Scientific Research Essay

Scientific Theory Essay
Scientific Theory
A scientific theory is a well–substantiated explanation of some aspects of the natural world, based on
a body of knowledge that has been repeatedly confirmed through observation and experiment.
Scientist creates scientific theories from hypothesis that have been corroborated through the
scientific method, then gather evidence to test their accuracy. The strength of a scientific theory is
related to the diversity of phenomena it can explain, which is measured by its ability to make
falsifiable predictions with respect to the phenomena. Scientific theories are the most reliable,
rigorous, and comprehensive for of scientific knowledge.
The scientific method involves the proposal and testing of hypotheses, by deriving...show more
content...
Theories are the main goal in science and no explanation can achieve a higher rank. (to the belief
that "theories" become "laws" over time). In some cases, theories can unify. Two or more theories
can be replaces by a single theory which explains the previous theories as approximations or
special cases, comparable to the way a theorys is connecting explanation for many confirmed
hypotheses: This is reffered to as Unification of Theories. Both scientific laws and scientific theories
are produced from scientific methods through the formation and testing of hypotheses, and can
predict the behavior of the natural world. Both are typically supported by observation and
experimental science. However, scientific laws are descriptive accounts of how nature will behave
under certain conditions. Scientific theories are broader in scope, and give overarching explanations
of how nature works and why it exhibits certain characteristics. They are supported by evidence from
many different sources, and may contain one or more laws.
Both scientific laws and scientific theories come from the scientific method through the formation
and testing of hypotheses, and can predict the behavior of the natural world. Both are usually well
supported by observations and/or experimental evidence. However laws are descriptive accounts of
how nature will behave under certain conditions. Assumption is a
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Ethics in Science Essay
What do you think of when you hear or see the word "science"; test tubes, Einstein, Space?
Science is "generally taken as meaning either (a) the exact sciences, such as chemistry, physics,
etc., or (b) a method of thought which obtains verifiable results by reasoning logically from
observed fact" (Orwell). Scientists are those who study science by scientific method. These "men of
science", which Orwell describes as "a biologist, and astronomer, perhaps a psychologist or a
mathematician", "work by means of induction and deduction, and that by the help of these
operations, they, in a sort of sense, wring from Nature certain other things, which are called natural
laws, and causes, and that out of these, by some cunning skill of their own,...show more content...
This undoubtedly demonstrations the pros and cons of inventions made through science. There
are people who abuse medicine, and other creations from science, for numerous different reasons.
Things like guns and nuclear weapons were formed to protect, but with the downside of killing
others. With all of this this being said, should there be a limit to things we make? More
importantly, does science have an ethical responsibility to humanity? I think to answer that
question, we need to start with deciding if scientists have an ethical responsibility to humanity. As
the saying goes, with knowledge comes power and with power comes responsibility. However,
there can be no limitation on the knowledge obtained from science. Instead, we must limit what
arises from knowledge and power. What are some responsibilities of scientists and the rest of the
population? Well, to start on the broadest sense, science should only be used for the absolute
necessary improvement of humanity. It is our ethical responsibility to not take advantage of
science to further the advancement of military power, as we have done with the creation of atomic
and nuclear bombs. Is it responsible to use science for fame, fortune and glory? No, and it is not
acceptable, but it is common for people to do so. If, for some reason, we had the option to save 80%
of endangered wildlife through scientific means, but with the consequence of harming the
atmosphere, would it be ethical to continue on? We would have

The Scientific Method Essay
The Scientific Method is the standardized procedure that scientists are supposed to follow when
conducting experiments, in order to try to construct a reliable, consistent, and non–arbitrary
representation of our surroundings. To follow the Scientific Method is to stick very tightly to a order
of experimentation. First, the scientist must observe the phenomenon of interest. Next, the scientist
must propose a hypothesis, or idea in which the experiments will be based around. Then, through
repeated experimentation, the hypothesis can either be proven false or become a theory. If the
hypothesis is proven to be false, the scientist must reformulate his or her ideas and come up with
another hypothesis, and the experimentation begins again. This...show more content...
Furthermore, flies were observed laying eggs where the maggots formed. Thus, he concluded that
maggots are the result of flies, not spontaneous generation. He then called the principles behind his
experiment "Metodo Scientifico" or The Scientific Method.
The first cases of what would be considered properly using the Scientific Method can be found
earlier, though, back in the studies of Galileo, early in the 17th century. He first observed that
heavy objects gain speed as they fall. He then proposed, or hypothesized, that the rate of falling of
massive objects was proportional to the distance that the object has fallen. Following the Scientific
Method, he tested his hypothesis and found it to be false, since objects falling unequal distances do
not fall in the same amount of time, as his hypothesis led to. Since his hypothesis failed, he made a
new one, which proposed that the rate at which an object falls is directly proportional to the time the
object has spent falling. This was tested by rolling balls down an inclined plane and calculating the
speed and time values from those observations. Later, these experiments led to the discovery of the
gravitational constant g, and a better understanding of the Scientific Method.
The Method has been used many times since Galileo conducted his experiments, and it has been
considered a valid way of conducting experiments since

