive Agricultural Develop...Pascal Corbé
The GIZ Agriculture Team in Kenya and two rural youth representatives share their experiences on participatory policy and project initiatives.
The presentation includes videos of the webinar, edited to a 39mins and 10mins versions and videos of pre-recorded inputs that were circulated beforehand to have more time for discussion during the actual webinar and avoid connectivity issues.
The idea is to watch the presentations in your own time beforehand without the usual technical hitches and later join the actual webinar for only the discussion!
More details at https://www.snrd-africa.net/how-to-elevate-rural-youth-representation-for-inclusive-agriculture-and-planning/
Harold Roy-Macauley's presentation on "Global research partnership efforts: tackling food and environmental challenges in sub-Saharan Africa" at the Sixth Tokyo International Conference on African Development (TICAD VI) Side Event organized by the World Bank on the “Future of Food in sub-Saharan Africa: Reviewing progress, charting next steps” held in Nairobi, Kenya, 26 August 2016.
Uganda Case Study - NAP-Ag COP23 presentationUNDP Climate
In a NAP-Ag side-event at the Climate Talks, UNDP, FAO and developing countries supported through the NAP-Ag Programme underscored the need to engage the private sector, implement gender-responsive approaches and improve local climate governance to connect the agriculture sectors with more effective climate change adaptation plans.
Mel Oluch
SPECIAL EVENT
UNFSS Independent Dialogue: The Critical Role of Agricultural Extension in Advancing the 2030 Agenda: Lessons from the Field and Empirical Evidence
Co-Organized by IFPRI and Sasakawa Africa Association (SAA)
Presentation by Dr.Henry Neufeldt at the event titled “Technology Transfer for Adaptation and Mitigation in Natural Resource Management via the UNFCCC’s Climate Technology Centre and Network: Examples from Africa” hosted at the African Pavilion, COP22, Marrakech, Morocco, 2016. See more: http://www.worldagroforestry.org/COP22/Climate-Technology-Transfer-for-African-countries-through-the-Climate-Technology-Centre-and-Network
Prepared by:
Lead Authors
Walter de Boef, Marja Thijssen, Boudy van Schagen, and Tom van Mourik
Contributors
Tofa Abdullahi, Godwin Atser, Isabelle Baltenweck, Jens-Peter Barnekow Lillesø, Zewdie Bishaw, Elohor Diebiru-Ojo, Carlo Fadda, Alessandra Galie, Sita Ghimire, Lars Graudal, Aynalem Haile, Jon Hellin, Ramni Jamnadas, Alpha Kamara, Karen Marshall, Margaret McEwan, Adamu Molla, Baloua Nebie, Kwame Ogero, Chris Ojiewo, Lucky Omoigui, Michael Peters, Srinivasulu Rajendran, Cristiano Rossignoli, Lateef Sanni, Kelvin Mashisia Shikuku, Reuben Solomon, David Spielman, Abiro Tigabie, and Aboubacar Toure
Collection of electronic poster submissions from the Knowledge Fair component of the 2020 Conference on "Building Resilience for Food and Nutrition Security," May 15-17, 2014 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Opening Data, Information and Knowledge for Agriculture Development FRANK Water
Ajit Maru,Senior Knowledge Officer at Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the UN, OiC, SRO at Global Forum on Agricultural Research presented where the international agricutural open access movement is heading towards.
Presentation by CAPAD, ISABU, ITEC and the Wageningen University at the 2016 annual meeting of the European Forum on Agricultural Research for Development (EFARD).
How to Elevate Rural Youth Representation for Inclusive Agricultural Develop...Pascal Corbé
The GIZ Agriculture Team in Kenya and two rural youth representatives share their experiences on participatory policy and project initiatives.
The presentation includes videos of the webinar, edited to a 39mins and 10mins versions and videos of pre-recorded inputs that were circulated beforehand to have more time for discussion during the actual webinar and avoid connectivity issues.
The idea is to watch the presentations in your own time beforehand without the usual technical hitches and later join the actual webinar for only the discussion!
