Three attributes were identified to classify music: arousal describes intensity and energy; valence describes the spectrum of emotions from sad to happy; and depth describes intellect and sophistication. Pop music uses elements from R&B, jazz, doo-wop and dance with instruments like guitars and vocal synthesizers. Rock uses elements from rock and roll, electric jazz, folk and country with guitars, bass, drums and keyboards. Hip hop uses elements from R&B, jazz, spoken word poetry, funk and disco with vocals, drum machines, synthesizers and piano.

1. SDG vs SONGS
Millionaires’ Research Competition
By Thira Woratanarat MD MMedSc DHFM
Assistant Professor, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine,
Chulalongkorn University
Email: thira.w@chula.ac.th

4. Three Attributes to Classify Music
• Researchers from McGill University, the University of Cambridge, Rutgers University,
City University of New York, and the Stanford Graduate School of Business
• Statistical analysis involving 102 different pieces of music and 26 different genres
and sub-genres, the research team distilled those clusters down to the
following: Arousal, Valence, and Depth.
(1) Arousal describes intensity and energy in music;
(2) Valence describes the spectrum of emotions in music (from sad to happy);
(3) Depth describes intellect and sophistication in music.

5. Pop vs Rock vs Hip Hop
• Pop - Short for "Popular Music", typically uses elements found in R&B, Jazz,
Doo-Wop, and Dance with instruments ranging from electric guitars to
vocal synthesizers.
• Rock - Uses elements from Rock and Roll, Electric Jazz, Folk, and Country.
The most common instruments are electric guitars, bass guitars, drums,
keyboards, and synthesizers.
• Hip Hop - Uses elements from R&B, Jazz, Spoken Word Poetry, Funk and
Disco. The typical instruments are vocals, drum machines, synthesizers,
and piano.

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