Positivism Essay
Positivism
Positivism is a scientific approach to sociology (the science of society As Keat and Urry ('social
theory as science', 1975) note:
'Positivism is concerned only with observable phenomena. It involves establishing law–like relations
between them through the careful accumulation of factual knowledge. This occurs by means of
observation, experimentation, comparison and prediction.'
The terms' sociology' and 'positive philosophy' (positivism) were both coined by Auguste Comte
(the founder of Sociology), an educated philosopher, born on January 19th 1798 in Montpellier,
France. He grew up and studied after a great period of change. There had been the French revolution,
the Industrial...show more content...
The three stages societies progress through are outlined below.
Comte thought that society (and indeed the sciences) went through three distinct stages;
Theological, Metaphysical and Positive. He thought when society had reached the end of the
positivistic stage it would be Utopia where the world was ruled by experts in each field. The
common person wouldn't need to make
their own decisions as everything would be thought out for them.
В· THEOLOGICAL: Military. (Middle Ages)
– Natural phenomena explained as being the will of God/supernatural forces
– The family is basic social unit
В· METAPHYSICAL:Judicial (1300–1700)
– Mysterious abstract forces employed to explain natural p
Phenomena (e.g. a force in the object itself)
– The state is social unit.
В· POSITIVISTIC:Industrial (1800+)
– The last and highest stage

– Scientific method/invariant laws describe and explain all phenomena
After the basic law of the three stages is Comte's theory of the hierarchy of sciences. As humans
progress through the above stages each dependant on the preceding, so do the sciences (hence all
sciences contribute to sociology) Starting with the purest and simplest and ascending in complexity.
В· Mathematics
В· Astronomy
В· Physics

Importance And Purpose Of Research Essay
Importance and purpose of research
Research is important to understand, increase knowledge, and get information for social life.
Social research is conducted to extend knowledge about some aspects of society like humanities,
business or any social science [asi]. Research is used to form or develop new theories in order to
understand the process behind particular event or behavior, or review the correctness of existing
theories. In addition, research is also conducted to inform decisions or action to solve everyday
issues such as evaluating the effectiveness of policy. [abr] and [brm] of the business research
emphasis on the importance of research as getting problem–solving information. Research is the
process of studying and analyzing the aspects of the issue as to explore the solution to the business.
The summaries of the core objectives of research are testing existing knowledge, developing new
system or generating new knowledge, seeking solution for issues, and analyzing new problems or
investigating existing problems [br].
Quantitative and Qualitative Paradigm
[br] a research paradigm is a philosophical perspective that guides how scientific research should be
conducted. Philosophy is 'a set or system of beliefs [stemming from] the study of the fundamental
nature of knowledge, reality, and existence' (Waite and Hawker, 2009, p.685).
[w1] The most influential or the dominant ones of philosophical framework are positivism and
interpretivism. During the twentieth