More details at https://www.snrd-africa.net/how-to-elevate-rural-youth-representation-for-inclusive-agriculture-and-planning/
Introductory message by Ken Lohento, (CTA, ARDYIS Project) at the Centre for Development Innnovation (CDI)'s Market Access Short Courses - Wageningen University, Netherlands, January 2016
What role can agri-entrepreneurship and farming innovations play to engage young people in the agricultural sector?
The webinar was a culmination of a month long online discussion organized by the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS), CGIAR Research Program on Livestock, the Climate Smart Agriculture Youth Network (CSAYN), AgriProFocus, and ICCO Cooperation.
As a wrap-up to the online discussion, this webinar discussed novel opportunities for youth, practitioners, policymakers, scientists, technical experts and other stakeholders emerging in the discussion and provided an impetus towards developing a framework for concrete youth engagement in agribusiness within the context of a changing climate.
Main empirical method: an instrument approach based on variation in state capital gains taxation
Main measure: measure Housing speculation by the fraction of non-owner-occupied home purchases
Finding:
Housing speculations arose from extrapolation by speculators of past housing price changes.
During the boom, housing speculations had positive economic consequences: increases housing prices and fuel local economic expansions;
During the bust period of 2007–2009, housing speculations depress residential construction employment, as a result of supply overhang, and reduce local household demand.
Housing speculation, partly driven by behavioral biases, affected the real economy, both during and in the aftermath of the recent U.S. housing cycle.
Global alliance for agripreneurship report 25 feb 2017Steven Carr
A report by Steven Carr outlining a proposal to establish a global partnership to support young agripreneurs in developing economies through the development of on-line resources and learning.
The Brussels Development Briefing no. 48 on “Strengthening rural livelihoods in the face of rapid urbanisation in Africa” took place on 20th March 2017 from 14:00 to 18:00, at the ACP Secretariat (Avenue Georges Henri 451, 1200 Brussels, Room C). This Briefing was co-organised by CTA, BMZ/GIZ, the ACP Secretariat, European Commission (DG DEVCO) and Concord
Presentation by Olu Ajayi (PHD) from the Technical Centre for Agricultural and rural Cooperation (CTA), at the workshop on Gender and Climate-Smart Agriculture in Eastern and Southern Africa Region: Case studies and lessons from 02 to 04 November 2016, Nairobi, Kenya
During the last week of October, 2013, capacity development focal points from the CGIAR Centers and Research Programmes (CRPs), the Consortium office and key partner organizations, met in Nairobi to begin to define guiding principles and elements of a CGIAR Capacity Development Strategy. The CGIAR group met for several days and partners were then invited to discuss the plans developed and present their perspectives on actions required by the Consortium.
Grasp more about the outcomes of CGIAR Consortium Workshop at: http://bit.ly/1g1JXyv
The Brussels Development Briefing no. 49 on “Youth in agribusiness: shaping the future of agriculture” took place on 18th of May 2017 from 09:00 to 13:00, at the ACP Secretariat in Brussels, Belgium. This Briefing was co-organised by CTA, the ACP Secretariat, European Commission (DG DEVCO), Concord, PAFO and AgriCord.
Similar to SDGs and the Paris climate agreement: Achieving gender parity in African agricultural systems Webinar Presentations. (20)
The Accelerating Impact of CGIAR Climate Research for Africa (AICCRA) project works to deliver a climate-smart African future driven by science and innovation in agriculture.
AICCRA does this by enhancing access to climate information services and climate-smart agricultural technology to millions of smallholder farmers in Africa.
With better access to climate technology and advisory services—linked to information about effective response measures—farmers can better anticipate climate-related events and take preventative action that help communities better safeguard their livelihoods and the environment.
AICCRA is supported by a grant from the International Development Association (IDA) of the World Bank, which is used to enhance research and capacity-building activities by the CGIAR centers and initiatives as well as their partners in Africa.
About IDA: IDA helps the world’s poorest countries by providing grants and low to zero-interest loans for projects and programmes that boost economic growth, reduce poverty, and improve poor people’s lives.
IDA is one of the largest sources of assistance for the world’s 76 poorest countries, 39 of which are in Africa.