Scientific Funding Impact On Science
The inflation–adjusted academic funding as a share of GDP has been decreasing since the last
decade, while the current scientific pipeline is producing an ever increasing number of PhDs
looking for research grants. This imbalance between the demand and supply has created a
hyper–competitive atmosphere which has been detrimental to the organic growth of scientific
research. For example, NIH funding as a share of GDP has been falling since the last decade. The
buying power of the funding is further diluted with the ever rising cost of biomedical research. On
the other hand, the current scientific pipeline is producing far more biomedical scientists, making it
very difficult to win grants; the success rate for competing RPG applications in...show more content...
In addition, due to the pressure to publish (e.g., "publish or perish") created by scarce funding, the
assigned reviewers often lack the time to thoroughly review the manuscripts and may even hand over
the tasks to their students who may lack the expertise. Furthermore, the funding company might be
secretly influencing the review committee to promote the acceptance of the publication serving its
interest. For example, Richard Smith, former editor of the British Medical Journal, said – "All
journals are bought – or at least cleverly used – by the pharmaceutical industry" as reported in The
American Scholar (https://theamericanscholar.org/flacking–for–big–pharma/#.WV_uWhPyvBI). The
only fool–proof way to minimize these subjective biases is to make the entire review process open
so that the scientific community can act as a wise crowd to judge the quality of a publication.
2.2.2Slow review process The median review time – the time between submission and acceptance of
a publication – is approximately 100 days and the median online publication time–the time between
acceptance and online debut of a publication – is approximately 25 days (http://blog.dhimmel.com
/history–of–delays/). These delays are very long and they slow down the pace of scientific research.
2.2.3Unable to address the low replicability of scientific findings In addition, under the current
review model, there is no way to promote the replicability of the studies. Replicability of many
scientific

Experimental Research Designs Essay
Experimental Research Designs
"A correlational study determines whether or not two variables are correlated. This means to study
whether there is an increase or decrease in one variable corresponds to an increase or decrease in
the other variable" (Cherry, 2012). In most correlation studies there is a relationship between both
variables that had a change, while in others there wasn't necessarily causation between the two
(Cherry, 2012).
An experimental design is one in which the researcher manipulates the independent variable to
observe its effect the dependent variable. When conducting an experiment the researcher will use
random assignment of the participants into a control group and the other the group that is being
experimented on....show more content...
The review is an examination of the literature that was gathered, pointing toward the answer of the
research question. Literature reviewed typically includes journals, books, government databases and
other sources. Sometimes it includes newspapers, magazines, films, and audio or video research
(Literature Review, 2011). This is going over the literature that has been gathered and picking what
is relevant to the hypothesis in the first place.
Design the research methodology. o Research methodology is where you describe how you are
gonna gather information and this can be survey interview or literature review. And then you
explain each method what are they, what you will do to them. A survey is really good for research
using statistics and literature review is great for all kinds of research.
Determine the results. o The data from an experiment has been gathered, the researchers then
compare the results to the control group and determine if the experiment was effective (Cherry,
2012). A good example of this is when a pharmaceutical company does research on certain types of
new medicine. They used a control group that uses a placebo and the other group takes the medicine
that is being researched. They then compare the results and this experiment can be taken several
ways.
Reach conclusions. o Once all the data is collected and the study is designed, the information is
examined and conclusions

Should Animals be used for Scientific Research? Kari Lundquist Composition II Susan Cochran
February 11th, 2012 Abstract Animal research is needed for many uses for our scientists. Should
animals be used for scientific research? We do need to make sure that their rights are accepted,
that they are not in pain for the experiment, and that they are cared for prior and after the research.
There are many advantages to why animals should be used for scientific research. The evidence and
their rights show that when animals are used for research they are cared for scientifically. While in
the same time animals have their own way of showing when they are in pain during a research
project. Animal research provides educational...show more content...
Medieval times have made it easy to focus on what they did not know. Four elements are what
consisted of their universe: earth, air, fire and water. Bacteria or cells were nothing they knew.
Biology was unknown to them. Medieval life was undeniably harsh and ignorant. Views in the
medieval times were shaped by religion and philosophical theories. Since then, we have had three
hundred years of modern science and machine technologies getting more evolved. Machines did
provide the Renaissance ways to try and understand the anatomy and physiology of humans and
nonhuman animals for the first time. Medieval times had three power sources: water power, wind
power and animal power. Power sources with animals had been sources since ancient times. For
example, horses were used to make horseshoes and also pulled many loads. And they had the
knowledge that horses had more power than the ox. Horses played a huge role in agriculture,
industry and transportation until the twentieth centuries. With the need of horses for living, it helps
create the knowledge of animals and the importance of animals. Moving forward they also realized
that research is needed for humans. Many humans had diseases in that period of time that needed
research to evolve to help humans. It took the "what" and "how" out of many questions. Moving
forward into today's times we have the knowledge of biology and we have created The Animal
Welfare Act

Essay on Medical Research
Should medical research be continued when many couldn 't afford it?
Science has advanced by leaps and bounds over the years, with much of the results are achieved
through plenty of research and knowledge. One of the areas of research where we spend the most
funds on is medical research. With the rise of poverty and healthcare costs, complaints on expensive
medical research being a waste of funds have arose. The thoughts behind these complaints are that
the result of these researches benefit more to some parties–such as medical institutions for the profit
they might get, a country for its 'name ', and the researchers for their satisfaction– instead of the
public, and how massive amount of funding have been allocated for medical research...show more
content...
Preventative medicine is one of the most important discoveries in the history of medicine.
Diseases that were once common are now very rare because of this type of medicine, or normally
called 'vaccine '. For instance, the research into polio vaccines spent a significant amount of funds,
but it was a wonderful success. Additionally, the price for the vaccine is very reasonable, showing
that medical research doesn 't always result in expensive treatments. The medications for dengue
fever has found thanks to medical research. However, intensive experiments have found an
evidently cheaper and easily obtainable natural medication, which is papaya leaf juice. It is also
notable that along with the progression of the medical sector, healthcare costs and medicines for
many common illnesses are now cheaper than they were in the past. With new discoveries regarding
the substances used to make the medicines, less expensive substances are used and therefore making
them cheaper and more accessible.
It is also to be considered that if we disallow a research for continuing just because of expenditure
reason, we risk destroying its value entirely. For example, the research into cancer has gone for a
long period. It is a pity to stop it because that would mean destroying the value of ongoing multi–year
studies. Even though it is true that current research hasn 't resolved the issues of cancer and other
'currently incurable ' diseases, there is no

The Importance Of The Scientific Method
The scientific method in the twenty–first century represents a major role of testing our hypothesis'
whether it is in the industry, school, market, or in our lives. We are constantly coming up with
theories or ideas and conducting experiments on these ideas without even realizing it. The scientific
method allows us to expand our knowledge in certain fields that we are mastered in or helps us
learn new possibilities that we are not aware of. The use of chemistry and the scientific method is
important to incorporate into our lives and society.
The Scientific Method
The scientific method is defined as " a way of learning that emphasizes observation and
experimentation– to understand the world" (Tro, 2015, p. 6). The scientific method involves major
characteristics such as an observation. When making an observation, it can simply be by looking at
a sample with your eyes or by using instruments that can make observing a sample easier, such as a
microscope. Next, the scientist would formulate a hypothesis. Formulating a hypothesis is simply
stating what the scientist observed and what they want to explore and measure. Following the
creating of a hypothesis comes conducting an experiment using the hypothesis. Conducting an
experiment is a "highly controlled observations designed to validate or invalidate hypotheses" (Tro,
2015, p. 6). Lastly, the scientific method concludes with laws and theories. In some cases,
experiments and observations can lead to the development of a

Hallmarks of Scientific Research
HALLMARKS OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Successful managerial decisions are seldom made
on hunches or on trail and error method. The sound and effective decisions are always made on
the basis of scientific research. Scientific research focuses on solving problems in a step _by _step
logical, organized and rigorous manner in each step of research viz., identifying problem, gathering
data, analyzing it and in arriving at a valid conclusion. Organizations may not always be involved in
the scientific research due to various reasons like – simple problems which can solved with previous
experience, time contingency, lack of knowledge, resource constraints etc., However the scientific
research performed in a rigorous and systematic way leads to...show more content...
Precision and confidence can be attained through appropriate scientific sampling design. Objectivity
Research finding should be factual, databased and free from bias. The conclusion drawn should be
based on the facts of the findings derived form the actual data and not on the basis of subjective or
emotional values. Business organizations will suffer a greater extent of damage if a non–data–based
or misleading conclusion drawn from the research is implemented. Scientific approach ensures
objectivity of research. Generalizability It refers to the scope of applying the research findings of
one organizational setting to other settings of almost similar nature. The research will be more
useful if the solutions are applicable to a wider range. The more generlizable the research, the
greater will be its usefulness and value. However it is not always possible to generalize the research
findings to all other settings, situations or organizations. For achieving genaralizability the sampling
design has to be logically developed and data collection method needs to be very sound. This may
increase the cost of conducting the research. In most of the cases though the research findings would
be based on scientific methods it is applicable only to a particular organization, settings or situations.
Parsimony Research needs to be conducted in a parsimonious i.e. simple and economical manner.
Simplicity in explaining the problems and generalizing solutions for the