Annual IDA commitments have averaged about $21 billion over circa 2017-2020, with approximately 61 percent going to Africa.
This presentation was given on 27 October 2021 by Mengpin Ge, Global Climate Program Associate at WRI, during the webinar "Achieving NDC Ambition in Agriculture" organized by CCAFS, FAO and WRI.
Find the recording and more information here: https://bit.ly/AchievingNDCs
This presentation was given on 27 October 2021 by Sabrina Rose, Policy Consultant at CCAFS, during the webinar "Achieving NDC Ambition in Agriculture" organized by CCAFS, FAO and WRI.
Find the recording and more information here: https://bit.ly/AchievingNDCs
This presentation was given on 27 October 2021 by Krystal Crumpler, Climate Change and Agricultural Specialist at FAO, during the webinar "Achieving NDC Ambition in Agriculture" organized by CCAFS, FAO and WRI.
Find the recording and more information here: https://bit.ly/AchievingNDCs
This presentation was meant to be included in the 2021 CLIFF-GRADS Welcome Webinar and presented by Ciniro Costa Jr. (CCAFS).
The webinar recording can be found here: https://youtu.be/UoX6aoC4fhQ
The multilevel CSA monitoring set of standard core uptake and outcome indicators + expanded indicators linked to a rapid and reliable ICT based data collection instrument to systematically
assess and monitor:
- CSA Adoption/ Access to CIS
- CSA effects on food security and livelihoods household level)
- CSA effects on farm performance
Presented by Harsh Rajpal, Code Partners Pte. Ltd., on 30 June 2021 at the Asian Development Bank (ADB) Webinar on Sustainable Protein Case Study: Outputs and Synthesis of Results.
Presented by Ciniro Costa Jr., CCAFS, on 28 June 2021 at the Asian Development Bank (ADB) Webinar on Sustainable Protein Case Study: Outputs and Synthesis of Results.
Presented by Marion de Vries, Wageningen Livestock Research at Wageningen University, on 28 June 2021 at the Asian Development Bank (ADB) Webinar on Sustainable Protein Case Study: Outputs and Synthesis of Results.
Presented by Issac Emery, Informed Sustainability Consulting, on 29 June 2021 at the second day of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) Webinar on Sustainable Protein Case Study: Outputs and Synthesis of Results.
Presented by Hongmin Dong and Sha Wei, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), on 28 June 2021 at the Asian Development Bank (ADB) Webinar on Sustainable Protein Case Study: Outputs and Synthesis of Results.
Presented by Lini Wollenberg, CCAFS, on 28 June 2021 at the Asian Development Bank (ADB) Webinar on Sustainable Protein Case Study: Outputs and Synthesis of Results.
Presentation by Han Soethoudt, Jan Broeze, and Heike Axmann of Wageningen University & Resaearch (WUR).
WUR and Olam Rice Nigeria conducted a controlled experiment in Nigeria in which mechanized rice harvesting and threshing were introduced on smallholder farms. The result of the study shows that mechanization considerably reduces losses, has a positive impact on farmers’ income, and the climate.
Learn more: https://www.wur.nl/en/news-wur/show-day/Mechanization-helps-Nigerian-farms-reduce-food-loss-and-increase-income.htm
Presentation on the rapid evidence review findings and key take away messages.
Current evidence for biodiversity and agriculture to achieve and bridging gaps in research and investment to reach multiple global goals.
This presentation was given at an internal workshop in April 2020 and was presented by Le Hoang Anh, Hoang Thi Thien Huong, Le Thi Thanh Huyen, and Nguyen Thi Lien Huong.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
SDGs and the Paris climate agreement: Achieving gender parity in African agricultural systems Webinar Presentations.
1.
2.
3. Empowering Women in
Agriculture
Dr Jemimah Njuki
Senior Program Officer, Agriculture and
Food Security
International Development Research
Center (IDRC)
March 8, 2016
4. 4
About IDRC
Gender equality, women’s empowerment and
the SDGs
Agriculture based strategies for women’s
empowerment
• Innovations for women’s empowerment
• Expanding business opportunities
• Addressing women’s time poverty
• Women in science
Some key Lessons
Outline
5. 5
About IDRC
A key part of Canada’s aid program, IDRC supports research
around the world to promote growth and development.
Strategic objectives 2015-2020:
• Invest in knowledge and innovation for large-scale positive
change
• Build the leaders for today and tomorrow
• Be the partner of choice for greater impact
6. • Gender equality as a goal
• Gender indicators in
other goals
• Two main views of
women in the context of
SDGs
– Women as key to
achieving SDGs
– Growth and
development that
works for women (in
the context of ‘leave
no one behind’)
6
Gender equality, women’s empowerment and the SDGs
8. 8
Expanding Business Opportunities for Young Women and Men
Developing and testing
models for engaging youth in
agribusiness
• Combining training, business
development and mentoring
• Research on what works
• Focus on 3 value chains:
Poultry, Fish, Maize in 5
countries
9. 9
Addressing Women’s Time Poverty
Recognise, Reduce,
Redistribute
• Reducing women’s
drudgery in millet based
systems
– Mechanized thresher reduced
threshing time by 35%, milling of
finger millet by 40%
• Precooked beans reduce
cooking time from 2-3
hours to 10-15 minutes
• Redistributing labour and
income in Cambodia
through household
methodologies
10. • Women’s
representation in
science, decision
making and policy
• Programs to enhance
leadership and science
skills for women
– IDRC Research AWARDS
– AWARD
10
Women in science and innovation
Male,
3037
Femal
e,
4078
Farmers Trained
Male,
18
Femal
e, 18
Graduate Students
Male,
57
Femal
e, 32
Researchers by
gender
Representation of women: Students,
scientists, farmers in the CultiAf program
11. 11
Using Radio to Achieve Impact at Scale
• Combining participatory radio
and ICTs to reach women
farmers and consumers
• Formative research with men
and women on design, timing etc
• Comparative analysis and action
research to assess different radio
interventions
12. 12
Some Key Lessons
• Addressing multiple barriers and
opportunities for gender equality
and women’s empowerment
– Women’s agency (skills, voice, resource
control, autonomy)
– Structures (legal, policy, institutional)
– Relations (household, community,
national, global)
• Learning and generating evidence on
what works
– Tools, methods and approaches to
reach scale
– Innovative tools for measuring
women’s empowerment (e.g WEAI)
• Partnerships to achieve scale
Agency
RelationsStructure
13.
14. Challenges and opportunities to
achieving gender parity in the
Kenyan intensive dairy sector
Katie Tavenner | K.Tavenner@cgiar.org
International Women’s Day
Nairobi, Kenya
08 March 2016
ILRI/flickr
15. Why Dairy?
• Low-emissions dairy development as ‘climate smart’
• Improving rural livelihoods
• Intersection of gender/mitigation initiatives/dairy
OnILRI.org
16. Gender Dynamics in Kenyan Dairy Production
Women’s management tasks
• Securing fodder
• Providing water
• Assessing & treating animal’s health needs
• Recognizing when a cow requires mating or AI
• Removing manure
• Milking the cow
Men’s management tasks
• Owning and selling the cow
• Spraying animals against ticks
• Planting fodder crops
17. Barriers to Gender Parity
• Cultural / gender norms around ownership and
management of dairy cattle
• Women’s “triple role” burden
• Access to extension services
• Access to productive assets and credit
• Milk marketing
• Dairy income and intra-household decision-making
18. Opportunities for Gender Inclusion in
Development Interventions
• Integrating women into milk cooperatives
• Strengthening women’s leadership and
participation in formal organizations
• Designing technologies with women’s capacities
and labor burden in mind
• Making the ‘business case’ for gender inclusion
OnAfricanDairyPortal
19. Basic Indicators for Gender Parity
• Gender of who in the household is registered with the
producer organization/HUB
• Gender of who in the household delivers the milk
• Gender of whose bank account milk sale profits are
delivered
• Number of women and youth in leadership positions /are
board members
• Number of women/youth attending and participating in
meetings
20. Advanced Indicators for Gender Parity
• Milk availability for children at household consumption
level
• Commensurate milk sales with women’s labor
• Ownership/control of livestock assets and technologies
• Income controlled by women from morning and evening
milk sales
• Decision-making for milk sales, cattle sales and purchases,
and animal health/breeding
• Number of hours spent on dairy-related tasks for men and
women
21. Promising Ways Forward
• Creation of a dairy NAMA for Kenya
• Strengthening smallholder access to markets and
appropriate technologies
• Favorable policy environment
onFlickrbyILRI/RosemaryDolan
22.