Ethics hinder scientific research. Do you agree?
Ethics hinder scientific research. Do you agree?
Ever since the scientific revolution, there have been countless breakthroughs in the scientific field.
From the invention of the light bulb to the computers we stare at daily, it is axiomatic that such
things can only happen due to the advancement in science. However, a myriad of scientific
researches today have received strong opposition due to the ethical concerns regarding the research.
This essay will agree that ethics hinder scientific research because society has a system of shared
values and norms which constitutes people's ethical personality and differentiates what is ethical and
can be tolerated.
Firstly, ethics hinder scientific research as the abuse of animals causes deformation...show more
content...
This is mainly because many people consider that human life in the form of an ovum and
spermatozoon becomes a human individual with a soul at the time of fertilization. Hence, they
consider the killing of any embryo in order to extract its stem cell to be a sort of homicide. Since
homicide in our society is considered an immoral act, it is only natural that many people would
oppose stem cell research. However, stem cell research has proven its benefits to mankind as
through it, scientist would be able to gain a fuller apprehension of the human anatomy and discover
cures for diseases like cancer and Huntington's disease. In short, ethics hinder scientific research as
people oppose to homicide, which is immoral, hence prevents scientist to discover new things.
Lastly, ethics hinder scientific research owing to the ethical concerns of using science to decide the
fate of humans. In 2008, an Indian court convicted a woman accused of murdering her former
fiancГ© by feeding him arsenic–laced food, based on a scan of her brain. The court was satisfied
that a brain scan allowed researchers to tell that Aditi Sharma had "experiential knowledge" of the
act. The judge deemed that sufficient evidence to convict her. People from many other countries,
especially Singapore, do not find it ethical because of the unfairness to the Indian woman. How do
we

Essay on Types Of Research
Research is done everyday. Research is used in the many different situations managers encounter
everyday. Research is part of the problem–solving manager do to make decisions. Research is
defined as "the process of finding solutions to problem after thorough study and analysis of the
situational factor" (Sekaran, p3, 2003). Managers use research for daily operational problem as well
as bigger problems that can require hired research consultants. Managers who use research are able
to communicate with the hired consultants because they understand the process of inquiry,
investigation, examination, and explanation. Managers are also, capable of understanding the
difference in good and bad studies, and can apply the research done to...show more content...
Applied research is "aimed at solving a currently experienced problem" (Sekaran, p10, 2003). This
research can be as simple as finding solutions to daily operational problems.
One problem managers consistently want research on is the relationship between customer
satisfaction and loyalty. The research found on the relationship of customer satisfaction and loyalty
spans over the past decade. Many researchers argue that there is no relationship between customer
satisfaction and loyalty while others find direct correlations between the two and a business's
profitability. In Roger Hadowell's study, he defines loyalty as both behavioral and attitude while
conducting his research on a banking organization. He states that behaviors including continuance,
increased relationship, and recommendations are all behaviors of loyalty to an organization
(Hadowell, 1996). His research illustrates the "relationship of profitability to customer related
outcomes that managers can influence directly" (Hadowell, 1996). His findings support the
hypothesis that customer satisfaction influences customer loyalty increasing profitability. Hadowell
addresses two difficulties that he encountered during his research. First, work with the organization
in order to develop the ideal measurement system used for the research. Secondly, focus on data
collected over a period of time with strong organizations (Hadowell, 1996).
In the White Page Series, researcher Burke

Scientific Research: What Is Scientific Research?
What is Scientific Research?
Scientific research has been define in many ways based on different point of view of some
researchers/ philosophers. However, the term research can be understand as a study to learn or
gain new thing or information. According to Cambridge Dictionaries Online, scientific research
is defined as a detailed study of a subject, especially in order to discover (new) information or
reach a (new) understanding. Furthermore, Macmillan Publishers define scientific research as the
detailed study of something to discover new facts, especially in a university or scientific
institution. Research is a process of acknowledge and also as a learning process in presenting new
information based on the study that has been done recently. Research also is the action of making a
rigorous and relevant contribution to knowledge. It can be explained by understanding of a cause
and effect relationship of a given phenomenon or uncovering a new phenomenon. Based on other
researcher ( Emery&Cooper) scientific research organized inquiry to provide information for the
solution to a problem. Thus, a careful and systematic investigation in some field of knowledge,
undertaken to establish facts or principles in order to provide a solution...show more content...
The most important role played by Bacon was in two points which he emphasized on experimental
method and its role in scientific discovery, and he also emphasized on role of science in development
of society. In addition, he introduced science as enterprise of State, where the idea becomes central
in the modern communities. The idea that organized inquiry of knowledge is needed for human
progressive have been the main source of inspiration for scientific research in western world. Francis
Bacon, who considered as the master mind of scientific science proposed that in order to dominate
Nature, we must learn how it

Traditional research methods consist of implementing quantitative and qualitative research.
Quantitative research utilizes statistical analysis by breaking down components of observation that
are compared to other elements (Bergman, M. M., 2008). Qualitative research focuses on
investigating the participant's range of behavior, usually with small groups, which results in
descriptive analysis (Bergman M. M., 2008).
Mixed method research involves using Qualitative research and Quantitative research designs. The
advantage of using both is to utilize the strength of each type in order to produce an outcome that is
most beneficial to the area of study (Bergman, M. M., 2008). The challenge with mixed method
research in integrating the results of both Qualitative and Quantitative results in order to present
unbiased scientific results that are worthy of discussion (Bergman, M. M., 2008).
Action research is a practical or real–world approach to a profession inquiry in a social setting.
Educational professionals may use this approach to evaluate an existing teaching method or review a
new method that may be considered for use in the classroom. Action research can be implemented
using mixed methods and conducted my an individual or in collaboration with other professionals.
Inclusive Physical Education embraces the needs of students with physical impairments and includes
them in the physical education curriculum (Goodwin, 2000). The research on students with physical

The Scientific Methods Of Research Inquiry
The five scientific methods which include the question, hypotheses, experimentation, data analysis
and conclusion are critical to a scientist because they enable them to have a credible data and
conclusion on their research. It is realized that the usage of this methods are advantageous to
anybody including business people, for as long as one follows the steps they will be sure of getting
a credible outcome at the end of the day. I would emphasize that people should employ this method a
lot because they ensure that one analyzes their hypotheses by experimenting it then finally analyzing
and concluding it thus preventing falsified data. However, it should be stated that an invalid theory is
not a bad thing since it enables the researcher...show more content...
Therefore, it requires some testing to ensure that it is not false but is real. Here, the hypotheses
might be the answer to your question or why your guess may be precise. Therefore, the scientists will
clearly state their expectations during an experiment, make an educated guess that might be the
accurate answer to the questions or the observations. It is true to say that it guides the experiment
and must be testable.
Experimentation
The test simply verifies the validity of the hypotheses. Therefore, it is important to calibrate and
design an experiment that measures only one thing a time; this s to enable the scientists to know
the exact result of a particular thing. The scientists usually use two types of variables: the
independent variable which can be changed and the dependent variable which is observed when
the independent variable is changed to make the correct analysis (Tutor, 2017). The variables are
used to determine and show how dependent variables were affected by the independent variables.
Moreover, the use of control enables the researcher to be aware of the happenings that occur when
no changes are made. The most important aspect of this method is ensuring that the experiment was
done should be repeated severally and should give the same results because if it does not, the research
is considered invalid. Through experimentations, data is collected before, during and after an
investigation by scientists.
Analysis
During the completion

Ethics in Research Essay
Ethical Issues in Qualitative Research
Introduction
Ethical issues are present in any kind of research. The research process creates tension between the
aims of research to make generalizations for the good of others, and the rights of participants to
maintain privacy. Ethics pertains to doing well and avoiding harm. Harm can be prevented or
reduced through the application of appropriate ethical principles. Thus, the protection of human
subjects or participants in any research study is imperative. Violations of human rights in the name of
scientific research have been among the darkest events in history. From 1932–1972 more than 400
African American people who had syphilis were deliberately left untreated to study the illness.
Although...show more content...
A balanced research relationship will encourage disclosure, trust, and awareness of potential ethical
issues. Kvale (1996) considered an interview to be a moral endeavor, claiming that the participant's
response is affected by the interview, and that the knowledge gained through the interview affects
our understanding of the human experience. The personal interaction between researchers and
participants is crucial in data gathering by keeping in mind the research focus and being clear about
the role of researchers. The researchers' perceptions of field situations are determined by personality
and the nature of the interactions (Punch, 1994). Although qualitative research methods make it
difficult to predict how data will be collected through interviews or observation (Streubert &
Carpenter, 1999), researchers have the obligation to anticipate the possible outcomes of an interview
and to weigh both benefits and potential harm. For example, in the case of interviewing victims of
violence, the interview may trigger painful experiences and the participant may become distressed
during the interview. In this case, the researcher is confronted with an ethical dilemma–to continue
with the interview and gain more insight about the topic under study or to stop the interview and
give advice or refer the participant to an appropriate treatment or counseling service. Deciding to
continue would indicate that the researcher considers that the value of the data obtained from the