23. Opportunities for youth in
agriculture and how they
can tap into climate
financing
Priscilla M Achakpa
Executive Director, Women Environmental Programme(WEP)
Member, African Working Group on Gender and Climate Change(AWGGCC)
Organizing Partner, Women Major Groups(WMG)
National Coordinator, Water Supply & Sanitation Collaborative
Council(WSSCC)
Regional Focal Point, West Africa, GEFCSO Network
Block E Flat 2 Anambra Court, Gaduwa Housing Estate, after Apo Legislative
Quarters, P.O.Box 10176, Garki, Abuja
Nigeria
Email: priscilla.achakpa@wepnigeria.net
www.wepnigeria.net
+23492910878
25. Introduction
Agriculture will continue to be one of the key drivers of
African economic growth
A prime responsibility of providing employment
opportunities for a rapidly growing and predominantly
youthful population.
The agricultural value chain therefore provides multiple
entry points and pathways for advancing Africa’s
transformative agenda toward a green economy and low
carbon development
26. WHY FOCUS ON YOUTH
The growing population of nearly 300 million inability
of Africa’s agriculture to match the needs of a
growing population has left around 300 million people
frequently hungry and has forced the continent to
spend billions of dollars annually importing food.
In 2010, 70 % of the region’s population was under
the age of 30,
In 2010, 20 % of the population were young people
between the ages of 15 to 24.
The large majority of the youth lives in rural areas
and mostly employed in agriculture, accounting for
65% of total employment.
27. Youth Farm (YFarm) Project is a trademark and brainchild project of Fresh & Young
Brains Development Initiative and Alexijan Consults which adopts a two-pronged
approach to promote youth-led farms and agribusinesses, as well as highlight the
benefits of farming for sustainable youth development and livelihoods. The YFarm
Project aims to promote agriculture as a Fun activity, Culture, Career and Business
among African Youth. It also aims to draw youth out of Poverty, into Sustainable
Agriculture and closer to God.
Source: Fresh and Young Brains Initiative, Nigeria
28. REGIONAL POLICIES ON YOUTH
• NEPAD Youth Desk
– Launched in 2005 by New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) to give youth a
platform for dialogue and enable them to contribute to policy debates.
• The African Youth Charter
– Adopted July 2006 at the 7th Ordinary Session of the Conference of Heads of States
and Government
– Lays the pedestal for national programmes and strategic plans for Youth empowerment
• Youth Decade Plan of Action (2009-2018)
– Declared by the African Union Assembly in January, 2009, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
– Framework for multi-sectoral and multidimensional engagement of all stakeholders
towards the achievement of the goals and objectives of the African Youth Charter.
29.
30. Youth Charter and Agriculture
Article 14: Poverty Eradication and Socio-economic
Integration of Youth
• Train young people to take up agricultural, mineral,
commercial and industrial production using
contemporary systems and promote the benefits of
modern information and communication technology to
gain access to existing and new markets;
• Facilitate access to credit to promote youth participation
in agricultural and other sustainable livelihood projects
31. Challenges and opportunities
Macroeconomic conditions, political stability, access to
finance
Lack of technical skills, soft skills
Low investments in education (vocational training and
refocusing on tertiary education)
Demand for jobs (white collar jobs) exceeds supply
Opportunities
The worlds goods and services cannot be produced
without working age labor
Agriculture is projected to create 8 million jobs by 2020,
manufacturing-same but may double
Technology, ICT and social media are viable tactics for skills
development programs in youth
Raising the productivity of small holder farmers is
important
32. Challenges and Opportunities
The Paris agreement on financing, 59. Decides that the Green
Climate Fund and the Global Environment Facility, the entities
entrusted with the operation of the Financial Mechanism of the
Convention, as well as the Least Developed Countries Fund and the
Special Climate Change Fund, administered by the Global
Environment Facility, shall serve the Agreement;
Article 65 Urges the institutions serving the Agreement to enhance
the coordination and delivery of resources to support country-
driven strategies through simplified and efficient application and
approval procedures, and through continued readiness support to
developing country Parties, including the least developed countries
and small island developing States, as appropriate;
These article provides ample opportunity for youth to engage their
parties at the country level for support as well as the financial
instutions for financial support in their projects and programmes
35. How To Improve Nutrition In Africa
Within The Context of a Changing
Climate
Tawanda Muzhingi, Ph.D.