Questions 1. Describe the hallmarks of scientific research. There are eight characteristics of the
hallmarks of scientific research which are purposiveness, rigor, testability, replicability, precision and
confidence, objectivity, generalizability and parsimony. Purposiveness is the manager has started the
research with a definite aim or purpose. Rigor is connotes carefulness, scrupulousness, and the
degree of exactitude in research investigation. Testability is a property that applies to the hypotheses
of a study. Replicability is having more faith in the findings of a study if the findings are replicated
in another study. Replication demonstrates that our hypotheses have not been supported merely by
chance, but are reflective of...show more content...
7) Interpretation of data: Process of arriving at conclusions by interpreting the meaning of the data
analysis result. Example: Based on research results, top management concluded that reduced the
preparation of raw materials caused by the presence of the parties who conduct fraud by way of
reduction in the number of inventories of raw materials that have been defined. 3. One hears the
word research being mentioned by several groups such as research organizations, college and
university professors, doctoral students, graduate assistants working for faculty, graduate and
undergraduate students doing their term papers, research departments in industries, newspaper
reporters, journalists, lawyers, doctors, and many others professionals and nonprofessionals. In the
light of what you have learned in the chapter, which among the aforementioned groups of people do
you think may be doing "scientific" investigations in the areas of basic or applied research? Why? I
think that The Research Organization and The Industrial Research Department are among the groups
of people who may conduct scientific investigations in the field of basic or applied research as they
are more competent than others. 4. Explain the processes of deduction and induction,

Scientific Method Research Paper
Scientific method is used to solve empirical problems and discover empirical truth in an empirical
pattern. The scientific method involves several steps, the first step is observing or asking question,
second step is forming a hypothesis, third step is testing the hypothesis or experimenting, fourth step
is confirm or disconfirm the hypothesis. In the simplest terms, scientific method is a process of trial
and error. To give a concise example considervehicle repair. Every weekend handyman, or every
high school student with a passing interest in autos knows about the method of trial and error. If
your car is starting to run poorly, and you take matters into your own hands in an attempt to fix it.
The first step is to guess the nature of the problem for example faulty emission or low brake fluid.
Acting on your instinct, you proceed to exchange a part, adjust a setting, or replace a fluid, and
then see if the car runs better. If your initial guess is incorrect and the car is not improved, you
revise your guess, make another adjustment, and once again test the car. With patience and enough
guesses, this process will often result in an operable car. However, depending on one's...show more
content...
You may be hesitant to think that the clumsy process of trial and error is identical to the scientific
method, if only because science is so often masked in complexity and jargon. Yet there is no
fundamental difference. It might seem that scientists start with a more detailed understanding of
their problem than the weekend car mechanic, but in fact most scientific inquiries have humble and
ignorant beginnings. Progress can occur just as assuredly via trial and error as in traditional science,
and the scientist isn't guaranteed of success any more than is the handyman: witness the failure to
develop a vaccine for

What Are Scientific Merit?
Concept of Scientific Merit Introduction As future scholars who are working on our PhD, we
tend to hear a lot about Scientific Merit. But, that same old question might pop in our mines,
which is who really cares? We should, especially if we expect the IRB to approve our research
proposal. Therefore, within this paper, we will discuss scientific merits, explain the dimensions of
scientific merit, discuss the aspects of the study, we chose for the Scientific Merit, and choose an
area of scientific merit that we would improve. Scientific merit Scientific merit is considered as a
way to examine if our research study represents good science. Therefore, we will need to make sure
that any research we are working on, clearly states the research questions and its overall objectives.
The research should also include the contextual data that will also have peer–reviewed literature to
support why the research is needed. We also should make sure that if human beings are being
used as participants, that their privacy and safety will be respected, and if there is any possibility
of harm, no matter how small it is, and the benefit and risks whether indirect or direct for the
partakers in the study needs to be very clear in the research proposal. According to Gonzales (2013,
para. 2, p. 1), the data collection, recruitment, and analysis should align with the research questions,
as well as the monitoring, safe storage, and how the data will be destroyed should also be specified.
Three

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