International Potato Center (CIP), SSA
Regional Office, ILRI Campus, Nairobi,
Kenya
t.Muzhingi@cigar.org
+16032860631 (mobile USA)
+2548718608534 (Local Mobile)
+254204223639 (Local office)
36. Background
• Sub-Saharan Africa is characterized by some of the
most nutritionally insecure people in the world.
• The staggering levels of malnutrition and food
insecurity on the continent are compounded by
poverty, conflict, HIV, and poor access to health
services.
• The definition of food security set out at the 1996
World Food Summit stated that “food security exists
when all people at all times have both physical and
economic access to sufficient food to meet their
dietary needs for a productive and healthy life”
37. Some Basic facts
• FAO estimates that 239 million people in sub-Saharan
Africa were hungry/undernourished in 2010.
• Almost one in three people who live in sub-Saharan Africa
were hungry, far higher than any other region of the world,
with the exception of South Asia.
• Sub-Saharan Africa had the largest proportion of its
population undernourished, an estimated 30 percent in
2010, compared to 16 percent in Asia and the Pacific (FAO
2010).
• In 2008, 47 percent of the population of sub-Saharan
Africa lived on $1.25 a day or less. (United Nations 2012).
41. Stunting in Africa
• Stunting, or low height for age and generally
occurs before age two, and effects are largely
irreversible such as delayed motor development
impaired cognitive function and poor school
performance.
• In SSA stunting has stagnated since 1990 at about
40% and little improvement is anticipated.
• Childhood undernutrition and overweight co-
exist in many countries, leading to a double
burden of malnutrition.
44. Malnutrition and Climate Vulnerability in
Africa
• Temperatures: increasing average temperatures in
seasonally arid and tropical regions the impact is likely to
be detrimental.
• Rainfall: Areas that are dependent on seasonal rainfall, and
those that are highly dependent on rain-fed agriculture for
food security, are particularly vulnerable
• Floods: Heavy rainfall events as the climate warms are
expected which lead to flooding and destruction of crops
over wide areas, as well as devastating food stores, assets
and agricultural land .
• Droughts: are projected to increase in intensity, frequency
and duration resulting in agricultural losses, reductions in
water quality and availability.
45. How to Improve Nutrition in the face of
climate change
• Improvement in access to cheap and affordable health
care systems through out SSA as climate change has the
potential to affect different diseases.
• Investments in plant breeding research to develop the
value chains for crops that are better adapted to the harsh
and variable climate of drylands.
• Investments in solutions to understanding the impact of
dryland stresses on smallholder agriculture;
• Advocating for climate modeling and decision-making
tools. Research and development of agricultural policies
based on crop simulation models.
• Better farm management such as soils and water
conservation water, and crop and livestock diversity.
46. International Women’s Day
Women, throughout most of the world, have the major responsibility
for their families' nutrition. Their own nutrition is often impaired,
under the social and biological stresses they face. Developments that
improve women's position in society are likely to improve nutrition
overall, and are essential for this. Equally, any activities aimed at
preventing malnutrition depend substantially on women's activities,
indeed on their empowerment. At the same time, more attention
must be paid to improving women's own nutritional status −perhaps
an under−recognized problem − and many of the necessary
technologies are now well known. Finally, it is becoming increasingly
clear that protecting women's nutrition, notably during pregnancy and
lactation but in fact throughout the life−cycle, is necessary to
safeguard the nutrition of infants, children and indeed future
generations.
www. UNSYSTEMS.org